Basra studies journal

The research addresses the phonetic aspect in paronomasia (jinas) and rhymed prose (sajʿ), considering them among the most prominent manifestations of phonetic rhetoric. The study adopts an analytical method that combines traditional rhetorical description with modern phonetic analysis, aiming to reveal the effect of phonetic repetition, such as letter recurrence, phonemic harmony, pause, voicelessness, and vowel length, and to link these sound features to perception, rhetorical impact, and aesthetic effect. It also seeks to identify the most influential phonetic elements in generating the sensation of paronomasia or sajʿ, and to measure their relationship with meaning, eloquence, verbal rhythm, and memory retention. The study classifies the phonetic phenomena involved, such as: repetition of consonants (like sīn), vowel harmony, internal phonetic paronomasia, alternation of voiced and voiceless sounds, and repetition of light, voiceless consonants, which enhance smoothness and ease; whereas emphatic or guttural consonants add a heavier tone.

This research aims to examine ancient grammatical discourse in light of Lakoff\'s politeness theory, revealing the extent to which grammarians adhered to the principles of politeness in their scholarly dialogues and the areas of deviation from them. The study relied on the analysis of selected grammatical texts to identify the features of the polite principle of modesty, choice, and courtesy, as formulated by Lakoff. The results revealed that grammatical discourse was not merely a linguistic debate, but rather a communicative space characterized by the presence of rules of politeness that preserved the faces of the interlocutors and framed the dialogue with a degree of respect, despite the occasional sharpness or conflict that reached the point of threatening or shedding one\'s face. This reading confirms that Lakoff\'s theory serves as a framework for understanding the pragmatic depth in the Arabic grammatical heritage, linking the approaches of ancient dialogue with contemporary pragmatic tools. It reveals that traditional scholarly discourse was not immune to the principles of human communication.

This study examines analogy and consensus in ancient Arabic sentence compilations, as both analogy and consensus are considered fundamental principles of Arabic grammar, which relies on them to deduce the rules of Arabic sentence structure. The research explores the definition of analogy, its types, and its sources in sentence compilations. It also highlights the impact of analogy and consensus on formulating grammatical rules for Arabic sentences.

There is a visionary outlook in the poetry of Adib Kamal al-Din that represents the poet's voice regarding this poetic experience, on both the form and content levels. This vision, adopted by the poet himself, is part of his artistic forebodings and the questions swirling within him, questions that are interwoven with a constant sense of the universe and existence. Therefore, the poet attempts to evoke questions which he projects onto a number of his poetic images that represent his intellectual journey and creative experience. He transforms these images into a clear response to the issues of his time through a series of paradoxes presented through the voices of prophets, alluding to what the Quran states. He draws lessons and wisdom from their experiences, employing a literal approach that allows him to give voice to the letters.

The present research concerned with the study of ecological humanization as one of the philosophical visions and ideas that deal with the relationship of man with the environment and the ethical issues branching from it, on which environmental criticism is built. The research focused on clarifying the concept of environmental criticism, as one of the post-modern critical approaches that originated in Western cultural studies and emerged from it, environmental criticism concerned with the study of the relationship between literature and nature. The research tried to employ ecological humanization to expose how to represent nature as a living and active organism, human participation with existence and suffering. Humanization is represented as a reaction to the humanism of modernity, which takes the centrality of man as its starting point, and makes nature a resource that can be exploited and controlled. The research dealt with contemporary feminist poetry in Iraq as an applied model for these concepts to determine the extent of the impact of human superiority, due to the central hegemony represented by the turbulent political reality experienced by Iraq, and the resulting wars, terrorism, killing, sabotage and displacement. The study of the environmental repercussions, resulting from these phenomena from the perspective of ecological humanization, whether environmental humanization or environmental brutality, has been monitored by research in some texts of Iraqi female poets.

ʿUmar ibn Faraj al-Rakhjī is regarded as one of the prominent political and administrative figures in Abbasid history, owing to the sensitive responsibilities he undertook, which had a direct impact on supporting the authority of the Abbasid caliphs and strengthening their influence within the institutions of the state. Al-Rakhjī rose to prominence during a period marked by political instability and intense conflicts within the caliphal establishment, a context that enabled him to gain the trust of several caliphs who entrusted him with complex and demanding tasks.
As the scope of his powers expanded, his administrative influence accumulated, allowing al-Rakhjī to occupy an advanced position within the Abbasid administrative hierarchy and to become one of the effective instruments of authority in consolidating the prestige of the state. However, political shifts and changing balances of power led to the decline of his standing. He was dismissed from his posts, stripped of his privileges, and his wealth and palaces were confiscated by order of the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil (232–247 AH / 847–861 CE). His career ultimately ended in imprisonment, where he met his death as a result of the harsh treatment and physical and psychological oppression he endured—an episode that vividly reflects the nature of political struggles and the volatility of power in the Abbasid era.

This research deals with the succession of Imam Hassan (P) in its legal and political aspects in the thought of Judge Abd al-Jabbar Mu'tazili. This research sheds light on what Imam Hassan's succession represents in the thought of one of the most prominent figures of the Basra Mu'tazili school The research finds that Judge Abd al-Jabbar's view is divided between preferring Imam Hassan (P) over the people of his time and his rejection of the claim that he was the designated successor. The study also examines his defense of the legitimacy of treaty with Muawiya and its impact on the legitimacy of Imam Hassan's succession, and he accepted money from Muawiya. Overall, Judge Abd al-Jabbar's view of Imam Hassan's succession is complicated Between the negative and the positive in evaluating this caliphate.

Newspapers and magazines have often chronicled and covered various events, offering political insights and analyses. Among them was Al-Manar magazine, launched in Paris in 1985. The magazine was distinguished by its comprehensiveness, covering political, economic, cultural, and social topics. It studied and analyzed the Iran-Iraq War, which raged between 1980 and 1988, even though its first issue was published in January 1985.
The topics covered in its pages were diverse, with political, social, and cultural aspects receiving the most attention. Al-Manar magazine followed a crucial and vital topic: the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). The war was not a spontaneous event but rather stemmed from border disputes between the two countries, in addition to the significant impact of political problems on its outbreak. Iraq attempted to nullify the 1979 Algiers Agreement with Iran, exploiting the deteriorating internal situation in Iran following the success of the Islamic Revolution in 1979. Iraqi forces launched a surprise military attack on Iran on September 22, 1980, believing it would force the Iranian leadership to submit to their terms. However, these calculations proved wrong, leading to an eight-year war during which all international mediation efforts to end the war failed due to Iran's rejection of mediation, as well as the intervention of major powers who desired the continuation of the war to weaken the capabilities of both Iraq and Iran.

The scientific importance of any study depends on its originality, innovation, development, and the extent of its real contribution to scientific knowledge. Hence, the importance of natural studies in understanding the world surrounding human life and the extent of their significant impact on human activities and life stems from this. From this standpoint, the study aimed to identify the volume of output of postgraduate students in the geography departments at the University of Basra, to understand its trends and methodological changes during the study period (1985-2022), to analyze it quantitatively and qualitatively, to identify the three time periods of this output, in order to reveal the most quantitatively and qualitatively outstanding outputs, and then to determine their methodologies and trends. This was achieved through a comprehensive survey and inventory of scientific theses and university dissertations according to the main fields of physical geography. The research relied on the descriptive analytical method to identify, describe, and explain the quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as the historical method
One of the most important findings of the research is the diversity of trends in the study of the main fields of physical geography at the University of Basra and their quantitative and qualitative development during three time periods through what the departments of geography approved in terms of geographical theses (Master’s and PhD) amounting to (117) geographical studies during the period (1985-2022 AD), issued within four fields in physical geography, produced by more than (108) geographical researchers at the University of Basra .

The research dealt with the most important morphological characteristics and their hydrological implications for the Wadi Kaderah Al-Adhabi basin in southwestern Iraq, one of the seasonal valleys of a region in a governorate within the administrative borders of the Basra and Dhi Qar governorates. It flows in a north-south direction, with an area of (1022.22) km2, a length of (71.19) km, and a width of ( 9.99 km with a circumference of (249.38) km, where the most important natural factors such as geological structure, surface, climate, and water resources influencing the formation of the morphological characteristics of the Wadi Kadirah Al-Ajabi Basin were studied. The morphometric characteristics of the main basin and its secondary basins were studied by analyzing the cadastral characteristics and basin dimensions of the region using ArcGIS 10.8, and accessing a set of tools and capabilities to analyze geographic data accurately and comprehensively.
The formal morphometric indicators of the pelvis were analysed, such as roundness, elongation, pelvic shape factor, and circumference cohesion ratio. The roundness ratio reached (0.23), and this indicates that the pelvis is close to a rectangular shape. The elongation ratio was (0.50), while the value of the basin shape factor was (0.20) and the ocean cohesion ratio was (2.67), which provides a deeper understanding of the factors affecting the basin’s hydrological system and allows for the design of effective strategies to manage water resources in a more sustainable and efficient manner.

Infrastructure services are one of the most important services that contribute to the growth and development of the city, as their lack or inefficiency leads to an increase in pressure on those services and then their inability to face the increase of the student on them due to the expansion of the size of the city This study came in order to shed light on these services in terms of spatial distribution, adequacy and efficiency, the most important factors affecting them, and knowing the extent of the need The city to it at the present time and the future. The study concluded that through field work and the results of the questionnaire form that liquefied water is not suitable for drinking because of its turbidity and the high percentage of salts and impurities in it, which made the residents of the city rely on desalination plants and household filters as the city of Kahlaa suffers from the lack of a rainwater network and depends on the discharge of the sewage network, which lacks a treatment plant due to the lack of financial allocations where this water is transferred to the trocars Which ends directly in the marshes of the judiciary without any significant treatment, In addition to the deterioration of electrical energy services due to the programmed outage, which made the people rely during the frequent hours of interruption on private generators in the city, as for household waste services, it is suffering from the lack of mechanisms used in the process of transporting this waste, in addition to the lack of a sanitary landfill system site, which lacks most of the Iraqi planning standards.

The research aims to identify the reality and efficiency of the spatial distribution of educational services in the city of Umm Qasr for the academic year (2023-2024) compared to the size of population there. The study showed the presence of (45) educational institutions, including (34) government institutions and (11) private institutions, which formed a phase Kindergartens accounted for (9.8%) of the size of educational institutions, while the percentage of primary schools reached (60%) of the total number of educational institutions. The intermediate school also recorded a percentage of (9.8%) of the number of educational institutions, they constituted a percentage of (4.4%) of the total educational institutions, while the secondary stage constituted a percentage of (8.17%) of the total educational institutions throughout the city of Umm Qasr. Services were distributed differently among the neighborhoods of the city of Umm Qasr through using the map. The distribution of these various types of services will help us diagnose the shortcomings and defects in distribution If any, its efficiency will be studied in terms of the extent to which it meets the needs of the city’s residents and is compatible with their numbers and density within the city’s residential neighborhoods, As defined in the field of distributional research where a specific place is defined educationally and several widely dispersed groups are not researched and work is done from the research level.

The current study seeks to measure the relationship between positive thinking and self-confidence among female high school students and to determine whether a person possesses positive thinking and whether this is reflected in their self-confidence, according to the female-only variable. The researcher adopted the Positive Thinking Scale ( Ibrahim 2021), consisting of (51) items, and the Self-Confidence Scale (Jabari 2023) which consisting of (36) items. The two scales were applied to the research sample that was randomly selected, the number of participated female students was (100) students and it included all levels of intermediate and preparatory school. The results showed that the Pearson correlation coefficient was used by the sample. The analysis results showed that the relationship between positive thinking and self-confidence was negative (-0.08753). This result indicates that there is a very slight inverse relationship between the two variables, there is no real or statistically significant correlation between positive thinking and self-confidence in the studied sample.

The current research aims at identifying the impact of using interactive and motivational methods on developing critical and creative thinking skills among secondary school students in Basra Governorate. To achieve the research objectives, a sample of (100) male and female students was selected using a simple random sampling method. They were divided into two equal groups: an experimental group and a control group, with (50) male and female students in each group.
The researcher used two tools to collect data: a critical and creative thinking test (pre- and post-test) and a student satisfaction questionnaire with interactive methods. The data were analyzed using a set of statistical methods, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), the independent sample t-test, and the simple Pearson correlation coefficient.
The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the students in the experimental group who underwent the interactive and motivational methods experiment, as they recorded a 25% improvement compared to a limited improvement of 8.3% among the students in the control group. The satisfaction survey also showed that 85% of students in the experimental group expressed satisfaction with the new teaching methods, compared to only 65% of students in the control group. Also these results confirm the importance of employing interactive and motivational methods in the educational process to support the development of critical and creative thinking among students.

The current research aims to identify the availability of Argumentative skills among the professors of Arabic language departments at the Colleges of education and of Arts at the University of Basrah. The researcher choses the research sample by random method, it included (125) professors and professors. The researcher prepares a research tool, namely the observation card which consist of 13 skills, 63 paragraphs and five alternatives, and applied it to the basic research sample using the following statistical means: Pearson correlation coefficient, Alpha-krubach equation, Test (t), variance analysis test (f), standard deviation Arithmetic mean, weighted mean.
The results of the research show that the research sample has a low and weakness in the skills of argumentation for the first goal, and in order to achieve the second goal, the researcher calculates the results according to the gender variable and the results showed that there are no differences between males and females in the degree of possession of argumentation skills. As for the third goal, the results show that there are no differences in the degree of possession of argumentation skills between the colleges of education and arts
In light of the result of the current research, the researcher concluded a number of conclusions, including : The use of persuasive argumentative skills supports interaction and integration into the educational process, enhances the spirit of discussion, develops thinking and rises to higher mental levels. In addition to this research, the researcher proposes a number of studies, the most important of which are : Conducting experimental studies aims at revealing the most important problems facing professors in Hajj skills and developing plans and programs to solve these problems and improve the level of skills.

The research aims to introduce the programs and activities that the mentioned department held for the academic years (2022-2025) for three consecutive years and to introduce the time distribution of the various activities represented in conferences, seminars, discussion panels, workshops, training courses and other activities, as they have an effective role in raising the level of faculty members and developing their skills in research and teaching, as well as raising students’ awareness of many matters that will help them in their future academic and professional lives. These activities varied during the three years and amounted to be (99) scientific activities. The documentary method was adopted when preparing the theoretical part, as well as adopting the descriptive analytical method in the practical part. The data and information for the research were collected by relying on the scientific plans for the three years that are available in the department, as well as interviewing the officials of the Studies and Planning Division to obtain information that is difficult to obtain from the scientific plans in the department.