Journal of Physical Education

Basketball is one of the sports that requires high mastery of motor skills the use of electronic devices can stand for a qualitative leap in the methods of teaching its basic skills. Therefore, the importance of the research was to study the effect of exercises using an electronic device designed specifically to teach the performance of the skill of shooting from constancy. The research focuses on exploring the effectiveness of these devices in improving skill acquisition and increasing performance accuracy among physical education and sports science students in line with modern developments in educational curricula. The two researchers used the experimental approach in the study as it is the optimal option The research community included the students of the first stage of the evening study at the College of physical education and sports sciences at the Mustansiriyah University for the academic year (2024-2025) numbering (46) students with a percentage of (48.93) % from the community of origin who belong to two classes (A B). The results showed that both the control and experimental groups had significant improvements in arithmetic mean between pre-test and post-test. The control group teams averaged 1.2 while the experimental group teams averaged 2.6. The T-values of both groups were higher than the calculated t-values which indicates statistical significance. The study concluded that an innovative electronic device improved basketball shooting skills by 2.6 points in the experimental group compared to 1.2 points in the control group. Real-time feedback has accelerated the learning process which supported the use of technology in sports training especially in complex motor skills.

In sports where technical performance is crucial, quantitative analysis methods have evolved to track skill performance using modern training methods and technology. This helps trainers evaluate training methods and detect performance issues. Coaches and athletes know that preliminary movements improve attack accuracy, but the association between motions (strikes, presses, crushes) and target regions (torso, armed arm, head) has not been thoroughly investigated. Lack of studies on Paralympic fencing's targeted contact regions and ambiguity around the most common preliminary actions highlight the research problem. The study examined epee fencers' successful movement sequences in the Paris 2024 Paralympic Games' final bouts and touch success rates by touch area (torso, head, armed arm). It also examined the use and success rates of anticipatory assault movements (strikes, pressures, crushes) by touch regions (torso, head, armed arm). To follow study procedures, researchers used descriptive and survey methods. Twelve epee fencers from Iraq, China, England, and Poland competed in the Paris 2024 Paralympics' final round. Technical and tactical performance focuses on touches from the armed arm as a near target, indicating competitive criteria, skill specificity, and players' knowledge in selecting locations that increase attack success, according to the study. The skillful performance of anticipatory assault movements depends heavily on strikes, moderately on pushes, and very weakly on crushes. Team tactics affect touch strategy diversity. Technically sophisticated teams focus on armed arm touches for tactical efficiency, while others use the torso to avoid counterattacks

The study aimed to identify the effect of combined (physical - skill) exercises using a designed device on developing certain shooting skills for basketball players under 18 years old. The researchers used the experimental approach on a sample of 14 players, divided into an experimental group and a control group.To achieve the study's objectives, the researchers designed a basketball shooting development device, which consists of a rotating base, poles, and a main body, in addition to an electronic system that rotates the device towards the player approaching the proximity sensors.The researchers also prepared a set of physical and skill exercises using the designed device. These exercises were applied to the experimental sample for eight weeks, with three training sessions per week. The researchers concluded that the combined exercises using the designed device had a positive impact, leading to the superiority of the experimental group over the control group.

The research seeks to develop an educational curriculum based on Schmidt's Schema
Theory for acquiring fundamental tennis skills, implement this curriculum, and assess its impact
on the learning of these skills. The researchers employed the experimental technique by
configuring the experimental and control groups to align with the nature of the issue. The research
sample comprised tennis players aged 11 to 13 years, categorized into a primary experimental
group of 20 players, alongside a control group and an experimental group system. The control
group comprised 10 participants, and the experimental group also consisted of 10 participants. The
exploratory experiment group consisted of three participants, while three players were removed
for lack of commitment. The investigators ran a pilot study on 8 July 2025, with three participants.
Subsequently, the research sample was given pre-tests in two days (the first day on October 7th,
2025) by using a serve skill test and for backhand driving skills. The main experiment was carried
out for a period of 8 weeks, with three lessons per week. Subsequently, the post-tests were
administered, using identical methods regarding timing, location, instruments utilized, and the
preparation of all conditions surrounding the pre-tests, to mitigate variables that could influence
the post-test outcomes. Subsequently, the results were statistically analyzed, tabulated, and
scientifically examined, culminating in conclusions and recommendations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of contrast training on the
development of muscular power and selected physiological indicators in advanced basketball
players. An experimental design with two equivalent groups was employed. The sample consisted
of twelve players from Al-Difa’a Al-Jawi Basketball Club, who were randomly assigned into an
experimental group (n = 6) and a control group (n = 6). The experimental group followed a contrast
training program for eight weeks, with three training sessions per week, while the control group
continued their regular training program. The dependent variables included muscular power tests
(vertical jump and seated medicine ball throw) and selected physiological indicators (resting heart
rate, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate recovery). Pre- and post-tests were conducted for both
groups. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in all physical and
physiological variables in favor of the experimental group compared with the control group. These
findings indicate that contrast training is an effective training method for enhancing muscular
power and improving cardiovascular efficiency in advanced basketball players. The study
concludes that incorporating contrast training into training programs can significantly contribute
to improving physical performance and physiological adaptation. Therefore, it is recommended
that coaches and practitioners adopt this training method within modern training programs for
competitive basketball players.

The first-class referees officiating the Iraqi Stars League are confronted with a variety of functions they execute during one refereeing season. Referee perform different tasks apart from opposing robots such as Main Referee, Assistant Referee, Fourth Official and Social and Professional Activities. Role conflict in this case may arise from the divergent and highly abstract expec­tations fostered by different role set members. With the incredible technical and competitive progress experienced by Iraqi Stars League and an increase in the amount of first-class referees’ pressure, there arises a pressing necessity to create scientifically based counseling programs that reduces role conflict among referees and develops their cognitive-behavioral capacities. This, in its turn, can be good for refereeing and decision-making on the field. Role conflict is considered one the psychological problems that can lead to increased anxiety, distraction and difficulty in making decisions, which have a harmful effect on referring level of performance. This research aims at indicating the effect of a counseling program as a mean of decreasing role conflict for first class referee in concrete situations in Iraq Star League (football). The study reached to the conclusion that counselling programmed had a positive and significant impact in lowering down the role conflict level of referees. The programmer also enhanced their psychological and professional adaption on duty performance in refereeing. Therefore, it is suggested to incorporate counseling program in the preparatory and development programs implemented by the Iraqi Football Association.

Exclusive drills are acknowledged as good strategies to build physical and tactical condition in players, since they represent gaming situations and are related to the correlation of the physical exercise with training. If these drills are devised for maximum oxygen consumption (VMA), players will be able to exert themselves at or near their competitive intensity and/or work load, which in turn helps develop specific endurance, speed, strength, agility and quick directional change abilities. The research problem arises from the weakness of such capabilities, that are evident in youth players (mainly slow transition between defense and offense, less precision under fatigue). Therefore, tacks were practiced during seven weeks in a group of six junior players with two sessions per week and tests were performed. The investigator’s results show that the effectiveness of the training exercises is due to combining physical and tactical elements in a game-type training context, which enables some physical capacities and fast transitions on offense in basketball to be trained. According to these results, the study suggests including tactical games pr eg -specific to maximum aerobic power in youth training programs where intensity and variety of training loads should progressively range from moderate too intense for optimal physical an d technical effectiveness.

This study looks into how educational leadership can help build social cohesion in public schools in Lebanon. It digs into different ways that school management can be approached, focusing on creating a culture rooted in peace and citizenship. Method A questionnaire of closed questions was applied to a stratified random sample of 217 school principals, using the descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicated that there is a positive and strong relationship (r = 0.702) between the competence of educational leadership in implementing strategic tools and the level at which social cohesion was promoted. As for current parliamentary leadership activity, it revealed good performance (average 3.40) but was short of the desirable level (3.70). Key structural barriers that were identified included.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of strength training program on blood lysine and valine levels in tennis players. 6 players aged 18–20 years were sampled. The training intervention was implemented over 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Plasma lysine and valine were determined before and after the training period. Results indicated that the contents of lysine and valine increased evidently following training. The finding also indicated that muscle strength and endurance were significantly improved after the training program. It is possible to infer that the training program was beneficial for lysine and valine levels, muscle strength and tennis endurance in players.

The study aimed to develop a measure of competitive excellence for sports clubs affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Interior from the perspective of employees and to identify the level of competitive excellence of these clubs from the perspective of employees. The researcher used a descriptive approach with a survey method and correlational studies. The researcher constructed a measure of competitive excellence for sports clubs from the perspective of employees, and the results were processed using SPSS statistical software. The results were presented in tables and points and discussed. The study concluded that the sports clubs of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior have a good level of competitive excellence from the perspective of employees. The researcher recommended the need to activate this administrative concept and emphasize its application in the field within sports clubs and institutions In order to lead and stay ahead of competing clubs, the administrations of sports clubs affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Interior should enroll their employees in advanced development and educational courses, with the aim of raising their level and job efficiency, as well as informing them of everything new in the field of distinguished sports management.

The study aimed to analyze the nature of the relationship between decision-making time and the accuracy of shooting by jumping among handball players who are students of the fourth stage at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences to reveal the extent to which cognitive-motor ability contributes to improving offensive skill performance. The study adopted a descriptive approach using the method of relational relationships, and 20 players who were selected deliberately participated. The study used a reaction time system to measure decision time, as well as test the accuracy of shooting from jumping from three specific points within the attack area. The results showed that the Arithmetic mean decision time was 0.828 seconds, while the Arithmetic mean successful shooting attempts from the jump shooting were 69.24out of 10. Statistical processing also revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between the two variables of r = -0.84, indicating that the lower the decision time, the higher the shooting accuracy from jumping. These results indicate that the higher the player's possessed speed in analyzing the situation and making decisions, this was directly reflected in a more accurate ability to direct the ball while jumping, which is consistent with the principles of sensorimotor perception and the theory of information processing in sports performance. The study recommends the need to integrate special training to reduce decision-making time into training programs for attackers, such as changing attitudes, visual and auditory response exercises, as well as the use of electronic measuring devices to enhance skill development. He also recommends future studies that address other psychomotor variables such as selective attention and motor prediction speed to develop the performance of offensive positions in handball

The purpose of this research is to show analysis about the effect of plyo-agility drills on agility and defensive rebound in under 18 female basketball players. It evaluates the effectiveness of such exercises for enhancing defensive speed and reactive agility. A pre-post with experiment group design tested the effects of exercise on 12 players from Al-Hilla Basketball Club through 24 sessions for 8 weeks. finding the agility time decreased from 12.5 to 8.25 sec indicating superior speed and reaction. Defensive rebounding repetition count was 17.17-24.17 showed a higher defensive reaction. In contrast, plyo-agility training markedly improves agility and defensive performance of volleyball players. It is recommended to integrate regularly and progressively these tasks into the training process of young players, to gradually increase their intensity, and to train on a cyclic basis for the maintenance of improvements

Advanced nations put a lot of effort into implementing different models, ideas, and instructional practices that help athletes reach greater heights in their chosen sports. They use contemporary methods to improve their physical and motor capacities, which helps them acquire skills for a variety of situations. The importance of research resides in testing and applying the strategies of the Schmach educational model as a legitimate scientific undertaking. The primary focus of the research is the uneven acquisition of fundamental football abilities among first-year students at Wasit University's College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The goal of the project is to create an educational program based on the Schmach model that will assess students' cognitive information processing and their acquisition of fundamental football abilities. It also aims to comprehend how the Schmach model-based instructional program affects students' cognitive information processing and their acquisition of fundamental football abilities. The findings show that the Schmach model-aligned educational program significantly and successfully improved pupils' ability to comprehend information. It is mentioned how the Schmach model-based instructional program improves two important abilities for which research has been done: ball control and scoring. The Schmach model must be incorporated into curricula for students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, according to recommendations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Pentagram strategy as a contemporary approach in teaching chest pass and layup skills of basketball among under 14 years junior students. The researcher employed experimental method with equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test. The sample of the study was composed of 16 players from the specialized school of Youth and Sports Ministry that was divided into two groups. The experimental group received a program of 24 instruction units, three per week, using the Pentagram strategy where the skills are divided into five dimensions and developed progressively. The findings indicated that significant differences at chest pass and layup skills were found in favor of the experimental group, and Pentagram intervention program gives also a positive contribute to juniors’s skill performance. The researcher suggested that this plan should be adopted in the educational programs of basic motor skills since it positively affects active thinking, cooperation work and the students’ self-motivation.

AI have initiated an entirely MASSIVE shift in the sporting scene – from its multiple corners right to the administrative side of it! Methodology for current study the present investigation aimed to identify the dissemination level of artificial intelligence in employees’ performance at Omani sports federations base on Oman vision 2020. These were divided into two forms: weak and strong artificial intelligence. Descriptive survey design was used to fit the purpose of this study. The sample of study was represented by (185) subjects conducted from (11) sports federations, besides the pilot sample which included (31) subjects in addition to the main subjects' collection. A purposive sample of (71) administrative personnel constituted the primary study. Supplementary data suggest that there were very significant differences in (p 0.001) between employees working in sports federations in terms of year's job experience variable. The study ended with a number of recommendations, such as forming community partnerships that include business leaders, companies and government entities involved in artificial intelligence to improve workers’ skills for intelligent applications. It also proposed that employees should undertake courses at universities in training programmed designed to develop knowledge and skill in this field.

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The research aims to prepare preventive exercises using different weights to improve some health fitness variables to reduce injury among female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls, first stage. The researcher used the experimental method because it is suitable for the nature of the research. The researcher used the experimental design with pre- and post-measures for two groups, one experimental and the other control. The research was conducted on a sample of (65) female students of the first stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls, Section (A), Section (B), and Section (C). One of the most important results was that the experimental group outperformed the control group in health fitness variables (strength characterized by speed, motor speed, flexibility, agility, coordination, balance). This is due to the implementation of preventive exercises using the step box with weights for the targeted muscles proposed by the researcher on the experimental group. The experimental group did not achieve a significant increase in bio-kinetic abilities tests (transitional speed, reaction speed) over the control group. One of the most important recommendations was the need to be guided by the content of preventive exercises using different weights in some motor abilities because of what they achieved. Positive impact on first-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls.

This study aimed to analyze the scientific and practical role of the Polar device in improving the training process at Joya Sports Club in Southern Lebanon, emphasizing the importance of keeping pace with technological advancements in sports training. The study's significance lies in bridging the gap between traditional practices and data-driven training, providing an applicable model for emerging Arab clubs to emulate. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, collecting data through semi-structured interviews with a sample comprising the technical staff, players, and management of the club. The results revealed a radical shift in training methodology, where the device’s data contributed to personalized training programs, improved physical fitness indicators (endurance, speed, strength), and reduced injury rates through proactive management of training load and recovery. The results also highlighted organizational and financial challenges that were overcome by demonstrating the technology’s feasibility.

Shooting is considered one of the most fundamental and essential skills in handball, requiring a high degree of accuracy and motor coordination. Based on their teaching experience in the handball course, the researchers observed that some students possess adequate physical strength yet struggle with shooting accuracy. This raises questions regarding the factors influencing shooting performance, including motor coordination. Accordingly, the problem of the current study arises from the need to identify the relationship between the level of motor coordination and the accuracy of jump shooting among second-year handball students. The study aims to reveal the nature of this relationship. The researchers hypothesized that there are statistically significant differences in motor coordination that influence shooting accuracy. The descriptive correlational method was used due to its suitability for the research problem. An intentional sample of 42 students from Section (W) was selected: 30 students for the main sample, 5 for the pilot study, and 7 excluded for non-attendance or previous academic failure. Standardized tests were used, including a motor coordination test and a jump shooting accuracy test. Data were processed using the SPSS statistical package. Results showed a statistically significant correlation between motor coordination and jump shooting accuracy. The researchers recommended incorporating progressively structured motor coordination exercises to improve shooting performance and encouraged conducting similar studies on other skills and sports activities

The research aims to identify the administrative transparency of school principals from the
perspective of physical education teachers in Karbala Governorate. The experiment was conducted
to apply the scale to a sample of (408) physical education teachers in middle, preparatory, and
secondary schools for boys. The researchers used the descriptive approach with a survey method
to suit the nature of the problem to be solved. The statistical package (SPSS) was used to extract
the results of the arithmetic mean (Mean), standard deviation (Std-Deviation), and the statistical
(t) test for two independent samples. The Spearman-Brown equation and the simple correlation
coefficient (Pearson) were used. The result was the construction of a scale of administrative
transparency among school principals in Karbala Governorate. The process of constructing the
research scale is of great importance in revealing the administrative transparency of school
principals, the motivation of physical education teachers, and the extent of their administrative
interaction in managing the school and teaching sports in a proficient manner. The researchers
recommend the necessity of formulating a future vision for the school based on administrative
transparency practices to explore good opportunities and the reasons for the decline in students’
academic, athletic and psychological levels, which would enable it to support teachers’ motivation.
The school administration must rely on the dimensions of administrative transparency
(information, participation, accountability, work systems and procedures, communication,
performance evaluation), to work on enhancing the school’s reputation, to contribute to shaping

The research aims to identify the effect of active learning in improving the performance of female students in the class Fifth grade primary for some skills of the floor movements apparatus in gymnastics The research problem included the following question: What is the effect of using active learning in improving performance? Fifth grade students demonstrate some balance beam skills in gymnastics. Using the experimental method by designing the experimental and control groups, representing the community Research on the students of Al-Yaqeen Elementary School in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate for the academic year 20242025 The sample consisted of 40 female students who were divided into two groups, each group(20) female The study was applied in the main section only of the educational units of (30) minutes, where the educational units were prepared Its number is (8) units, which took a period of 4 weeks. which students and the homogeneity and equivalence of the research variables were checked, and the most important results were that Active learning teaching has a positive impact on learning and developing the level of skill performance in Gymnastics skills of the sample. The researcher recommended using active learning as one of the Modern methods of learning gymnastics skills

The volleyball spike has been widely recognized as one of the fundamental skills that influence match outcomes. The performance of this skill is largely a function of the orchestration of several biomechanical factors including: angular and linear velocity of the power-arm, launch angle, ball height to the point that it is struck and step stop technique. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of these variables in accuracy of spike related to volleyball players in the age group 14-16. The study was descriptive in nature, involving a sample of 7 players from the National Talent Development Centre. Spike accuracy was assessed with the modified high spike test, which evaluates the speed as well as the accuracy of the spike. Biomechanical parameters - i.e. angular speed, peripheral speed, launch angle, ball height at the moment of the strike and foot deviation - were recorded using technological equipment such as high-speed video imaging systems and Kinovea software. The results demonstrates high and significant correlation between biomechanical variables and the accuracy of the spike and equipment contributed to increase angular speed (r = 0.899, sig = 0.006) peripheral velocity (r = 0.965, sig =.000), by ensuring increased accuracy with a projectile in the construction phase. There were also positive outcomes for launch angle and ball height at impact, indicating the significance of these factors for spike accuracy enhancement

this study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the neuromuscular coupling during maximal load performance (100% maximum performance of one-repetition) in the snatch lift among weightlifters, by using a high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG). The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach that have a correlational nature which included a sample of 12 weightlifters from the Al-Kadhimiya Sports Club with at least five years of training experience. The electrical activity (of the two main muscles involved in the second pull phase of the snatch lift, namely the vastus lateralis and the gluteus maximus), has been recorded, along with the analysis of motor unit discharge rate and muscle fiber conduction velocity by using an advanced decomposition algorithms. The results showed a strong correlation between the maximum strength and the neural discharge rate in the vastus lateralis muscle, as well as a significant correlation between the fiber conduction velocity in the same muscle and maximum strength (1RM) in the snatch lift. In addition, a moderate correlation has been also observed between the discharge rate in the gluteus maximus muscle and maximum strength, but the conduction velocity in this muscle has not reached the level of statistical significance. However, the main conclusions that have been based on the study's results indicate that neural efficiency, (particularly the regulation of discharge rate with the recruitment of high-threshold motor units during the second pull phase of the snatch lift), represents a fundamental determinant of strength production under maximum loads.

The Paralympic Games are considered the third global sporting event after the Olympic Games and the second World Cup for football, as the Paralympic Games are not sports competitions, but are the embodiment of the spirit of humanity, and the research aims to 1- Analyze and know the most important results of Iraqi Paralympic table tennis achieved globally for the period (2023-2025). 2- Analyzing and knowing the most important factors that contributed to achieving the achievement The historical-analytical method was used, the study population: they are all Iraqi players participating in the Arab, international and Paralympic championships. The study sample: It was selected in a deliberate way and included the medalists accredited in the Arab, international and Paralympic countries.The most important conclusions 1- The Iraqi table tennis achieved an achievement and a historic leap from qualifying from the quarter-finals in Nafsat 2021 to the gold and dominating the throne of the game in Paris 2024, which confirms the efficiency of the training programs of the training staff in technical, psychological and tactical preparation, winning and deciding the result, and the most important recommendations came to provide material and technical support for equipment and artificial sports limbs and the development of sports talents to ensure the continuation of the Achievement

The Hot Chair strategy is considered one of the cooperative learning strategies that relies on interactive dialogue and discussion among students to enhance cognitive understanding. This study aimed to identify the effect of the Hot Chair strategy on developing cognitive achievement in volleyball rules among female students. The study adopted a quasi-experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre-tests and post-tests. The study sample consisted of 60 female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad during the 2025–2026 academic year. The experimental group included 30 students who were taught using the Hot Chair strategy, while the control group consisted of 30 students who were taught using the traditional discussion method. To measure cognitive achievement, a Cognitive Achievement Test for Volleyball Rules was developed. The test was a multiple-choice exam consisting of 20 items covering key topics related to volleyball rules. The test items were designed according to the curriculum content and relevant scientific references to ensure their suitability and validity. The results showed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. These findings indicate the effectiveness of the Hot Chair strategy in improving students’ cognitive achievement in volleyball rules. The strategy provides an interactive learning environment based on dialogue, discussion, and active participation, which helps students better understand and comprehend the legal concepts of the game. Accordingly, the study recommends adopting the Hot Chair strategy in teaching volleyball rules in colleges of physical education and sports sciences and encouraging the use of active learning strategies in teaching different sports subjects.

The importance of this research lies in highlighting one of the modern training methods that may contribute to improving the athletic performance of handball players, whether on the physical or tactical level. From the perspective of physiological variables, repeated-sprint training at maximal and sub-maximal intensities is employed to enhance anaerobic capacity and increase the efficiency of the nervous system. The research problem emerged from the observation that many coaches focus heavily on offensive skills, neglecting the fact that an offensive mistake results in losing the ball, whereas a defensive error grants the opponent a scoring opportunity. Additionally, poor performance results may be attributed to the inability of the body’s functional systems to withstand the demands of continuous and variable motor performance, as well as the noticeable delay in physical preparatory aspects such as speed of movement across the court, reaction time, and decision-making during defensive situations like intercepting or clearing the ball. Despite the importance of these aspects, training programs for players under 15 years of age still require further development in defensive performance and movement speed, which in turn influence physical abilities such as lower-limb explosive power and anaerobic functional variables.The study aims to: Design repeated-sprint training using maximal and sub-maximal intensities for handball players under 15 years of age, and identify the effects of this training on the alactic (phosphagen) anaerobic functional variable, lower-limb explosive power, and individual defensive movement among players in this age group. The researchers used the experimental method with a design of two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research population consisted of players from the Specialized Handball School in Baghdad under the age of 15. The sample was intentionally selected and consisted of (20) players, randomly divided into two groups: (10) players in the experimental group and (10) in the control group. Results showed that repeated-sprint training had a significant positive effect on the development of lower-limb explosive power (right and left) and on improving the phosphagen anaerobic functional variable in the experimental group. The designed training also led to significant improvement in individual defensive movements, including ball interception and clearance. A lesser degree of improvement was observed in the control group compared to the experimental group.

The study aimed to identify the effect of rehabilitation exercises on advanced athletes participating in sports activities who suffer from partial muscle tears in the shoulder joint. The researcher used the experimental method with a one-group design employing pre- and post-measurements, as it suited the nature of the study. The research population was intentionally selected from sports clubs and included athletes aged 20 years and above with partial shoulder muscle tears, while the main sample consisted of five players and an additional two players from the same population were used for the pilot study. The research problem was evident in the high incidence of shoulder injuries among athletes, especially in team sports such as basketball, handball, volleyball, and football goalkeepers, which deprived teams of their participation and affected performance levels. The results revealed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-tests, indicating improvements in muscular strength and shoulder joint range of motion. The rehabilitation exercises combined with the point-laser device contributed to a clear development in shoulder girdle muscle strength and improved range of motion in all directions, leading to the restoration of functional efficiency of the shoulder joint. The researcher recommended prioritizing physical and movement-based rehabilitation before surgical intervention in cases of shoulder tendon tears, emphasizing flexibility exercises due to their significant benefits, training athletes on proper protective movements during sudden injuries—such as correct falling techniques and avoiding landing on fully extended arms by internally rotating the shoulder—and using focused exercises such as anterior and posterior push-ups in their various forms as simple and continuous bodyweight exercises to strengthen the working muscles, given their ease of application at different times and locations.

Research aims to identify the time variable values between the two types of start: the Grab start and the track start in advanced freestyle swimming, and see the difference of the time variable between the two types of start: the Grab start and the track start in advanced freestyle swimming.
To achieve the research objective, the researcher used a descriptive method using a comparative approach, as it was best suited to the research problem. The research sample was selected purposively, consisting of four (4) advanced swimmers from the national 100m freestyle team, representing 80% of the original research population of five (5) swimmers, due to injury, one of swimmer was excluded. The researchers conducted the test with video recording, and performed kinematic analysis of the swimmers using the Kinovea analysis software to extract the biomechanical variables related to start time. Appropriate statistical analyses were performed, and the researcher concluded that the swimmers achieved a shorter start time in the Grab start compared to starting from the track start, indicating its better in improving the overall performance time of the freestyle swim. The Grab start contributed to reducing the time of the start and entering the water more efficiently, due to faster reaction times and more efficient distribution of kinetic energy. Furthermore, the type of start used had a clear impact on gaining initial speed, which positively affected maintaining movement rhythm during the first meters of the swim race.
The researcher recommends using the Grab start as a basically method in training and competitions in freestyle swimming for the advanced category, due to its superiority in reducing the time variable and improving the achievement, and the necessity of including special training for the start phase within the daily training units, with a focus on developing reaction speed and explosive power of the legs, also the necessity of using video recording and motion analysis to evaluate the swimmers’ performance in the start phase and correct technical errors.