Linguistic Papers

The research which is entitled (Irregularities of vowel change Among the Arabs- A study in light of linguistic reasoning)aims to classify and categorize the causes accompanying the irregularities of Iʿlāl, with a desire to explain this to the Arab reader, as well as to clarify the changes that affect the structure of the Arabic word, such as deletion and reversal of what the early scholars described as irregular in the Arabic linguistic corpus, which is replete with the views of our great scholars.
The educational goals lie behind these explanations, and it is not permitted to accuse the early scholars of neglecting to identify morphological irregularities, or to explain what happened in them.

The research presented a number of phonetic attributes in the Arabic language, which was characterized by a number of problems in its phonetic concepts in the study of ancient Arabic phonetics, He began with Sibawayh's book, and these are the attributes: Voiced, Voiceless, Plosive, Fricative and between Voiceless and Plosive. The research addressed those problematic issues, which resulted in ambiguity in the understanding of those attributes among ancient Arab scholars, He mentioned its causes and its impact on their phonetic research, relying on the results of modern phonetic research, in Articulatory phonetics, He mentioned a number of opinions of modern linguists on those problematic issues.

An analytical reading of the structural framework of Sibawayh’s Al-Kitab reveals an intricate taxonomical methodology that establishes communicative trajectories throughout the text. The term 'Al-Bab' (the chapter/entry) transcends its traditional role as a mere structural divider or static heading; rather, it functions as a dynamic discursive space that encapsulates a unified textual entirety. Within this space, Anaphora/Reference (Al-Ihala) serves as the 'golden thread' that weaves together the individual components of the author’s work. It bridges the gap between the micro-level grammatical rules and the macro-level communicative context (Maqam), aligning with the pragmatic requirements of the discourse.
Our investigation across various linguistic levels—phonological, morphological, and syntactical—demonstrates how the author implicitly employs reference through pronouns, relative clauses, and demonstratives. This strategic use compels the recipient to engage in a cognitive process of backward or forward retrieval to achieve conceptual integration, ensuring clarity without redundancy or communicative fatigue. Ultimately, this study substantiates that the concept of 'Al-Bab' and its accompanying referential mechanisms represent the foundational precursors to Text Linguistics. Although often perceived as a modern disciplinary emergence, the roots of this field are undeniably present in our heritage, providing a sophisticated terminological framework that remains congruent with contemporary linguistic evolution and the shifting demands of modern life

This research aims to raise a set of questions and attempt to answer them, or open new horizons for answering them:
What are the types of single structure in the Epistles of the Brethren of Purity?
How were the psychological expressions in the Epistles of the Brethren of Purity?
How did they use the singular structure to express special concepts?
Has this usage continued to this day?

This study aims to raise a set of questions and attempt to provide answers, or at least open new horizons for further inquiry:
-What is conformity (tatābuq) according to linguists and terminologists?
-In what ways did Ibn al-Jawzi depart from this conformity in his rhetorical practice?
-Did Ibn al-Jawzi benefit from such deviation or departure in his admonitory discourse?

This research examines the grammatical and rhetorical structures in the poetry of Ibn al-Sabbagh al-Judhami, revealing a profound linguistic awareness in which the poet employs grammar and rhetoric as semantic and aesthetic tools and structural systems. The grammatical structure in his poetry transcends mere linguistic organization to express emotion and construct rhythm through sentences and their grammatical elements. As for the rhetorical structure, it relies on metaphor and simile, through which abstract meanings are transformed into vivid, sensory images.
The research concludes that Ibn al-Sabbagh's poetry is based on an organic fusion of grammar and rhetoric, making language an aesthetic tool for conveying emotion, intensifying meaning, and constructing a vibrant and impactful poetic image.

Discussing the occurrence of what appears to be a violation of Arabic grammar rules in the Holy Quran falls within the realm of defending it, in accordance with our intended objective. This leads us to the fact that the shortcomings and errors lie in the grammarians' rules, not in the Holy Quran. We accept the Quranic style without finding any reason that needs to be exposed or any ambiguity that needs to be clarified. We also present the various perspectives and approaches taken by grammarians and commentators regarding what appears to be a violation, found in some passages of the Holy Quran It is stated that what they have done in terms of
deductions for those places is considered a cover-up of the defects in the Arabic rules, and that the miraculous nature of the Qur’an and its challenge to generations is proven and correct, as it is a miraculous occurrence that does not fail and cannot be attributed to error, as it is not necessary to obey the grammarians no matter how much they feel the obligation to obey them and their superiority,
rather the interest requires disobeying them and that is more appropriate than obeying them, and this is supported by the fact that the Qur’an was revealed before those rules, which did not exist
at all at the time of its revelation.

This research investigated the linguistic structure in the Du'a al-Jawshan al-Saghir to derive the meanings of words and their connotations thru lexical and contextual analysis. The aim of the research was to identify the semantic phenomena represented in it, the most important of which are: semantic differences, homonyms, and rare words.

Inflection in one of its meanings is the clarification and expression of the speaker's intention. The most prominent phenomenon in Arabic grammar is inflection itself as it corrects the Arabic language and protects it from errors and mistakes. Furthermore it is closely linked to meaning since the inflectional endings of words such as the fatha damma kasra and sukun along with the grammatical markers (fatha damma kasra and sukun) are what govern sentences and determine their intended meaning. Inflectional endings are also closely linked to the grammatical factor as the factor determines the type of inflectional ending. Generally there are two types of factors: one verbal and the other semantic. This is a summary of what I have attempted to address in this research.

One of the most beautiful things I have written in terms of research on language in general and semantics in particular is about the meaning of colors in Arabic dictionaries. The precision of the word among the Arabs in their language is not something new, but rather this eloquence in speech and precision in description is well known among them. This is the miracle of the Arabic language in deriving words for colors and explaining the degree of each color with precision and a full explanation, and adding distinctive and new meanings, which is in renewing the words for colors, whether to exaggerate in describing the color, or to reach precision in describing this

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Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our Prophet and his pure and righteous family.
Research into the characteristics of Qur'anic guidance in the sayings of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), and the extent of its impact on the understanding of religious texts. How is guidance reflected in the science of names and words? It is a means of reviving Arabic vocabulary and understanding linguistic development by researching the narrations of the infallibles, who are the most eloquent speakers of the Arabic language. In addition, it adds new meanings to words used in the Qur'an and elsewhere that were not found in old dictionaries due to the difficulty of interpreting them or their lack of interpretation within the Qur'anic or prophetic context, thereby adding to the Arabic language what was not previously known.

Our research, entitled "The Zayyah of al-Shammakh ibn Dirar al-Dhubyani: A Study in Light of Text Linguistics," seeks to illuminate the poem from a new perspective, distinct from those explored in previous studies, which included language, rhetoric, grammar, and other related fields.
This research draws upon all previous studies to produce a novel analysis centered on textual methodology. One of its aims is to examine aspects of cohesion and the extent to which each sentence within the text is linked to the others.
The research reveals the poem's remarkable structural cohesion, achieved through the tools employed to connect its elements. These tools include reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction, and lexical cohesion, all of which contribute to a fluid flow of meaning and the creation of a unified whole that reflects the content through its structure and the cohesion of its parts. The research focused on the lexical aspect, because the poem contained a special semantic lexicon that gave it a unique verbal environment of strangeness, which contributed to creating an atmosphere for the poem and formed, with the content, a cohesive textual unity.

Is the story of Prophet Yusuf peace be upon him and his brothers, of the story of the Koran that had captured the attention of scholars and critics, featuring this story is building a narrative integrated parties one study Survey Integrated manifested through a series of chained events that pulls the reader, and here and there we can when this story interesting to the analysis and understanding you and this divine creative in accordance with the model of the crime of teaching, for the world narrative as one of the models of semiotics famous in the analysis of narrative, which continued its origins from several novel linguistics and, perhaps the best known and most-attended joists linguistics on the basis of the theory of Free de Saussure, Which you perceive the world as a network of relationships or unite, as the credit transfer this design from the reality of it on to the reality of systematic knowledge, based in presenting his model on the idea that every story is made up of a range of actions to reach a certain goal, and seeks the sea to the systematic analysis of the structure of the narrative semiotics and plot in Surah Yusuf, based on the models credit theory, and specifically the nature of the semiotic, and the Model world, the planned narrative architecture (functional model) And, the research led to a set of results perhaps the most important being that the analysis of the text using the model of the global proven, as we stood on a lot of the acts of the drama of the plot, tolerance and drama in the story of Joseph and his brothers, as well as diagnostic elements of narrative semiotic in the story of Joseph including Simi personal handsome physics office, handsome, physics, time, and last but not least we ask God acceptance and satisfaction.

This article examines the features of committed literature in the poetry of Muhannad Jamal Al-Din through a stylistic–semantic study of three selected poems: Zaynab, O Jerusalem, and The Martyrs. The study aims to reveal the mechanisms of employing religious symbolism, the sanctity of place, and the discourse of resistance in constructing a committed poetic text that goes beyond mere rhetorical expression to establish a conscious intellectual vision. The article adopts a stylistic analytical approach based on deconstructing the linguistic structure, poetic imagery, and semantic lexicon, and relating them to the intellectual and commitment-oriented context of the text. The study concludes that Muhannad Jamal Al-Din presents a model of the committed poet who transforms poetry into a message-bearing act, in which belief intertwines with identity, and symbolism merges with resistant action, within a dense linguistic structure charged with meaning.

Arabs contributed to the advancement of science and civilization worldwide for many centuries, and Arabic became the language of science and its scholars. It was perhaps the primary source of the European Renaissance in the seventeenth century, as valuable Arabic books were translated into many European languages, leading the West to acknowledge some of the Arabs' contributions to civilization.
Humanity, by preserving the Greek heritage only, and the fair-minded among them acknowledge the Arabs’ contribution to the progress of civilization in the world. Not everything found in Arabic books is Greek heritage, but the Arabs added a large part of scientific knowledge to the Greek heritage, and then they changed the method of reaching knowledge of scientific facts. Anyone who reads Greek philosophy must come to one conclusion: that the thinkers of ancient Greece were averse to using their hands in conducting scientific experiments and considered theoretical logic, contemplation, and thinking to be the basis of true knowledge. And the evidence derived from it, and whoever examines the testaments of Jabir ibn Hayyan will truly appreciate this.
With the dawn of Islam and the eradication of ignorance, disbelief, and disobedience, prosperity continued, as it was able to attain the highest and most exalted position, enabling it to keep pace with the times due to its flexibility and breadth. Its ability to adapt to the era in which it lives has allowed it, by the grace of God Almighty, to attain a prominent position, reaching our current era, which some circles consider an age of stagnation and inertia. Various groups of writers and intellectuals have called for its isolation and abandonment, the reason, in their view, being that it... Thus, by the grace of God Almighty, it attained a prominent position until it reached our present era, which some circles consider an age of stagnation and decline, as various groups of writers and intellectuals have called for its isolation and abandonment. Therefore, all that we will attempt to study in our research is to emphasize the importance of the Arabic language.

The current research aims to build a proposed strategy according to the theory of (quadruple coding), and to know its effectiveness in developing the skills of literary analysis and indexed thinking among fourth-grade literary students. The researcher followed the steps of the experimental method in the construction process, and the experimental method in the process of knowing the effectiveness of the proposed strategy The researcher employed an experimental design with a pre-test and post-test, and defined the research community as fourth-grade middle school students in the Baghdad Education Directorate / Rusafa / 2, and through random selection, (Al-Jazeera Middle School for Boys) was defined as a sample for the research, and the researcher rewarded between the two research groups using (chronological age, linguistic ability, intelligence, the pre-literary analysis test, and the pre-indexed thinking scale). The researcher built a test for literary analysis consisting of (40) objective and essay paragraphs, and an indexed thinking scale consisting of (30) paragraphs, and formulated (145) behavioral goals, and (16) teaching plans, and the above was presented to the experts and specialists, and by using (t-tests) for independent and interrelated samples, the researcher reached the recording of statistical differences in favor of the experimental group.
The researcher recommends the use of the proposed strategy in Arabic language lessons and training teachers on its use. He also suggests conducting similar studies on other variables, such as reading comprehension and literary analysis.

The modern renaissance has significantly influenced language, much like other aspects of life, given that language is both a means of communication and achieving goals. Through its linguistic structures, communication fosters productivity, ensuring continuity. It has introduced tools that have contributed to the development of its applications and methodologies, even prompting the creation of new curricula that altered its study patterns. Language, being a human tool, reveals our ideas, traditions, and habits, influencing communicators to interact with various sciences and knowledge fields like psychology, sociology, communication science, and philosophy. These disciplines played a crucial role in shaping and expanding linguistic phenomena philosophically, reflecting our minds and contributing to defining our communication and relationship with the external world. Philosophical studies by its scholars have led to new theories and methodologies collectively known as linguistics. This research directly and extensively addresses the interactive exchange curriculum and the scientific renaissance's effect on it and its theoretical, methodological, social, cultural, and practical aspects in its formats and vocabularies, respectively.

This study applies Non-Linear CV-Tier to John Milton\'s sonnet poem \"When I consider how my light is spent\" to demonstrate how hierarchical phonological organization contributes to poetic meaning. Previous studies have examined Milton\'s sonnets using traditional metrical and stylistic approaches. However, no study has systematically applied a four-tier non-linear CV phonological model to explore the interaction between syllable structure, stress, and semantic interpretation. This study fills this gap by: 1) Applying a multi-tier non-linear CV framework. 2) Integrating phonological analysis with semantic interpretation. 3) Providing line-by-line CV and stress representations. This study aims to analyze Milton\'s sonnet through the nonlinear CV-Tier framework, identify dominant syllable patterns based on frequency distribution, examine open and closed syllable structures and stress patterns, and explore the phono-semantic relationship between phonological form and the poem\'s thematic meanings of blindness, patience, and spiritual reflection. It is based on the following hypotheses: The CVC structure is the dominant phonological pattern in the sonnet, open syllables are more frequent than closed syllables, phonological patterns correlate with the poem\'s contemplative and theological themes, and the CV-Tier framework is suitable for phono-semantic analysis of English sonnet poetry. As methodology is concerned, quantitative and qualitative descriptive analytic approaches will be used to achieve the aims and verify hypotheses. Of the main conclusions, the close relationship between phonological structure, rhythm, and the poem\'s semantic implications, along with the application of nonlinear CV-phonology to Milton\'s poem, significantly influences both the composition of the poem and our understanding of its meanings. Finally, it shows that shifts in syllable weight and prosodic prominence align systematically with thematic transitions from anxiety to spiritual resolution. By integrating contemporary phonological theory with literary analysis, the paper argues for the explanatory adequacy of non-linear models in the analysis of poetic texts

The study investigates the perceptions of Iraqi university learners concerning the use of AI tools (Grammarly, Duolingo, ChatGPT) in learning the English language. 120 students from the Department of English, Mustansiriyah University, were surveyed in terms of their perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and challenges of AI integration. SPSS software version 26 was used to run the data, which show statistically significant differences based on academic level (year of study) in the university. Students overall possess positive views of AI tools, especially when it comes to vocabulary and grammar. However, they also believe that students may become too reliant on the tools, and that teachers are not directing students on how to use them. The paper gives recommendations on the integration of AI in EFL instruction with a structured and pedagogical design.

Abstract
This study examines the pragmatic violations in the Joker’s speech in The Dark Knight through the lens of Grice’s Cooperative Principles. By analyzing three key dialogues, the research identifies how the Joker intentionally flouts the maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner to manipulate, confuse, and intimidate his interlocutors. These violations serve to construct his chaotic and menacing character, reflecting his psychological strategies and thematic role in the film. The study highlights the importance of pragmatic analysis in understanding character development and communication in cinematic discourse.

The paper presents a study on the use of phonetics in comprehending Quran by examining the articulatory and acoustic qualities of Quran recitation. Elongation (madd), nasalization (ghunnah), assimilation (idgham) and emphatic articulation (tafkhim) are phonetic phenomena that play a significant role in the meaning and understanding of the Quran. The analysis is an analytical study that is mostly qualitative with some traces of exploratory quantitative data, a combination of spectrographic and linguistic interpretation is used with the aim of analyzing the chosen verses of the Quran.
By the application of APAM (i.e., Acoustic-Phonetic Analysis Model), this paper is centred on frequency, duration and intensity of phonemes in the rules of Tajweed in order to establish their effects on semantic interpretations. The spectrographic analyses of the samples of the recitation prove that the phonetic differences contribute to modifying the rhythmic patterns and cause the formation of the perception to a listener. The results have shown that accurate articulation of phonemes in the Quran is very important so that the intended meanings can be portrayed in the verses that have phonetic contrasts in terms of applying legal and theological meanings.
Moreover, this work shows that drastic changes in semantics might be attributed to phonetic deviation, which is why the phonetic awareness of the Quranic studies is very much required. The research will also have a contribution to phonetics and exegesis of the Quran by presenting empirical evidence on the contribution of the phonetic factors to the improvement of the textual comprehension.
Besides that, it also offers some practical suggestions on how phonetic training could be incorporated into Tajweed education that guarantees a more in-depth comprehension alongside more accurate recitation. The results indicate that the Quranic phonetics along with being the recitation aesthetic is among the key constituents of meaning-making. The area that the future studies should focus on is the study of the cross-linguistic comparisons to learn more about phonetic universals in the holy texts.