Al-iraqia University The college of law and political science journal

Recognition is one of the most important elements of evidence in the criminal case, and the importance of recognition in achieving the conditions of safety is a subject, and the consequences of the criminal case under the evidence based on the conviction of the judge emotional, and issued by the accused himself freely and conscious will.
And the importance of recognition as a penal measure issued by one of the parties to the criminal dispute, the accused as a voluntary act by which a person is authorized to commit the crime, which is the purpose of the criminal proceedings to achieve, namely the access to the truth and the proportion of the cime to the actor, the recognition must have been valued as evidence Of the discretionary power of the Court, like all other evidentiary evidence.
The accused’s admission of the charge against him does not mean that the court is obliged to judge the conviction, but rather that it is its duty to verify that the confession has satisfied its health conditions and then begins to exercise its duty to assess the credibility of such recognition. , And it is not permissible to rely on him in conviction unless he agrees with the truth of things, but if it is contradictory with it, it is not correct to rely on it as evidence of condemnation, and this is what is standing on it through the research plan.

Imam Al-Qurtubi paid prominent attention to the jurisprudential rulings deduced from the verses, using hadiths, and detailing the sayings of scholars on many issues, giving preference to what he considered correct from these sayings. Al-Qurtubi’s interpretation was not devoid of discussion of matters of faith, refuting misguided sects, and misconceptions. In addition to rules on the principles of jurisprudence, hadith science, abrogation and abrogation.
So I wanted to collect some of the jurisprudential rulings in the chapter on transactions that relate to the rulings on sales as the subject of this research of mine, which I called: (The rulings on jurisprudential sales in “Al-Jami` li Ahkam al-Qur’an.”By Imam Al-Qurtubi)

It is generally accepted that the protection of Human Rights is a fundamental goal of the modern international law. In recent decades, most regional and international organizations have adopted Human Rights standards and responded to human rights violations by granting remedies to the individuals whose rights have been violated in there domestic law, There are many forms of non-monetary remedies mentioned in many United Nations instruments related to human rights, For example the Right to the truth, which can be defined as the right for victims of the gross human rights violations, their families, and the society, to know the truth about what happened to identify those responsible for these violations, Finally to document the circumstances and reasons that led to it. The second form is restitution, which can be defined as restoring the circumstances that existed prior to the violations either by ending the violation or restoring conditions to what they were before the internationally wrongful act occurred. The third form is satisfaction, which can be defined as an acceptable means of redress in cases of reparation for moral damages, For example, guarantees of non-repetition as well as an apology, The fourth form is rehabilitation, which is measures aimed at alleviating the physical, psychological, and the social harm suffered by the victims.

view of the great sacrifices and pure blood made by the martyrs and wounded to this country to preserve the unity and security of Mother Iraq, safe from aggression, we decided to study the administrative formations of the facility that the service text allocated to these categories, and the amended Martyrs Foundation Law No. (2) of 2016 clarified the administrative formations responsible for ensuring the rights of Those covered by the Martyrs Foundation Law and explaining the role it plays in preserving the rights of those covered by the law by following the procedures specified by the Martyrs Foundation Law and the Law on Compensation for those Victims Resulting from Military Operations and Military Errors No. (20) of 2009, as amended. We will also discuss the convening and voting mechanism followed by the consideration committees. With the requests of the families of the martyrs and those affected, and the negatives and positives that result from it, we will also explain the role of each committee and department in ridding these rights of tampering. Passers- by and weak souls.

Inheritance is one of the financial rights of women that was enacted by Islamic law before ordinary laws. The percentage of a woman’s entitlement to an inheritance was varies according to her relationship with the deceased. For example, she can be a mother, grandmother, wife, daughter, sisters, aunts, etc. in fact, this right is confirmed for her after the inheritance fulfills its elements, conditions and reasons. The problem of the research is the lack of legal protection that guarantees the woman’s right to inheritance and ensures that she is not deprived of it by the other inheritors. Especially with the increasing phenomenon of women’s deprivation of inheritance in various societies. The research aims to identify the lack in the law regulating women’s right to inheritance. In order to solve this issue and make it an effective law in protecting women’s inheritance from the violations committed against it.

To determining the price of international sale stipulated in the articles 14 and 55 of the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods (Vienna, 1980) (CISG). The application of this two articles raised many contradictions، especially, the issue of not specifying the price and its impact on the validity of the contract. As a result of several concepts that seem to be different and contradictory among themselve. Therefore, in the stage the of contract formation, emerged to the surface and distinguished from it in particular, such as, the offer submitted to conclude the contract and what is related to the adequacy of its determination of the quantity of goods and their price or the data according to which the price can be determined. In order to face the ambiguity of the Article (14) of the Convention، Article (55) of it came into existence. This article came to address the validity of concluding the international commercial contract and its arrangement of legal effects. Despite the absence of an dexplicit or implicit of determinating the price، meaning that the contract does not become void due to its inability to be determined. Then, the agreement takes into account the standard by which the price is determined، far from the will of the contracting parties.

Economic life is the backbone of society and banking activity is its nerve in the current era. In fact, the bank is a service unit specialized in monetary and financial services and contributes to the creation and distribution of credit in order to advance the economic development process of the country. Therefore, if the bank violates the rules that must be observed and discloses the secrets of its customers, it would be subject to liability. Thus, the responsibility that falls on the bank if it discloses highly confidential information about its customers’ accounts without their permission. This responsibility arises when the bank violates its legal obligations or the agreement and discloses confidential information. The damages arising from this breach are compensated by paying financial compensation to the affected persons. Subsequently, the bank carries out the information of its customers, whether the information is economic, family or financial, then it must be a trustee of this information. Hence, the laws require maintaining the confidentiality of this information to maintain trust, which is the basis of commercial dealing.

Renegotiation occupies a significant position in the field of international commercial contracts, as the international contract is closely linked with several contracts, such as contracts for transporting goods and insuring them against risks, as well as its association with several banking operations, such as documentary credit, and because of the complex nature of this type of contract, And the longer the period of its implementation, the possibility that the contract will be exposed to problems resulting from the change of circumstances will increase, even if the two parties to the contract specify the resulting effects accurately.
It is not appropriate to terminate the international contract as a result of the changing circumstances, because it cost the two parties a lot of time and money in order to conclude it, and when applying the general rules for termination, then the two parties must return to the situation they were in before the conclusion of the contract, which leads to disruption of the economic conditions of the parties to the contract If the international sales contract is terminated, the seller will suffer from the change in prices, but his suffering will be most severe in the event of the loss or damage of the goods, while the buyer will suffer from intransigence in recovering the price from the seller, which leads to the paralysis of his economic activity, in whole or in part.
As a result of the foregoing, renegotiation had an important and effective role in preserving the contractual relationship between its two parties because it provides them with the freedom to determine the fate of their contract in accordance with what is required by their common interest, and thus avoiding the intervention of the judiciary or arbitration in their contractual relationship.
The legal basis for renegotiation may be contractual, that is, it is agreed upon by including it as a clause in the contract, or through the development of an independent agreement to do so. Intent, when a fundamental change in circumstances occurs after the conclusion of the contract.

The constitution is considered the supreme law of the state. It regulates the actions of its authorities and at the same time expresses the political philosophy of its drafters and the society that votes to accept it. As such, the constitution’s inclusion of texts related to religion had a role in determining how it is viewed. Western countries have, generally speaking, staked their positions in regard to religion. Islamic countries, on the other hand, have always debated and discussed this controversial point – specifically, whether Islam is the religion of the state and the source of its laws and legislation. If that is the case, then both types of texts [legal and religious] have legal effects that result from it. In the case of the Republic of Iraq, due to the recent writing of its constitution, these texts have been the subject of societal debate regarding whether it creates a religious state or not. This study is meant to highlight some of these discussions and their legal implications on the reality of the state and where it should be regarded as a religious one.

The summary emphasizes the vital role of investment projects, particularly those associated with effective participation in economic development. It highlights their impact on economic diversification and the development of various sectors, including social services and public utilities. The focus is on attracting individuals to invest in various types of projects, considering the nature of services provided and the public's needs. Additionally, it discusses the financial aspects of commercial projects and their relationship with economic development in the second part of the research.

The research aims to study the social and economic reality of women in Iraq for the period 1921-2003 in light of the political transformations that accompanied the Iraqi political system. The research also aims to study the extent to which political, social and economic challenges have contributed to limiting women’s participation in political work. Women’s political participation is evidence of society’s awareness of itself and its civilization. Political participation is a cultural phenomenon as well as a political phenomenon. When society reaches a certain stage of sophistication and progress, the issue of women’s political participation becomes one of its fundamental issues. The research concludes that the phenomenon of limited political participation of Iraqi women and the extent of the influence of the social and economic factor on women’s participation in political life in Iraq is the result of many interacting and overlapping factors at the general societal level, whether political, economic or social.

The parliamentary system created stabilshed in Britain, which is the mother country of this system, and from it moved to many countries, including Iraq, which applied this system since the establishment of the Iraqi state after the issuance of the constitution in 1925, and after the end of this constitution in 1958 , the totalitarian system was introduced until 2003, which changed it The course of things in Iraq, and the parliamentary system was applied again with the constitution of 2005, but this system had many changes in the Iraqi reality represented by the emergence of political consensus in the administration of the state, which led to the deviation of this system from the traditional principles on which it was based, so this system has Primarily in Iraq, however, it is largely subject to political consensus, which has led to the matter taking precedence over constitutional texts

After the year 2003 AD, Iraq witnessed a distinct situation that emerged from a phase of almost complete absence of a state, then a decline in the fabric of a state with which the Iraqis or Iraq’s influential neighbors disagreed with it structurally, which made them mention it. Their contradictions in the new constitution, and the most difficult of the above, the United States of America, which is supposed to sponsor the new building, has begun to find an exit mechanism, and its strength comes from this new building. This was evident when a security agreement was concluded in late 2011 withdrawing its forces from Iraq.

Childhood is one of the most important stages in human life, serving as the foundation for an individual’s development. Children represent the wealth of society and the future generation, and they require a nurturing environment free from violence. Many Iraqi children face challenging circumstances that lead them to engage in activities inappropriate for their age in order to meet their basic needs. Consequently, they become vulnerable to various forms of violence. These children need legal protection to mitigate the grave violations they may endure, whether from within their families or outside of them. Additionally, they require societal protection, which involves the active involvement of community institutions responsible for raising and safeguarding children within society. This is the focus of our research—to shed light on the serious violations to which children are exposed and to explore their requirements for both legal and societal protection, encompassing four key areas, concluding with recommendations.

Consensual democracy is one of the models for state administration in multiple and divided societies, and within that consensual mechanism,the political leaders play a pivotal and effective role, as a result of the social, political, and economic status of those leaders. They are either a factor of enrichment and success for the consensual experience, and this is reflected in the performance and effectiveness of the political system in their countries. If conditions are available that are appropriate to the size and status of those leaders, and vice versa, these leaders are a factor that contributes to instability and progress and contributes to the intensity of escalation, and their importance and effectiveness lie through their status and strength of influence in the social and political field.

ظهر مصطلح “الجنوب العالمي” لأول مرة في ستينات القرن العشرين، ولكنه استغرق فترة طويلة حتى يكسب مزيدا من الاهتمام.

يتطلب من العراق اليوم الاعتماد على دبلوماسية حقيقية في مجال قضايا البيئة وابدالها بسياسة الاعتماد على مؤتمرات المناخ الدولية لمعالجة مشاكله البيئية. وينبغي على صانع القرار السياسي في العراق ان يعطي المزيد من الاهتمام بقضايا البيئة وآثارها لهذا كان يتوجب على الرئيس العراقي عبد اللطيف رشيد ان يؤكد ويركز على هذه الجوانب في مؤتمر المناخ الذي عقد في الامارات العربية المتحدة COP28)) عام 2023.

After completing his studies and obtaining a graduate certificate, an employee who is certified to study outside the country is obligated to return to Iraq and serve in his department or state departments for twice the period of study. If the employee returns after obtaining the certificate and begins working in his department and is absent from official work for more than ten days, this will entail, by law, his dismissal. From the job, and he is considered to be in breach of his pledge to serve twice the period of study in the Iraqi state departments and the instructions for granting study leave No. 165 of 2011, and since the guarantee taken from the plaintiff (sponsor) is considered an extension of the pledge made by the sponsored person (study leave applicant), and given the latter’s failure to serve in The Iraqi state departments are twice the period of study. In this case, the plaintiff in this case is considered to be in solidarity with the sponsored person in his obligations, including the obligation to serve twice the period of study. It is not permissible for him to remove himself from sponsorship and request the lifting of the lien on his guarantor property until the sums spent on the dismissed employee during the period of study are collected in accordance with According to the Government Debt Collection Law No. 56 of 1977, based on this, the Civil Authority of the Federal Court of Cassation ruled in its pending decision to overturn the decision of the Fallujah First Instance Court because it did not take into account the advanced legal perspective.