Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

The cultural and scientific heritage of the city of Baghdad through the stages of time periods of the history of the Arab Islamic state, was the solid foundation in the fame of the Mustansiriya school, and to organize the affairs of its administration in the appointment of teachers and preachers and their selection by the Abbasid Caliph Mustansir Billah, they were scientists and legends of the nation Arab and Islamic studies in various sciences and arts, as well as the conditions of acceptance of outstanding and distinguished students, has had the impact and importance of this school to be distinguished teachers and students in the Islamic world.
The study of the jurisprudence of the four Islamic doctrines in independent places within the Mustansiriya school, and the study of the sciences of the Holy Quran, Sunnah, Fatwas, Arabic language, medicine, engineering, and other mental and minority sciences in one institution indicates the great evolution of the education system in that time period.
It is right to compare this school with the university where Iraq was a precede to this matter, the countries during the Middle Ages began to tradition and follow his approach in various parts of the Islamic world, they built schools to the style of the Mustansiriya school.

The research delt with details to in from about the river of Al-Qatoul , its wellhead , the estuary and the roles of it whereat there were Al-Maamouny Qatoul . The research stated that this river is considered from the ancient irrigation systems which was established in the time of Al-Sasany (227-637A.M) in the north of Samarraa and the destruction that happened in the time of the last Sasany because of the ware with the Roum and the Arab . Then Arab reconstructed the arrangers of the river wherein Al-Rashied (170-193H) rebulted it and gave aname Abo-Aljund . The research showed that Al-Sasanyiams used this river as a fence to protect their army against the Roum . The river has a strtegical importance in military and construction in the era of Islam and the Arab got used of this feature . So the caliph Al-Muaatasim billah (218-227H) had built the city of Samarraa near the river and used it as a fence around the city to protect it and to separate the army forces from the city in the higher side if there is a trench to be built between this river and the river of Dijla and that what was happened in the time of the caliph Al-Mutawakel (232-247H) .

This study dealt with the emergence of Imam Mundhiri (656 AH / 1258 AD), the study was distributed to three sections, taking first topic: the biography of Imam, and his birth and upbringing, surnamed & Sons, eat second section scientific upbringing, and came third section highlights the elders and his students, with reference to List of sources and references that have adopted them.

Reached the conclusion to a group of the most prominent Alasantajat
1-Reza Shah Pahlavi, the pace of modernizing steps in the field of Education and Cultural Affairs simulation of the West, and put up its own system mimics the West and apply it in the scientific life.
-2 did not take these steps in the field of Education and Cultural Affairs of the final Mdyatea because of religious opposition, which has faced, because pulling out of religious education ESTABLISHMENT it would lose money and privileges are endless.
3-clerics turned into bitter enemies of the regime of Reza Shah Pahlavi, because of the procedures in the field of Education and Cultural Affairs, and the abolition of religious education, and women's education in schools and in public schools.
4. Although the development done by the Shah in these areas, but he has failed to deliver to the Iranian countryside, which has been deprived of these reforms for several considerations stand in the forefront of transportation difficulties and the level of awareness and lack of agricultural education and the teaching staff in the Iranian countryside.
5-Shah tried to impose these measures often by force, so these changes have not borne fruit, and did not achieve the full objectives.
6. did not take into account the level of the Shah and the cultural awareness of the people, try to transfer it to the ranks of developed societies without prepares its success in this area, I stayed reforms spin in a tight loop without achieving complete his goals ..

This study is an attempt to clarify the academic effect and Egyption historians in writing history through his work in Baghdad university .
The research deals with the philosophical study in writing history in addition to concentrate in the beginning of thinking making as well as studying the academic curriculum of writing history according Abdul Aziz Nawar , in other part there is aspot light on Nawar sight of a champion in history. Finally the research has finished with his work in Baghdad university

The study focused on the unification of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, which dealt with the events that coincided with the unification of the two kingdoms for more than 100 years, and the efforts exerted by the two kingdoms in the current talks between them aimed at establishing the foundations of the unification between the two kingdoms and the accompanying support and support of the kings, The Queen Anne, enabling the latter to conclude the Union Agreement between England and Scotland in 1707.

In 1925, Iraq witnessed the first permanent constitution in its modern history, to reflect its importance and content. Three main axes were discussed: the constitution, the second pillar, the political situation in Iraq, the restriction of freedoms, and the third axis, the content of the Basic Law and the powers of the legislative, executive and judicial authorities. And the Constitution gave the king and the executive authority broad powers and threatened the powers of the legislature. Thus, the legislative and judicial branches became weak for the executive branch, while the king was stronger than all authorities.

This research deals with the evolution of the intellectual discourse in Iraq during the ILkhanid (656-7365 / 1258-1335). The evidence shows that this era is not, as it is known, a dark period and free from intellectual and scientific production . On the contrary, it was an advanced era of both scientific and intellectual and scientific production.
This research concluded that the circumstances that led to the fall of Baghdad the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate in 656 AH / 1258 CE under the rule of the Mongols and the end of the institution of the Caliphate, which lasted more than six and a half centuries and a vacuum in the religious and spiritual leadership of the Islamic world led to the emergence of intellectual trends were not acceptable in Previous covenants.
One of the factors that influenced the intellectual discourse in Iraq during this era was the emergence of an administrative class of the Islamic countrymen who worked in the administration of the Illegal State. The interests of these interests were associated with the interests of the Mongols. They contributed to the formulation of a flexible and conciliatory intellectual discourse .
The research also found that the presence of non – Muslim ILkhanid rulers encouraged the renaissance of mental and philosophical sciences and the decline of traditional sciences .

Wrote in the biography of the Honorable many ,and wrote the Prophet Muhammad this flag gives every day with new, wrote about his life before and after the mission a lot and there are books about his wives and his fights and there are books of Hadith and literature written by and his birth a childhood, and his mother and grandfather and uncle and wrote about his emigration from Mecca to Medina. What is new in this research, the author could take twenty-three mentions a woman married her or wanted to marry her, and could go author Al matbouli Al Ansari (D. 1003 AH.) residue without introductions through long answer questions about the Prophet Muhammad's wives and divorced them saying their names, of whom died and of whom died later, and are fluent in them were inspired or inspiration and singular author that limits all the wives of the Prophet even doubtful once and in one message .

The transition of power from the Seljuk Turks to the Ottomans, who return their origins to the Supreme grandfather Osman bin Ertugrul the real founder of the Ottoman Empire in Asia Minor and Anatolia, and who is the former of the emirate of Ottoman that spreads its influence east and west, taking upon itself to form a great empire that has taken Bursa political and administrative capital of the Ottoman Empire. And then it expanded at the expense of property and influence of Persian and Byzantine empires and it led its armies into numerous military campaigns which carried the banner of Islam. And it spread to beyond the Bosphorus and the Mediterranean Sea to the borders of the Adriatic, the city of Ornh was taken over and taken as a capital of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans . It set up its oldest Ottoman Serail that represented the real authority of the Ottoman Empire in the southern part of eastern Europe and headed east toward ConstantinopleIt defeated the Byzantine Empire and established the ruling Islamic capital of the Ottoman Empire (Istanbul) in 1453,Therefore, the Ottoman rule in the Balkans is quite an important landmark in the field of Islamic architecture and city planning ,Since the first century of the Ottoman forces entered the city, Ornh – the European capital of the Ottoman Empire – small Ottoman states and cities were formed , developed and expanded in parts of southern and eastern Europe to become one of the major Islamic cities in Europe and one of the centers of Islamic culture and civilization, whose remains is still observed in most Balkan cities after the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the fall of the Islamic caliphate and its transformation into the pockets in each of Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia , Yugoslavia , Hungary , Albania , Herzegovina, Croatia , Serbia , Montenegro and the limits of the Adriatic Sea representing by the archaeological remains like the ancient mosques , the attached and the independent Islamic schools ,Islamic sciences and Hadith houses as well as the ruling buildings ,the headquarters of its administration and its service ,commercial , social and economical establishments represented by bridges ,Spans, markets, khans , public bathrooms, towers , walls , castles and the bridge clocks , all of them carried the Arabian style prevailed in the Islamic East during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras .The secret to perpetuate the plans of the Islamic cities in the Balkans and their architectural and planning components lies in the nature of the Ottoman administration and policy, which ruled for a long time exceeded (4) centuries characterized by being the document of many achievements and details of areas of Ottoman influence in Europe in both south and east parts represented by the Peninsula of Balkans .So that a lot of sources and references document the historical and archaeological aspects and examined and evaluated the policy of the Ottoman Empire and its administrative and archaeological procedures in the Balkans have counted at least a hundred Islamic cities emerging in the Balkans and
documented its architectural and planning elements since the eighth century AH (14 century AD) and up to 13century AH (19 century AD)
the date of the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans in the southern and eastern Europe.

Reliable sources tell us that the Caliph al-Ma'mun is one of the successors to the Abbasid Empire of The Al-Abbas, in an era of Abbasid Caliphate see the increasing influence of the Persian nationalism, During the tenure of the ministry, the first minister of Lubna Abbas is the Persian origin, named Abu Salama EIB to include, in the era of The Caliph al-Ma'mun appeared thanks Bin easy Persian Gulf origin also, and before the powerful explosion which ripped apart in the era of the Al Khalifa Harun al-Rashid, have always conspire to Islamic Abbasid Caliphate in an attempt to make the succession Persian and not Arab, but smarter successors to the Al-Abbas make EXP Anthrax Buried in Be'er Sheva time. Brown was the appearance of the plain of the reins of Abbasid Caliphate since days powerful explosion which ripped apart is the first appearance of the theater Abbasid policy, when the easy credit and Al-Hasan Bin increased imbedded relate to credit Bin Jaafar and Al-Abbas Bin thanks Bin Yahya Al barmake. I have been writing this research investigation and apportioned to three, namely Section 1: the emergence of brown plain political origin and undeserving.
And relied on important sources of history of the prophets and Kings of al-Tabari, Ministers, writers, llghshiari, alarm, refer to the meadows of gold, the Abbasid system of Ibrahim Salman Elk% B:
The exponent of the view that the end built easy is of great importance in Muslim history and particularly in the history of the Abbasid State.
1- as we know Brown is easy and what is the origin of the Persian origin of Abbasid as they no doubt were detested the House of Abbasids.
2- checking the credit of bin spring to Caliph al-Amin and fazl Ibn Sahl of Caliph Mamoun, which necessitated an armed clash between the true fraternal Arab Muslims.
3- pamper us that faithful Harun when resolving matters of succession and distributed it among his children with stories novels, God knows the approach of his predecessor in allegiance to the power succession and not make it just as it was after the death of the Prophet Muhammad's allegiance (and companions) Abu Bakr may Allah be pleased with him and after Omar Bin etc% D
-Great game effect animates the Persian in succession to Caliph al-Ma'mun since most of his children and his qualities distinguish it from BRO, this was not the real reason, of course, but a Persian orientation because they even have horse aunties and control complete control of Abbasid Islamic Arabic Caliphate.
4- Baghdad or the world in that era, the Abbasid Caliphate as poets cow into the time of the great scientific stature with a teacher, and will be, God willing, in spite of all conspiracies Persian.
5- There was not satisfied only with right alongside some of the negatives that were caused by the Persians and Ministers provided improved assistance of the Mustang also has came and told the Minister in fact overwhelming credit bin easy.
6- conduct credit bin Sahl is drawing far-reaching ways malicious patience beyond control of the reins of the Abbasid Caliphate as the.
-Clash between brothers and claimed the Caliphate and many Muslims is only the result of machinations that planted all of the credit for bin spring Minister Khalifa bin easy credit Secretary Minister of Caliph al-Ma'mun.
7- the succession was strong in resolving internal and external aggression and of any person whatever weight the succession.
8- power of Caliph Mamoun significantly when you killed credit bin Sahl and his camouflage so no breaks in the easy immediately after killing Ben easy credit but near his brother Hasan ibn Sahl and married his daughter Boran.
9- the Ministers built Abbas are Persian origin from the date of the first of Abu Salamah defects and after the baramkeh and after them the easy hand in the murder of Caliph Amin Allah because Arabic origin before baramkeh and Persian also gunjan almoriani and Jacob Ben David Ibn tahmaan of whom Persian too, so all Ministers of the Abbasid Caliphate were praying mantis authorization.

It is considered one of the most important economic cities in the Maghreb region through the marina that overlooks the Atlantic Ocean and Andalusia on the other hand, which led many forces such as the Roman Empire as well as the various Islamic forces to join it and benefit from its commercial and military importance. And to benefit from it, and as this city has economic and commercial impact on the surrounding areas and the absence of a study showing that importance I saw the need to highlight them.

By reviewing the military regime of the Yemeni army during the rule of the independent states (429 AH / 1037 AD - 1228 AD/626 AH) , most of which was an irregular tribal army, and that the tribes were attacked with each other, so the conflict between the tribes and their communities intensified, and no state was able to rely on the hostile tribes Of the unification of Yemen, and the states that were able to unite, the army was a tribal elements are not hostile. As for the organization of the Yemeni army, it was compatible with the nature of mountainous Yemen, and their knowledge of the martial arts, and the types of weapons were similar to the weapons of the Islamic Army in other places.

Revolutionized in (1919) it resonated in Britain, Prompting legislative institution taking the reins in Cooperation with the British government in reaching the Most effective Solutions to secure British interests in Egypt and Perhaps the Most important is the British Survival of influence over the Suez Canal in the Country, So try the British House of Commons to from a Committee Milner to take important role to negotiate with Seed Zaghloul and his Companions after the British government realized that Seed Zaghloul which represents the Majority of the Egyptian Public Opinion is, especially after the (1919) events as the British House of Commons tried to Pass the interests of his government through negotiations with the Seed Zaghloul without Popular opposition occurrence according Maimthelh Seed Zaghloul from national Symbol proud Egyptian people.

The present paper aims to examine the way women are introduced, manifested and treated as commodities in Bateekh Fee Al Mareekh, a play performed at Al Najah Theatre in the capital Baghdad in 2013. The consumer/ commodity relationships are very palpable in the performance. Thus I argue that the performance defines women as mere commodities whose roles are prescribed by the male(s) to win the audience’s attention (tickets!). The analysis of the performance is thoroughly informed by Luce Irigaray’s ‘Women on Market’, an essay in her influential book The Sex Which is Not One. Considering the Iraqi conservative culture Bateekh Fee Al Mareekh violates the social norms since the performance purely objectifies women and, thus, signifies men’s ultimate superiority and women’s deficiency. The performance exhibits sexual lust, seduction and flirtations as components which altogether lead up to gender subjugation. Accordingly, spirituality, genuine love, and intellectual banter do not exist. Finally, it is very apt to argue that the performance is mainly intended to commercialise the female body and structurally built on the disavowal of women’s identity.