Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

The juridical system in the Mamluk's Era was an excellent system .Most of the judges were known as having good reputation and the purity of earn. and they respected their juridical position and they do not let anyone , despite his high position , to interfere in their works .
Through the study , it is found that the Mamluks era was an era of political disturbance and governing contradictions and internal instability because of many orders of deporting .

The research debates the emerge if Ciano & Aida and their studying period that matched the rise of the National Fascist Party and taking – over ruling in 1922 , as well as the circumstances resulted appointing Ciano in the diplomatic line , Meeting Aida ( who was the elder Daughter of Mussolini ) , and settle relationship with marriage on April 1930 , afterword moving into China to fill the position of the Italian Council in Shanghai , his excel success in Layton Committee to end the Japanese – Chinese dispute in regards to Chinese Manchuria , then appointing Ciano as a above usual commissioned minister to Italy in China .
Since the early days of their marriage Aida played a decisive role enabling her husband Galliano Ciano acquiring a supreme positions inside the body of the Italian Government , she took advantage of her special relation with her father Mussolini being his elder daughter who was born five years earlier to official marriage , and , that doesn't ignore the fact that Ciano has had his personal qualifications made him fit to fill these positions .
Experiment proved that he was able to administrate and develop work potentials whom he took over with great success , he proved being ultimately successful in the international conventions he attended . He moved the press desk that followed Mussolini to an agency and then to the advertising ministry with high efficiency that was fond by Mussolini himself .
Ciano volunteered in the war on Abyssinia in 1935 , he was given silver medals and was promoted for taking part at war and being directly hit and surviving death , moreover Ciano showed a strict commitment to the orders of the Fascist Party and its political & Social programs , Ciano became a well – Known and highly respected personality on party level besides his career . Research also debated the means by which Aida was able convincing her father with her husband's qualifications and pressuring him with other ways through her mother sometimes as well as members of the Fascist Party , she cooperated with number of journalists to polish Ciano before her father in the best image .
Pressures practiced by Aida on family , party and press resulted the convincing of Mussolini himself with Ciano abilities taking over positions , plus Ciano was able to develop his abilities through Aida quests and his full commitment were he finally acquired what he always dreamt of , the position of Italy Foreign Ministry in 1936 , by that Mussolini has fulfilled the wish of his daughter Aida and his personal desire of putting his son in law on the head of the foreign ministry hoping in perfecting Italy's relations with Germany and maybe chance to permit signing an alliance between both countries .

The Botany is a science that deals with the study and classification of plants, it bisect into several branches, such as microbiology, anatomy of plants, algae, trees, etc.
The relation between plants and humans dates back to prehistoric times, when he relied on them in his life as a food source, whether before or after the discovery of agriculture. He also used tree leaves for his clothes, and then, used tree branches in building his shelter after coming out of caves and rock shelters. Environmental conditions and climate played a clear role in economic events the history of ancient man.
As scientifically plants are of great importance in the archaeological study. The environment and climatic conditions can be learned from heat, humidity, dryness and successive periods by examining the remains of fossil pollen, which have spread with climate change, and various plants have grown that have helped to know the natural plant species and the old climate conditions. And the study of plants shows the knowledge of agricultural crops planted and harvested by the peoples of the ancient world, which constitute the main food for them and explain their agricultural and commercial economy by studying the plant environment whether local or imported plants, received through trade, and knowledge of the original habitat or were wild plants or the man was planted, through the anatomical study of the plant. For example, the inhabitants of Mesopotamia brought cedar wood, aromatic materials used in religious rituals and others. They have developed countless lists of species of plants, grasses, herbs, trees, their uses and ways of carrying for them. In practice, with the development of archeology and modern techniques, scientists have been able to determine approximate dates for most archaeological materials through the study and analysis of organic matter, including plants. One of the most important ways to determine the age of impact of the use of (radioactive elements), including carbon 14 radiation, which helps in determining the effects of prehistoric times in approximate with the reservation to some of the disadvantages of this method. Another method used to determine the history of archaeological sites by calculating the age of trees from the number of rings if the site is old trees and compared with the wood materials used in the impact and according to types. This method has been used in Latin American regions.

This paper is about "Al-Afsheen between his support of and rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate". Al-Afsheen is considered one of the distinguished leaders of the Abbasid Caliphate especially in the Caliph Almustasim Billah's era (218-227H/833-841M) who made him the ruler of the mountains and ordered to him to fight the movement of Babik al-khurami whom he defeated and brought to Baghdad.
As a reward for his deeds, the Caliph made him the ruler of al-Sind and he also participated with al-Mu'tasim in conquering Amoria. Al-Afsheen's status to Caliph increased and he asked him to kill his nephew al-Abbas bin Alma'moon after he rebelled against the Abbasid Caliphate.
On the hand, Alafsheen started to support some movements and rebels in the Islamic east to form the Khurami stete to stand against the Abbasid Armies to and this seemingly is his political thinking.

Among the many confiscated cuneiform tablets in the Iraqi Museum from unknown provenance, the tablet IM. 204709 has been selected for this study. The reason for selecting this tablet is its rare subject matter on providing numerical data for the digging of irrigation canals. The paleography and writing style suggests that this text, as well as the other texts in the collection, date to the Akkadian Dynasty (ca. 2371-2255 BCE), and derived from illegal excavations at the ancient city of Umma (modern Jokha) in southern Iraq (Foster 1982). The tablet is rectangular in shape and measures 6 x 4 cm, and it has five lines in the obverse (fig.1) and two lines in the reverse (fig.2); these two lines are distributed above and below the tablet, while the lower part of the tablet was missing.
The text deals with the event of digging canals of different sizes. It seems that these four canals which its measurers mentioned in the text represented sub-canals probably bug from the main canal which not mentioned in this text. Perhaps, the differences of volumes of these canals depend on the adjacency and distance of the agriculture lands from the presumable main canal. Probably these sub-canals were officially planned by authorities which tried to control the rations of the water and the agriculture lands as apart of irrigation system which was common in the Akkadian period (Powell 1987). It appears that the canal mentioned in the first line is the main canal, because its length is considerable longer than the rest of the canals mentions in the texts. This being said, the width and depth of the canal mentioned in the first line is considerable less than the others (e.g. 0.5m depth versus 3m depth of canal mentioned in line o.3). These sub-canals are related to the main canal. The fifth line provides the total of the volume of excavated earth of all sub-canals. The date formula at the end of the texts indicates that we are dealing with an official document (Foster 1979).