Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

John Jay longer is one of the founding fathers of the United States of America, as he had a significant effect in the course of American political events, and the most prominent of these events in which John Jay had a clear impact is ( Supporting the Federal Government and Re-drafting of the constitution ). He was fully convinced of the need for a central and strong government has a large power and authority that is able to make decisions and place quick laws to solve internal and external problems. 

Egypt is considered one of the prominent countries that contribsted in establishing the African unity organization in tuly 1943 , Egypt played a major role under the frame of the African unity organization in dealing with the disputes and problems occurs among the members of the organization , it adhered the concept of peaceful settlement and the quest to get rid off occupation and respecting the soveringty of all countries and equality , between nations and races , beside not using force among countries and resolve disputes in peaceful ways.
Among those cases were Egypt was seccesful in treating , ending the Somali – ethiopeam??? Strunggle , beside its role finding the Arabic – African opproachment and standing against racid apartheid and eroluing the morracon- Algerian dispute

The research Sheds light on the study of the political relations of the kings of Assyria with their contemporaries of the kings of the ancient Near East (911-612 BC) according to the information contained in their royal texts firstly ; second by virtue of their art scenes that reflected the maturity and wisdom of their policy which have been varied between military campaigns and receipt of royalties as well as their commitment to the diplomacy that was based on alliances and treaties that were often culminated in political marriage in accordance to the international situations prevailing in the area at that time ; we perceived that the political proficiency of the Assyrians and the extent of their success in the organization of their foreign policy to which most kingdoms and cities had been submitted militarily and politically ; then the borders of the Assyrian Kingdom were expanded to become of the most powerful kingdoms in the ancient history.

This research deals with the topic of (the prisons of the city of Qurtaba in the modern era of the Emirate and the Caliphate 138 - 422 AH / 755 - 1030 AD). It is a historical study that focuses on the most important penal establishment in the country, which is called the Prisonestablishment.This study is focused on the important aspects that were not shed light upon by researchers, due to the lack of information available for them. Moreover, the available information represents small scattered parts in the bookshelves, which required a very precise method to collect the information and then organize and arrange them carefully to get this topic in this format.
The Qurtaba 's prisons have considered the main factor in the design of the city of Qurtaba, as in the rest of the Islamic cities. Qurtaba contains a central prison and general prisons, especially in the two eras of the emirate and the Caliphate. Both these two types of prisons
(a central prison and general prisons) are the main two topics of the study in this research.
The Qurtaba prisons contain, especially its general prison, which is known as the QurtabaMutbk, to its staff who has the ability to manage and organize its internal affairs. The staff is also responsible for taking care of the prisoners and everything related to them. As well as, there is a special email for the prisoners to communicate their messages and requests.
There were many reasons for arrest people. For example, some of the people were arrested for political issues and others were arrested for social. There are also people arrested because of competition for positions or because of jealousy and envy. Furthermore, there are other reasons to arrest the people such as affront, infringement them rights of people or because of their failure in the duties that entrusted to them, or failure to implement the wishes of the ruler.
In spite of the prisons, in general, are limited to human freedom, but we found something distinctive in the prisons of Qurtaba, which is that the rulers of Andalusia allowed the writing tools to entry to prisons, these tools are caused to appear some books, which are written by scientists who were imprisoned. Moreover, the writing tools are also caused to appear some collection of poems as well as the messages that written by prisoners to their families or rulers in order to get their propitiations.