Basra studies journal

The ancient linguists, especially the morphologists, divided the simple trilateral verb forms into three categories: (fa`ula) with a (damma) on the first letter, (fa`ila) with a (kasra) on the first letter, and (fa`ala) with a (fatha) on the first letter. It is noted that the first formula, which has a (damma) on the first letter, does not have a present tense except with a (damma) on the first letter, the second formula, which has a (kasra) on the first letter, does not have a present tense except with a (kasra) or a (fatha) on the first letter, and the third formula, which has a (fatha) on the first letter, does not have a present tense except with a (damma), (kasras), or a (fatha) on the first letter. The third form is one of the most frequently used verbal forms in the speech of the Arabs and the most abundant in meanings. It is almost impossible to mention a meaning without some of its verbs including overcoming, gathering, separating, giving, preventing, rejecting, overcoming, repelling, repelling, harming, settling, covering up, etc. The form fa'ala, with all.
its forms and the other forms converted to it, constitutes a system of morphological meanings that no other form can accommodate. This study is an attempt to examine this form, clarify the characteristics of the verbs included under it, and explain the general morphological meanings that are revealed through its verbs. The research is divided into an introduction to abstract morphological forms and two sections. Firstly, the study presented the rules or characteristics of the verbs that belong to this form, noting the rules for each section separately. In the second section, the study explained the most common morphological meanings that can be found for this form, regardless of the vowel of the verb's 'ayn in the present tense.

The study examines the concept of the plot of victory in book of ( Shajarat al-Bambar) by Faten Al-Sarraf, considering it as an autobiographical/narrative text that reconfigures the female self through memory, not according to a logic of defeat nor of lamentation, but through a narrative strategy that transforms personal experience into an act of symbolic victory. The study proceeds from the assumption that the text does not present victory as a complete external event, but rather as a gradual narrative process shaped through the reinterpretation of pain, deprivation, and marginalization.

This study is an attempt to understand the effect of digital worlds and artificial intelligence applications in literature. Since their introduction in the last two decades , literary research has witnessed a promising transformation in its scientific and cognitive journey. The novel, as the most distinctive text in this type of application, demonstrates this ability to interact consciously and cautiously at the same time. What we are trying to study here relates to writers\' use of this technology and its introduction into the world of creative writing, where it is used as a character in \"electronic chat\", which demonstrates its effectiveness in generating new ideas related to the possibility of creating expressive spaces worthy of affirming the new relationship between humans and machines. By employing dialogue technology as a tool for narrative overlap and a plot driver in an era witnessing the increasing presence of machines. In addition the study is studying the narrative charter in the dialogue transforms from character interrogation to a narrative text parallel to the novel. This is a clear indication of the transformation in the relationship between humans and machines, raising many questions about the usefulness of communication in a virtual world and the degree of awareness that contemporary humans have reached in the digital age. It also reveals identity and its impact on dialogical existence.

The research examines the requirement of a father’s consent in the marriage of a mature virgin woman according to Imami and Hanafi jurisprudence. It begins by defining the concept of “condition” linguistically and technically as understood by scholars of both the Imami and Hanafi schools. The study then addresses the juristic disagreement within Imami jurisprudence regarding the requirement of the father’s consent. Scholars unanimously agree on requiring consent in the case of a minor or an immature woman. They also agree that it is not required in the marriage of a mature previously married woman (divorced or widowed). However, the marriage of a mature virgin woman remains a point of disagreement, with opinions ranging between requiring consent, not requiring it, or requiring joint consent. Each view is supported by different narrations and Qur’anic verses that emphasize the woman’s consent and free choice.
Many Imami jurists tend toward precaution by combining the woman’s consent with that of her guardian. In contrast, Hanafi jurisprudence permits a mature virgin woman to contract her own marriage without her father’s consent under certain conditions, although it is recommended that she seek her guardian’s permission.

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The Abbasid state witnessed numerous revolutions was led by various segments of society, aiming to change the poor reality of the Islamic nation which they experienced due to the oppression of rulers over the people. Among these revolutions was the Zayd al-Nar Revolution in Basra in 199 AH.
This revolution was chosen over others not to explore the causes and events of this revolution, but rather to demonstrate Imam al-Rida's (peace be upon him) position on this revolution, given that its leader was his brother Zayd, the son of Imam al-Kadhim (peace be upon him( .

The first century AH is considered one of the most historical eras in Islam, rich in political and intellectual events and transformations that left a profound impact on the path of the Islamic nation. This era witnessed the emergence of figures who played influential roles in shaping these transformations, including Al-Muthanna bin Mukhraba Al-Abdi, who is one of the leaders of the Abd Al-Qais tribe in Basra. The research aims to understand the personality of Al-Muthanna bin Mukhraba Al-Abdi, to reveal his positions, analyze his motives, and highlight his impact on the major events that contributed to shaping early Islamic history. One of his most prominent positions was his opposition to the policy of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan, where he represented a critical voice of the prevailing conditions in Basra, and his prominent role in the Caliphate of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). The study also focused on his active participation in the revolution of the penitents seeking revenge for Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), as well as his prominent role in the revolution of Al-Mukhtar Al-Thaqafi.

has This research examines King Faisal I's attitudes about the Najdi-Hijazi conflict for the period 1921 and 1925, one of the most sensitive periods in the history of the modern Arab East. It seeks to analyze his policy in light of the complexities of a period that combined waning Hashemite ambitions with the rise of Najdi power under the leadership of Abdulaziz Al Saud, within a regional environment subject to British hegemony. The research demonstrates that king Faisal attempted to balance his familial commitment to his father and brother in Al- Hijaz with his political responsibilities as king of an emerging state subject to the constraints of the British Mandate, preferring caution and realism to direct confrontation. It also demonstrates that Faisal's stance embodied an early awareness of the geopolitical changes that were redrawing the map of the Arabian Peninsula. By tracing his diplomatic stances, his correspondence with British representatives, and his government's handling of tribal and religious issues, the research reveals that he sought to protect the stability of Iraq without becoming directly involved in the problems and conflicts of the Hijaz. His policies eventually shifted from emotional support for the Hejaz to de facto recognition of the Al Saud authority, which later paved the way for balanced relations between Iraq and Saudi Arabia. The study concludes that King Faisal I's stance represents a rare experiment in modern Arab history, combining national affiliation with political pragmatism. Faisal lost Hashemite influence in the Hejaz, but he preserved the Iraqi state and laid the foundations for its regional policy, which would endure for decades to come.

Soil salinity was investigated in Abu Al-Khasib District, at Basra Governorate, with the aim of identifying the spatial and temporal variability of salinity and its impact on agricultural crop productivity. The results revealed considerable variation in soil salinity levels, ranging from moderate to high in levee soils, and from high to very high in basin soils, with temporal differences observed between the two agricultural seasons and among different locations. Consequently, overall crop productivity declined, particularly in basin soils. However, the productivity of certain crops, such as cowpea and tomato, was relatively higher compared to less salt-tolerant crops like carrot and onion. The study also proposed recommendations to mitigate the adverse effects of soil salinity on agricultural production in the region.

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The labor force is one of the fundamental components of industrial development which can only be achieved by developing the skills of workers providing all types of health , cultural services and a suitable work environment for them. The research aims at examining a set of problems facing the labor force at The state company of Southern Fertilize and The General Company for Petrochemical Industries in the Governorate of Bara for the year 2024.In order to improve and increase productivity by raising performance levels, reducing the wasted time, and optimizing workforce utilization, as well as identifying skills and social status in order to provide suitable housing and services to alleviate psychological stress that affects worker productivity. .A questionnaire form was distributed randomly, with100 forms for each company. 200 forms were collected, all of which were filled out by the labor force in both companies. The study addressed several problems facing the labor force. It concluded by presenting a set of recommendations like: increasing wages in line with the nature of the work, providing a suitable residential environment that meets all the necessary health requirements for living, and other proposals that serve the worker.

This study examines Zubair from a cultural studies perspective, analyzing complex identity transformations over four centuries. Its main question is: How was Zubair\\'s identity shaped amid successive migrations and political-economic transformations? Using cultural analysis tools, the study explores how sixteenth-century Najdi migration formed the city\\'s cultural identity core, evolving through Ottoman rule, British occupation, and the modern Iraqi state. It analyzes cultural-sectarian conflicts, 1920s separatist attempts, and radical demographic transformations in the twentieth century\\'s second half. The study employs theoretical concepts from Pierre Bourdieu (habitus, symbolic violence),). It concludes that Zubair\\'s identity is not fixed but continuously negotiated, and that demographic transformations led to the Najdi habitus\\'s disintegration and emergence of a multi-spectrum city identity.

What Imam ʿAlī (peace be upon him) presented in Nahj al-Balāghah represents a comprehensive system for self-development and motivation. His role was not limited to political or military leadership; rather, it extended to the establishment of an integrated intellectual framework that touches every aspect of human life, offering a firm path for self-growth and the pursuit of perfection. The Imam (peace be upon him) believed that the human being is an ongoing project of development, and that the essence of existence lies in self-awareness. Therefore, motivation in his thought was not confined to moral exhortation, but was deeply connected to personal and social responsibility—where a person becomes an active, constructive force within their family and society in proportion to their ability to reform themselves.

This study examined the conceptual metaphors employed by Imam Ali during the Battle of Siffin (657 CE). Through systematic rhetorical analysis of Imam Ali's speeches and letters, the major metaphorical schemas that structured his political-military discourse were identified and categorized by the research. The findings revealed sophisticated conceptual systems rather than isolated figurative expressions, with each metaphorical domain---water/thirst, light/darkness, path/journey, body/physical, animal, fire/heat, and commercial/exchange---serving as comprehensive cognitive frameworks through which complex political and theological concepts were rendered accessible to his audience. This analysis demonstrated how Imam Ali's metaphors exhibited strategic adaptation to changing military circumstances, integrated theological and political dimensions, and frequently created conceptual space for reconciliation despite the conflict context. The remarkable sophistication of these 7th century metaphorical systems challenged simplistic notions of metaphorical development and offered valuable insights for contemporary understanding of political-religious discourse. This study provides the first ecology-aware, CMT account of Siffīn that models metaphor as integrated, adaptive systems linking ethical–theological commitments to tactical reasoning.

This study explores the narrative techniques employed in Arabic translations of two 19th-century English novels adapted for children specifically Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The study investigates the cross-cultural and intertemporal adaptation challenges of by analyzing 21st century Arabic translations of these works. It focuses on the way that narrative structures are modified to bring into line with the target culture’s values, linguistic norms, and the specific conventions of children’s literature. The study provides a critical evaluation of translator decisions and highlights frequent errors and systematic deviations from the source texts. Eventually, the results aim to offer guidance for future translators of children\'s literature, while suggesting further research into the English translation of Iraqi women\'s literature to explore temporally and spatially shifting feminist perspectives.