AL-MA’HAD

Public contracts are one of the state’s means of satisfying the various types of needs of its citizens, so the penal legislator sought to place them under criminal protection to protect them from assault, which at the same time represents an assault on the state’s status and prestige, and on public funds allocated for the public benefit of citizens, by criminalizing infringement of these contracts. This study aims to highlight the aspects of criminal protection for public contracts with the aim of arriving at an assessment of this protection in light of the spread of various corruption crimes and their spread in all aspects of political, economic and social life. Which arises as a result of the private interest conflicting with the public interest, and it does not require that the interest achieved or to be achieved be for the perpetrator, as it may be for someone else. Finally, knowing the adjective role of the offender in committing crimes in the field of public contracts, which is mostly the status of a public employee or person charged with a public service or the status of a contractor with a government agency. Therefore, the researcher sought to address the crime of breach of implementation of public contracts in Iraqi legislation and contained in the Penal Code in both its forms. Violation of implementation in times of war and violation of the freedom and integrity of bidding and public tenders.

The relations between the Sultanate of Oman and Iran have been distinguished by their quality, with positive repercussions on regional security and the security of the Arabian Gulf region, including the security of the strategic Strait of Hormuz and the freedom of international navigation therein. Furthermore, cases of non-alignment in positions regarding those issues, and regarding foreign military presence in the region, have not negatively affected their bilateral relations.
This research is divided into three axes: The first axis examines the Sultanate of Oman's vision concerning the security of the Arabian Gulf, the second axis discusses Iran's vision regarding the security of the Arabian Gulf, and the third axis explores the security of the Strait of Hormuz.
Among the most important findings of the research is that the quality of relations between the Sultanate of Oman and Iran had positive repercussions on regional security in general, and the security of the Arabian Gulf region in particular, despite the non-alignment in positions towards some security issues and the difference in partners, especially given that the Sultanate of Oman rejected the blockade and sanctions imposed on Iran.

This study examined and analyzed the role of digital media in enhancing television coverage of terrorism-related issues, as well as the complementary relationship between digital and traditional media, by conducting a survey of personnel in the War Media Department of Karbala Satellite Channel who participated in covering the events of 2016, the period that witnessed decisive battles against the ISIS terrorist organization. The study focused on understanding how digital media was utilized and highlighting its role in documenting the field events that occurred at that time.
The researcher adopted the descriptive survey method and developed a questionnaire, which was reviewed by specialist arbitrators and experts in the media field. The modifications recommended by the arbitrators were taken into consideration. The research sample included (120) communicators working in the War Media Department of Karbala Satellite Channel, and the sample was randomly selected from a population of 140 individuals.
The study concluded with the development of a joint strategy combining digital and television media to provide integrated and effective coverage of terrorism issues, benefiting from the advantages of each medium to enhance media impact, in addition to developing digital platforms affiliated with media institutions and television channels to present exclusive and live content in a way that keeps pace with technological changes and the target audience. The main research question was: "What is the role of digital media in enhancing television coverage of terrorism-related issues from the perspective of communicators?".

General vandalism crimes in the country are a powerful variety that affects the charitable community. They are effective within the state, enabling it to provide services, the most important of which are education, health, and other services. Furthermore, the act of vandalism is an assault on public funds and protected entities, which necessitates the legislature to criminalize this behavior in a manner that effectively deters anyone who would dare to commit acts of vandalism in the public sphere. Vandalism is the total destruction, devastation, distortion, or devastation of the public sphere. By defining the crime of vandalism, we are led to the significant impacts of this vandalism, including economic, social, and political effects. We also outline the elements of the crime, in terms of the material element, the moral element, and the subject matter, as well as the punishment for this crime, which we outline in it the discrimination and penalties.

After the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990-1991, the shape of the world changed and its political and demographic map was altered, as new countries emerged from the disintegration of former alliances within the republics of the Soviet Union, such as Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, among others. The political map was reconfigured according to the distinct political philosophies of each of these independent states, preceded by fierce civil wars that claimed tens of thousands of civilian and military lives. This prompted Russia to establish a new alliance under the name of the Russian Federation, which some former Soviet republics joined. These alliances resulted in the birth of a new theory that may potentially change the political map of the world in the near future. This research presents the Eurasian theory within a new conceptual framework, supported by maps illustrating the research idea.

Taiwan has great geopolitical importance from the Chinese point of view, because of, its vital geostrategic connecting Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia with the Pacific region, and its economic strength, technological progress, and military capability, this helped it to play a central role in trade and the regional and global economy despite the small size of its population and area, all this was present in the Chinese strategic perception, as Taiwan is a Chinese strategic goal, China seeks to achieve and contain it by any means, the totality of those circumstances made the Chinese- Taiwan relationship fraught with tension most of the time, as Taiwan seeks to preserve its political entity, sovereignty and independence, against the power of China and aspires to annex Taiwan to it, as China's increasingly aggressive behavior in the South China Sea has increased tension in the region and the importance of Taiwan in the US strategic calculations; these conflicting interests could lead to the flare-up of the region and drag it into an ominous war, it is very necessary to attach importance to diplomatic work to manage this relationship, resolve complications and avoid provoking China, and perhaps the time is right for future generations to solve problems and reassess relations between the two countries.

Climate change has cast its shadow over all aspects of life and has become a global issue of paramount priority due to its risks and social, economic, security, and political repercussions. No single country has been able to confront or address it without international cooperation, whether with other countries or with international organizations concerned or specialized in this field. Hence, the role of the United Nations in creating an international organization dedicated to addressing the problem of climate displacement worldwide. The international organization addressing the climate displacement crisis has not been comprehensive, despite its consideration of the harmful negative repercussions resulting from climate change. It has been implicitly organized within the framework of environmental disasters and environmental displacement, without specifically addressing climate displacement. This has not led to just and equitable solutions, in its external aspects, for all countries of the world, including Iraq, to this complex and dangerous global issue with its societal, security, political, and economic repercussions.

study examines the topic of humanitarian diplomacy and its role in managing refugee crises, focusing on the Rohingya crisis between 2017 and 2023. It highlights how humanitarian-oriented diplomatic efforts were employed to address one of the most complex contemporary crises. The research traces the trajectory of the crisis, from the waves of violence in Myanmar to the subsequent mass displacement to Bangladesh, and explores the role of the United Nations, as well as international and regional humanitarian organizations, in providing aid and coordinating the humanitarian response. The study also discusses the challenges faced by these efforts, such as the lack of a unified international stance and the prioritization of political interests over humanitarian considerations, which limited the effectiveness of humanitarian diplomacy in achieving sustainable solutions. It concludes that while humanitarian diplomacy contributed to temporarily alleviating human suffering, it failed to address the root causes of the crisis and to ensure the dignified and safe return of refugees.

This topic represents one of the emerging legal issues arising from the rapid development of the civil aviation sector and the resulting expansion of the duties assigned to flight attendants. This research aims to clarify the legal nature of the relationship between flight attendants and the airline, and to explain the legal basis for their civil liability in the event of a breach of their duties during the performance of their duties. The research concludes that Iraqi law does not provide specific or explicit regulations for flight attendant liability, making it necessary to refer to the general rules of civil law and labor law, while drawing on international agreements such as the Montreal Convention of 1999 and the instructions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
The research also demonstrates that flight attendant liability may arise if a professional error is established, damage is proven, and a causal relationship exists between them, whether the damage is material or moral. In all cases, the airline remains liable for the actions of its employees within the scope of their work, with the possibility of recourse against the flight attendant in cases of gross or personal error.

The oversight of the constitutionality of laws is one of the most important topics studied in constitutional law. The French experience is considered a pioneer in this field. The Constitution of the Fifth Republic entrusted this task to an institution called the Constitutional Council. Over the years of its implementation, this constitution witnessed numerous amendments and updates that developed the work of this important constitutional institution. However, the 2008 constitutional amendment marked a shift in the course of oversight of the constitutionality of laws in France. For the first time, it allowed individuals to file constitutional appeals, strengthening individual rights and fundamental freedoms. It also created a process for subsequent oversight that gave the judiciary leadership and influence before the Constitutional Council. Its decisions upon referral to the Council were deemed final and binding. With this significant development, it is no longer possible to describe oversight of the constitutionality of laws in France as political oversight. A new description and a new classification must be sought, taking into account other types of oversight.

Since the beginning of human life, it has been in constant change and development, but the most prominent development and change that occurred in the reality of that life was the emergence of the Internet and the accompanying modern means of communication and through that technological revolution created multiple patterns and forms of interactions created modern non-traditional institutions represented in digital media, and one of the advantages of that reality, that the Internet is not limited to a specific group or a certain geographical area, but extended to various individuals and in various geographical spots and is increasing Widespread enters all homes and becomes part of the individual's lifestyle and interacts and shares his interests and daily practices and exchange his needs with others in a virtual space, and that virtual community carried with it positive aspects that benefited the individual and developed himself, and the community benefited from the outputs of that development, whether easily communicate and in various forms with the internal and external environment or at the level of education or the transfer of news and interaction with events and influence them and other societal and political activities, and in return there are negative factors were Challenging the value system Social and political through which society and the political system maintains the strength of its cohesion and sustainability, and in light of this requires joint efforts starting from the individual to the institutions of the formal and informal political system seeking how to use those media and harness that space in the positive and effective aspects and create positive values commensurate and compatible with that event.

The research aims to identify the opportunities and challenges resulting from the rapid technological developments and the extent of their impact on the implementation of international humanitarian law, from the difficulty of distinguishing between civilians and combatants, the extent to which AI-powered weapons comply with the principles of distinction, proportionality and the principle of military necessity, the spread of disinformation and its impact on humanitarian work and spying on civilians, up to the risks that Autonomous weapons are formed on the principles of international humanitarian law, on the one hand challenges, while on the opportunity side, technology can be used to collect information on violations of international humanitarian law, which helps in holding those responsible accountable, photographing conflict areas to assess damage, document evidence, and provide humanitarian aid, which pushes international legislators to an ongoing international dialogue to work on modernizing International humanitarian law in line with technological developments

Military courts are independent, like other courts, and it is not permissible to cause a delay in their proceedings without a valid excuse. Military courts are specialized courts that handle crimes committed by military personnel. These courts are composed of legal officers, and the nature of their functions and composition requires them to be independent. The crime under consideration consists of the general elements, represented by the material and moral elements, in addition to the special element represented by the status of the perpetrator, that they be a military person, and the entity whose work is delayed, namely the military court.

This research topic is an important one, as it addresses administrative contract penalties and explains the legal basis through which the administration imposes these penalties. This concept is broad, encompassing many of the actions undertaken by the administration. Furthermore, the principle of the regular and consistent operation of the public service is a matter of public order. These penalties are imposed by the administration itself, without the need to mention them in the adm inistrative contract. However, they are subject to full judicial oversight, including oversight of legality and appropriateness, as well as oversight of the proportionality between the imposed penalty and the error committed by the contracting party with the administration. This principle plays a significant role in preserving contractual ties between the administration and its contracting party, given the service provided to the public interest and the satisfaction of public needs.

The public employee is the mirror of the state. If he is righteous, the state is righteous, and if he is corrupt, it is also corrupt. He is also its head, thinker, and its assistant, the implementer. Therefore, the state is interested in organizing and reforming the administrative apparatus. The public employee must be subject, before any disciplinary penalty is imposed on him, to an administrative investigation. There is no legitimacy for any disciplinary penalty without conducting the necessary investigation in accordance with the provisions of the law. However, the Iraqi legislator did not establish legislation specific to the procedures of the administrative investigation and was satisfied with including the general provisions in the applicable law of discipline for state employees and the public sector. Due to the lack of appropriate organization of the subject of the administrative investigation, despite its importance, as its implementation requires, from a practical standpoint, referring to the provisions of other laws, especially the Code of Criminal Procedure, which is not compatible with it in all most of its procedures, in addition to the ambiguity and vagueness that mars its texts, it would have been better to establish legal controls within a legislative framework restricting the conduct of the administrative investigation.

This research addresses the topic of \"The Right to Silence in Administrative Investigation\" as one of the problematic issues that have not been clearly settled in Iraqi legislation. The administrative investigation differs from the criminal investigation in terms of nature and procedures, which renders the application of the right to silence within its framework a subject of debate. This research has analyzed the legal concept of the right to silence, determined its nature, and whether it is an established right of the employee or merely a means of defense linked to the circumstances of the investigation. It then distinguished between it and related legal concepts such as the duty of confidentiality and the privilege against self-incrimination. The research also addressed the forms of exercising this right by the accused employee or the employee witness, as well as the administration\'s silence in rendering a decision after the conclusion of the investigation, and whether it is considered legitimate or a breach of its functional duty. The research touched upon the legal effects resulting from the exercise of silence and its impact on the conduct of the administrative investigation, defense guarantees, and procedural justice.