Journal of Al Imam Al-Adham University College

The implementation of the principle of differentiated joint responsibilities of states in the field of reducing carbon emissions encounters difficulties, some of which result from the nature of the provisions of international environmental law, “its rules are flexible”, as the “flexible rules” mean a set of rules that do not impose a real obligation on its parties, in other words, it is characterized by ambiguity and non-specificity and does not result in violating it. No liability other than customary or injunctive rules.

The Holy Qur’an remains the permanent source of studies in all its disciplines, and linguistic studies is one of them. Therefore, the choice was made to be the subject of the study in the research of the verses that talk about the degrees of Paradise, so it came under the title: (Referral in the verses of the degrees of Paradise), as I chose the textual reference, which is one of the modern linguistic topics, and I tried to apply it to the noble verses that talk about the degrees of Paradise, and I specified the textual referral Tribal only for the study to be accurate and knowledgeable.
The study came in the research divided into an introduction and two axes, the first axis included a definition of the terms studied in the research: referral, paradise, degree. The study came in the second axis, divided according to the degrees of Paradise that were specified in the books of interpretations, then I chose for each degree a verse that included the elements of referral and applied it to it; This is to prevent recurrence.
In my study of the subject, I relied on books on interpretations of the Holy Qur’an, grammar books, and books on modern linguistic studies.
odern textual linguistic studies had a wide scope for studying his holy verses, as they occupied the two tongues a lot, and the textual referral was one of the issues that the research studied, as it stood on it in detail, and determined the tribal referral by pronouns, denoting names, and relative nouns, and through it it became clear that the referral by pronouns was the most present in the verses Degrees of Heaven, which played its role in the coherence and coherence of the Qur’anic text.
The verses of the degrees of Paradise studied by the research are many, and the research relied on what was agreed upon by most of the commentators, namely (gardens of bliss, gardens of Eden, paradise of eternity, paradise of rooms, shelter, abode of peace, abode of abode, high paradise).

This research studies the poetic thefts not because it is an issue of old criticism and It is not about the poets stealing each other’s meanings and poems Because the ancients studied that before the moderns This research studies poetic theft as a poetic subject It has not been subjected to a previous study, and for the privacy of poetic thefts; This study developed a research plan that differs from the studies conducted to study other poetic contents It studies the extent to which criticism issues are present as poetic topics in the Abbasid poetry texts The poetic thefts were the main focus of this study. Because it is the most present critical issue in Arabic poetry, and the study also dealt with the poems of poets in the known types of thefts. it also studied the contribution of poets in setting new names for poetic thefts that were not known to Arab poetry before the Abbasid era. As well as studying the structure of the texts of poetic thefts, and the attitude of poets towards them between rejection and acceptance .

I chose a topic entitled (Al-Gharar in Selling the Dispersion of the Deal and its Impact on the Contract, a Comparative Jurisprudential Study). The most correct of them, and I concluded after that that if the validity of the sale was proven by its installments, and the buyer had the choice, if he was cheated, between rescinding the sale or signing it; If he wants to sign it in installments; So does the seller have a choice at that time, even though he cheated or not, and I clarified the sayings of the people of knowledge, and I clarified the most correct of them, and then I clarified after that that if he set a price for each one of the sales, as if he said I sold them for a thousand, each one for five hundred, and so I clarified the sayings of the people of knowledge, and I clarified The most correct of it, then came at the end of my research a conclusion and proven sources.

In my research, I dealt with (the selected hadiths of the preacher Abd al-Khaleq Othman - may God have mercy on him - in Islamic literature, collection and commentary), and the research was based on the method of induction, analysis and criticism, so I extrapolated all the hadiths indicating Islamic literature mentioned by the preacher - may God have mercy on him -.
The hadiths that he collected despite their small number were useful in their topic, some of them were related to the etiquette of eating and drinking, and some of them were about sleeping and waking up, and other Islamic etiquette. The rules of Hadith science, studying them and knowing the way they are indicated, and clarifying Western expressions, if any.
Through this study, it is possible to identify the personality of the scholarly preacher, and the extent of his accuracy in selecting hadiths in each chapter. The research came in an introduction, a preface, five topics, and a conclusion.

The research seeks the importance of defining the grammatical function of each element of the structure in the linguistic context in the Holy Qur’an, as the grammatical function is related to the arrangement of words and sentences. Grammar because of its role in preserving the integrity of the structure and not spoiling the workmanship, so the relationship between the syntax and the meaning was close, so that they made the syntax a branch of the meaning, and they obligated the syntax of the Qur’an to be accurate in its choice and interpretation, and to be familiar with the provisions of grammar and its standards, so as not to prejudice them.

The title of the research: Pictures of the resurrection in the Holy Qur’an on the Day of Resurrection In the Holy Qur’an, there are multiple images and various forms of how people will be gathered on the Day of Resurrection, whether from their graves to a land of reckoning or from the land of reckoning to their final resting place.
And from this image and figures, the gathering of faces is blind, dumb and stigmatized, and the gathering is blind and the gathering is blue. There is no doubt that all of this image is to gather infidels and criminals.
Likewise, the description of the pious going to Paradise will be driven, and the unbelievers going to Hell in driven as well; Glory be to Him, the Most High, said: (But those who feared their Lord will be driven to Paradise in groups until,)( Az-Zumar: 73), and Glory be to Him, the Most High, said: (And those who disbelieved will be driven to Hell in groups until,) (Az-Zumar: 71).
It may be intended “The cramming” in the verses is the absolute plural and intended to plural to a specific place; and Glory be to Him, the Most High, said: (and We will gather them and not leave behind from them anyone.)( Al-Kahf: 47), And he said too: (And [warn of] the Day when We will gather from every nation a company of those who deny Our signs, and they will be [driven] in rows)( Al-Naml: 83).
Therefore, we find that most of the verses in which “The cramming” is mentioned do not exceed the verb with the letter (to), while we find most of the verses of will be driven defined by (to), except for what came in Surat Maryam in His saying, Glory be to Him: (On the Day We will gather the righteous to the Most Merciful as a delegation)( Maryam: 85).
“the cramming” in this verse, what may be meant is a plural in which there is a driven, so the verb of “cramming” includes the connotation of the Driven - and God knows best -.

In my research, I dealt with the hadiths that Imam al-Nisa’i (may God Almighty have mercy on him) stopped in his book (Action of the Day and Night), and after collecting the hadiths, I followed their methods from the books of the pure Sunnah and studied them, then after that I weighed between those methods and indicated the most correct of them. The nature of the research required that the plan be divided An introduction, seven requirements, a conclusion, then a list of sources and references, and praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and may God’s blessings be upon our master Muhammad and his family and companions.