Al-Furat Journal of Innovations in Electronics and Computer Engineering

Recently, researchers have focused on integrating wireless networks with control systems, which has shown what is called
Wireless Network Control Systems (WNCS). On the other hand, these systems face several problems and one of these problems is a
time delay. In this paper, the Fuzzy logic with the Proportional –Integral–Derivative (PID) controller is proposed in the WNCS
design, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is used to obtain optimum rules. The ZigBee network used to send and
receive data between the system control and the controller nodes. The proposed controller aims to reduce the time delays that can
make the system stable in the event of an overload on the network. The obtained results showed that the proposed controller when the
number of nodes increased by 500, the system remains stable.

In this paper, the design of a device to monitoring the heart rate and the level of oxygen in the blood (Spo2) in real-time
from anywhere as vital signs to represent heart disease by using internet of things (IoT). The size of the designed device is small and
can be wearable on the human body, anyone using this device can move during monitoring vital signs of heart. In this study, the
sensor type used is the MAX30100 connected to the microprocessor (ESP32). The device measures heart rate and Spo2 values to the
patient and sends the measured values to the server by using the MQTT protocol via Wi-Fi technology. The doctor or the person who
monitors the patient’s status can access the measured data through a program that has been designed. This program is installed on
the phone or computer to display the measured data in real-time.

In this article, high gain, low-profile and wide bandwidth antenna, loaded with a single metasurface (MS) layer is proposed.
The metasurface layer is composed of two sizes of periodic patches distributed along two dimensions. The size of large unit is divided
to small four parts, establishing an approach wo operate with a wide range of frequencies. Therefore, the variations in the unit cell
size assist to widen the proposed antenna bandwidth and matching enhancement as well. This metasurface layer is added above the
slot antenna, separated by a distance (hair). The parameter hair plays a vital role in determining the overall performance. Although
the whole antenna consists of two layers, it still has low profile of 0.115 λo, where λo is the wavelength at centre frequency of 6.2 GHz.
The most important achievement in our proposed antenna that it has wideband characteristics for both gain and impedance
bandwidth simultaneously. The impedance bandwidth value is 5.8% ranged from 6.15GHz to 6.52GHz for the slot antenna alone,
while the slot antenna loaded with the metasurface layer has the value of 40% impedance bandwidth from 5.62GHz to 8.43GHz. The
peak gain attained in this research is 5.6dB, while it becomes 8.78 when adding the metasurface layer to the slot antenna. The gain
enhancement is more than 3dB, considered as a good starting point to build antennas having high gains with no need to use antenna
arrays which require special attention in their designs. Simulation results are as expected and provide a good comparison for the slot
antenna before and after adding the metasurface to demonstrate the performance enhancement. The software used in all simulations
is computer simulation technology CST.

Multiband antenna with compact size is important today in design antenna. Widening the bandwidth and get multi-band
frequencies is one goals when using fractal geometry. In this paper, design multiband compact microstrip circular slot fractal
metasurface antenna for C&S bands application which has covered 1 to 7 GHz is proposed. The adopted antenna is designed on
dielectric substrate from FR4 material. The gain of this antenna is 6 dB and its efficiency is approximately (90%). Modelling and
performance are evaluated by using the commercially available EM (Electromagnetic) Simulator, the Commercial Microwave Studio
Suite (CST ).

Nowadays, global evolution and technological revolution of wireless communication development, without observing the
current radio spectrum assignment policy, cause the spectrum to be more depleted. Cognitive Radio (CR) is the most effective
technique for solving the problem of spectrum scarcity, particularly in light of the desire to transmit data very quickly, as
unauthorized users are able to use a spectral bandwidth. Whenever the owner of the license begins to use the domain, the connection
of the unauthorized user will be cut until the authorized user ends his connection. Conventional methods have proven to be ineffective
in detecting the frequency spectrum in comparison to dynamic Primary User (PU) methods, where the PU is either completely present
or completely absent. In this paper, an algorithm is suggested which aims to improve energy sensing and increases the efficiency of
detection through sensing and noticing the random dynamic move of the PU. This algorithm has been designed based on these rapid
changes of the PU, and is called the Activity period (A). In addition to activities of the PU during the sensing period, it also focuses on
the dynamic threshold factor through which the detection is enhanced. The new formula is applied through the Dynamic Energy
Detection-Dynamic Threshold (DED-DT) method with a constant false alarm rate analysed mathematically, realizing a reliable
performance with a low signal-to-noise ratio (-12 dB) achieved through simulation. Therefore, the proposed algorithm showed
relatively improved results when compared to those of traditional detection methods.