Iraqi Journal of Market Research and Consumer Protection

This study aimed to Isolation and identification with molecular detection of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from imported (frozen) and local (fresh) meat using selective media, biochemical tests, VITECK 2 technology, and conventional PCR with sequencing. (100) meat samples were collected from different markets in Baghdad city, (50) samples from each local and imported meat. The results of cultural isolation from frozen meat reported (4/50) 8% as MRSA isolates, while, only (3/50) 6% of MRSA isolates were isolated from the fresh meat samples. All suspected isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were positive for VITEK 2 system. The results of PCR assay of (7) positive isolates from both of local and imported meat samples shown 100% (7/7) for nuc and mecA gene, 71.42% (5/7) for possessed PVL gene and 6/7 (85.71%) for spa gene. The results of current study concluded that both two types of meat sold in local markets were contaminated with this dangerous pathogenic and the imported meat showed higher contamination rate with (MRSA) than the local fresh meat.

This study was conducted at the Rashidiya Date Palm Station, one of the projects of the Horticulture Department/Ministry of Agriculture in Iraq for the 2023 season. This study was aimed to know the effect of benzyl adenine, adding organic fertilizers, and thinning on the yield properties of date palm Cv. Mejhoul. The experiment included three factors. The first factor was the benzyl adenine (B) spray with three concentrations (0, 100, 150 mgL-1). The second factor involved adding humic acid with seaweed extract (HS) to the soil at three levels (0, 1 kg humic acid + 150 g seaweed extract, 2 kg humic acid + 300 g seaweed extract). The third factor was thinning (T) the flower clusters at two levels (without thinning, removing 10 cm from the tips of the flowering clusters with the removal of the central area for branching). The results showed that the T1 B2 F2 treatment had a significant effect on most of the study indicators, such as the average weight, size, length, and diameter of the fruit, average stalk weight, and total yield, with values reaching 36.68 g, 42.00 cm3, 6.66 cm, 3.36 cm, 8.063 kg, and 40.31 kg, respectively, compared to the measurement treatment.

The study aimed to characterize the properties of Moringa oleifera Lam.The seed oil of Moringa was grown in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences – University of Baghdad in summer season 2022-2023. The total composition of the seeds was estimated, and it was noted that the oil content in the seeds was high at 38.11%. The total fatty acid content of the oil extracted by the cold pressing method was estimated, the oleic acid was characterized as a high content of fatty acid, at 72.38%, followed by stearic acid, at 6.27%. Palmitic acid (6.17%). The antioxidants activity of Moringa were estimated as the total phenolic content (119 ppm), such as sterols, tocopherols and carotenoids at (1700, 88 and 17) ppm, respectively. Whereas the proportions of glycosides, tannins and saponins were (4.22, 5.88, 5.89) % respectively. Some physical properties of the oil were estimated at a temperature of 25°C. The refractive index value was 1.499, the specific gravity was 0.9238, and the melting point of the oil was 12.9°C. In addition the chemical properties of the extracted oil, the iodine value free fatty acids peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid were (120.8, 0.16,0.24 and 0.051) meq/kg oil, respectively, of TBARS (milligrams of malonaldehyde per kilogram of sample). The results of the antioxidant test showed that Moringa oleifera seed oil was higher thanascorbic acid in scavenging free radicals (Diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl DPPH). Finally,the oil was high stability through the Rancimat test was more than 5 hours at a temperature of 200 degrees Celsius., respectively. Thus, Moringa oleifera seed oil was the most important strategic oils that can be used to provide a healthy source of oil is was included in sustainable development programs after the success of its cultivation in many parts of the world, including Iraq, to ensure food and health security.
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This study was conducted to investigate Tobamoviruses infecting tomatoes. Leaf samples (n=10) from symptomatic tomato plants were screened for Tobamoviruses using Enzyme Linked Immune-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) and group specific antibodies. One sample scored the highest absorbance value (3.1790) was selected. Datura Stramonium was leaf inoculated with the sample selected to confirm the infection. Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from tomato leaves and a complementary cDNA strand was synthesized. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using the primers TobUni1/TobUni2 targeting coat protein (CP) of the genus Tobamovirus genome. RT-PCR products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and sequenced. Nucleotide sequences obtained were included in the National Center for Life Informatics (NCBI) database under accession numbers (PP032058 and PP032061). The detection of 2 Tobamoviruses in a single tomato plant was confirmed when DNA fragments amplified shared 98% maximum nucleotide sequence identity with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) CP gene retrieved from NCBI. Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree confirmed the relatedness grouped TMV and PMMoV sequences to those from Spain (MK087763.1) and Brazil (KT923121.1), respectively, suggesting a common origin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of TMV and PMMoV mixed infection on tomato in Iraq, based on molecular approach. The two Tobamovirus co-infection may be a new threat to tomato production in Iraq.

A field experiment was carried out at College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, during the fall seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. The aim of study the effect of foliar spraying with moringa extract and yeast, and the addition of humic acid was determi need, on the flower yield, carotenoids content, and total phenolics. A factorial experiment within a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Was implemeuted The study included three factors: foliar spraying with moringa leaf extract at concentrations of 0%,4%, 6% and 8% (M0-M1-M3-M2), yeast suspension at concentrations of 0 g L-1 , 5 g L-1 and 10 g L-1 (Y0-Y1-Y2), and adding humic acid at concentrations of 0 ml L-1 and 5 ml L-1 (H0-H1). Additionally, a control treatment (M0Y0H0) was included. The results showed a significant superiority of the interaction treatment M3Y2H1 in flower number, flower diameter, fresh flower yield, dry flower yield, carotenoid content, and total phenolics. Specifically, it recorded 37.43 flower plant-1, 7.960 cm, 571.3 kg ha-1, 78.81 kg ha-1, 168.6 mg 100 g-1, and 156.7 mg 100 g-1 for the first season and 35.15 flower plant-1, 7.950 cm, 523.2 kg ha-1, 72.33 kg ha-1, 164.5 mg 100 g-1, and 155.1 mg 100 g-1 for the second season, respectively, compared to the control treatment.

The study aimed to evaluate the anti-alcoholic activity of pumpkin and nanoscale extract against some types of bacteria. The results showed that the Cu/Cs-NPs was more effective than the methanolic extract of pumpkin peel on all types of Used becteria in the study, despite the use of the plant extract at higher concentrations. Concentrations, the were 100 and 200 mg/ml, while the nano composite was used in lower concentrations, which were 16 and 32 mg/ml. The Cu/Cs-NPs gave the highest inhibition zones of (20.33, 17.33, 12.67, 16.33) mm at a concentration of 32 mg/ml for each. Of the For each bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli , respectively, while the methanolic extract of Pumpkin peels gave the highest zones of inhibition of (19.67, 16.67, 10.33, 67.15) mm at a concentration of 200 mg/ml for each of the bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the Cu/Cs-NPs on all isolates of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria were 0.5 and 1 mg/ml, respectively, and 2 mg/ml,. On all isolates of Salmonella Typhi bacteria, 0.5 mg/ml for strains No. 1 and 4, and 0.25 mg/ml on isolates 2 and 3 for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, while the MIC values for the methanolic extract of Pumpkin peels reached 8 mg/ml on all isolates of Escherichia coli bacteria, with the exception of Isolate No. 2 had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 mg/ml and 64 mg/ml on all isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, and the MIC values of the methanolic extract of Pumpkin peels reached 8 and 4 mg/ml on all isolates of Salmonella bacteria. Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The nanocomposite also showed high inhibitory activity compared to the methanolic extract against the tested fungi.

Under laboratory conditions, the study assessed the efficacy of certain endophytic bacteria isolated from healthy tomato plants in suppressing the pathogenic fungus Alternaria solani, which causes early blight in laboratory conditions. The study was carried out in the Fungal Diseases Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture for the 2022 season. 20 bacterial isolates were obtained in several fields in Baghdad Governorate. the pathogenicity assay on tomato plants grown in pots revealed that 50% of the endophytic bacterial isolates showed pathological symptoms when tested individually on aplant, such as yellow spots, necrosis, wilting and death of certain plant leaves or the whole plant. In laboratory conditions, the results showed that 40% of the endophyte bacterial non pathogenic isolates caused a significant reduction in the growth rate of the pathogen on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). A.solani growth was most significantly inhibited by the isolate B9, which achieved 81.11%. Molecular diagnostics of bacterial isolation (B9) using the Bacterial ribosomal genes (16S rRNA) showed that it is the bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis.

The urban uses of rivers have become common in cities, This has led to the emergence of diverse groups of open spaces along the riverbanks to interact with the river's environmental and natural system in various ways. However, the riverbanks in the city of Baghdad have not received sufficient attention for activating their riverbanks in terms of botanical design, given the scarcity of specialized local studies in this field. This study aimed to evaluate the riverbank in the Al-Kadhimiya area of Baghdad and conduct a comprehensive analysis of the site. This analysis includes examining the natural environment, functional analysis utilizing adjacent areas, vehicular and cultural values. The study aimed to understand the impact of these factors on the design of the urban vegetated landscape. Based on indicators identified from previous studies, indicators and values for each element were determined and applied to the current situation to assess the environmental context of the river edge in Al-Kadhimiya. The objective was to develop a theoretical framework that can be applied to the case study, allowing for the identification and addressing of shortcomings while recognizing and supporting strengths. The most important findings of The research is that using locally adapted plant species enhances environmental and cultural values while improving the functional and aesthetic values of the river edge. Additionally, selecting suitable plant species for specific locations increases visual openness, especially when integrated with perpendicular roads to the river edge and adjacent areas.

A pots experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, for the growing season 2022-2023 to find out the effect of the concentrations of the growth regulator brassinolide on some morphological characteristics, the concentrations of macroelements (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus) and active compounds of the plant Eruca sativa Mill. The study was designed based on the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and three replicates of 12 pots each, so that the number of pots was 36. Four concentrations of the growth regulator brassinolide (0, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5) mg L-1 were used. The results showed that spraying with the brassinolide growth regulator increased all the average characteristics studied, such as plant height, total chlorophyll index by Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) in the leaves, nitrogen concentration and potassium concentration, especially at a concentration of 2.5 mg L-1, while it had no significant effect on phosphorus concentration. The results also displayed a significant effect in all active compounds of the plant, especially at a concentration of 2.5 mg L-1, while the results of the examination and chromatographic diagnosis using High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique gave the diagnosis of nine active compounds in the E.sativa plant, namely: Progoitrin, Glucoalyssin, Gluconapin, 4-OH-Glucobrassicin, Glucoerucin, Glucobrassicin, Methoxybrassicin, Gluconasturtin and Neoglucobrassicin.