Warith Scientific Journal of Engineering and Technology

Water scarcity and flooding are serious universal problems, which are aggravated by population growth, urbanization, and climate change, and which today impact over 2 billion people with a loss of economic value of about 100 billion dollars in 2020 alone. As inflatable hydraulic constructions constructed using reinforced materials, rubber dams have become an effective technology in controlling water flow and storage within rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. The analysis demonstrates that the proportion of the current literature in the analysis is that 76% of the literature is general design and that only 24% consider any case study, with a large percentage of literature originating in Asia being 78%. They are essential in flood management, irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply, and small-scale hydropower generation, and have proved to be efficient across the geographical setting, including Hong Kong and Bangladesh. The review lists the environmental advantages of rubber dams, such as flexibility to changing water levels and less ecological disturbance than traditional concrete dams, and major economic benefits of much cheaper (up to 50% less) construction and maintenance. Social benefits include, among others, improved irrigation to guarantee food security and leisure. Nevertheless, the technical issues, such as the erosion of materials and the short life span (usually around 20 years), environmental effects on aquatic ecosystems, and complicated regulations, are quite significant drawbacks. The research gaps in this paper are mainly the validation of the performance under different hydroclimatic conditions and reinforcement of the policy support.

Accurate rainfall predicting has become for securing managing water resources, chiefly in light of escalating climate crises. Basrah is among the Iraqi cities most vulnerable to these changes, as climate fluctuations are clearly impacting water availability and hydrological sustainability indicators in the region. The results of this study, through using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM), indicate that the future precipitation was predicted for Basrah Governorate/Iraq up to 2085. Future precipitation projections were developed under group of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios which RCP (2.6, 4.5, and 8.5). The CanESM2 global climate model was used to generate large-scale atmospheric predictors for the statistical downscaling process, and daily precipitation from the Hay Al-Hussein meteorological station in Basrah were used for the period 1980–2025. The model was calibrated to find the optimal parameters for the period 1980 to 2012 and then verified for the period 2013–2025. In calibration, the coefficient of determination (R2) and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) were 0.905 and 0.810, respectively. However, in validation, values of R2 and NSE were 0.874 and 0.844, respectively. These values confirm reliability model. The results indicated that a decrease in annual precipitation was noticed for the three future scenarios for three periods: 2035s, 2055s, and 2075s. The outputs of the model can be utilized for sustainable water resource planning for Basrah Governorate.

The Conventional models do not usually reflect the intricate relationships between the fluid characteristics, wellbore geometry, and operating flow parameters in the deep wellbores, which becomes a major issue in the extraction of hydrocarbons, where the unexpected behavior of the flows (bubble, slug, annular) can cause the efficiency and integrity of the equipment to be compromised. This problem has been tackled by developing a new neural network-based method that incorporates mathematical models and machine learning in this paper to identify the flow patterns and optimize the production parameters. It is an experimental study, where 12 input variables are used (e.g., depth, pressure, viscosity, and inclination of well-bore), which is processed by a trained neural network (MATLAB-based) utilizing experimental simulations based on a lab-scale wellbore setup with pressure, temperature, and flow sensors. Two models were experimented by neural network, first model is found to have 100% validation accuracy in predicting slug flow in cases of enrichment with complete input features, which is half the case with simple parameters, indicates that the four fundamental parameters cannot offer enough discriminative power measures among flow patterns, irrespective of network training. The most important results are found in: (A) determination of annular flow dominance at deeper levels, which is associated with steep pressure gradients (stability critical); (B) optimized production rates (oil: 0.052 m3/s, gas: 0.050 m3/s) with high stability (indicator: 0.76); and (C) high predictive capability, as indicated by error histograms around zero and correlation plots with R-values exceeding 0.99. The statistical significance (p < 0.05) in ANOVA provided by the model is another confirmation that it is a robust model.

This study proposes a framework for examining the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought in Anbar Governorate, Iraq, for both historical and future periods, using LARS-WG, five CMIP6 GCMs (SSP245 and SSP585), a Drought Index Calculator, and GIS tools. The Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI-12) was used to evaluate the spatial-temporal patterns of drought frequency and severity at seven meteorological stations between 1985 and 2015 and between 2021 and 2040. The main conclusions from the study included that LARS-WG performs successfully for climatic factor projection. The general average level of drought expected will be ``near-normal dry\'\', while the maximum drought level expected will be ``severely dry\'\'. The near-normal drought category had the highest drought frequency in both the past and future scenarios. The highest values of drought intensity and frequency (severely) were recorded at Rutba Station, with a frequency of 4, and a recurrence rate of 13.33% for the baseline period. For both the first and second future scenarios, Haditha and Anah Stations will report the highest percentage of the moderate drought category (with drought frequency of 4 and recurrence rate of 21.05% for both stations).

To address the problems of narrow impedance bandwidth in conventional microstrip patch antennas at the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth band and the strong dependence of port matching and radiation efficiency on structural dimensions, this paper investigates the structural design, equivalent-circuit modeling, and test-result analysis of a wideband omnidirectional dual E-shaped microstrip patch antenna based on a partial ground plane. The antenna is fabricated on an F4B dielectric substrate with a relative permittivity of 2.2, a loss tangent of 0.0009, and overall dimensions of 30 mm × 22.5 mm × 1.575 mm. The radiating patch adopts a dual E-shaped slotted configuration, and impedance tuning around 2.4 GHz is realized by combining the microstrip feed line with the partial ground plane. On the basis of the existing parameter analysis, this paper supplements formula-based analyses of the initial microstrip patch dimensions, effective dielectric constant, fringing extension length, input impedance, reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, equivalent RLC circuit, and efficiency. The antenna structure, equivalent circuit, prototype, S-parameter test curve, radiation pattern, and efficiency curves are inserted into the corresponding analysis positions. The results show that the antenna exhibits good impedance matching over 2.24–2.56 GHz. At the center frequency of 2.4 GHz, the measured reflection coefficient |S11| reaches approximately –43.5 dB, corresponding to a return loss of approximately 43.5 dB. The impedance bandwidth is about 317 MHz, and the fractional bandwidth is about 13.19%. Meanwhile, the gain at 2.4 GHz is approximately 2.41 dBi, the angular width is about 90°, the side-lobe level is about –1.2 dB, and both the radiation efficiency and total efficiency can reach approximately 81%. The study shows that the collaborative design of the dual E-shaped slot and the partial ground plane can effectively broaden the operating bandwidth in the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth band while maintaining a compact structure and convenient fabrication, thereby providing a basis for subsequent performance comparison with a rectangular patch antenna.