Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

The Manasvi of Mam and Zain is one of the stories that is characterized by magical realism, in that amazing events have occurred in this story, and all the unreal and imaginary events in the context of the story appear completely real and natural, in a way that the reader easily accepts. The aim of this research is to re-examine the position of magical realism in the Manasvi of Meme and Zain. Therefore, this research has attempted to examine the most important components of magical realism in the Manasvi of Meme and Zain using a descriptive-analytical method in order to show how Ahmad Khani, by invoking these surreal and unusual characteristics in a story with a completely realistic background, has expressed a novel reading of abstract ideas in an objective and tangible guise. The results of this research indicate that in the Manasvi of Meme and Zain, the components of magical realism have been manifested in various forms, and these components can be analyzed in the form of duality and opposition between the imaginary and real world.

The research aimed to know the spirit of Social Tolerance among sample of Students Erbil/ Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and its relationship to the following variables, (gender and specialist). The researcher used the descriptive survey method (social survey method by sample), due to its suitability with nature of the subject and its objectives. The sample are included (200) students of both elements in the Faculties of Arts and Sciences for the academic year (2022-2023). The study did by applying a ready measure for Tolerance made by (Alwan, 2013) of (52) items with 4 alternatives. and three field: Tolerance of Opinion – Religious and social values. The results appeared that:
1- Research Units have a high level of Social Tolerance.
2- There are statistically significant differences between Students in social tolerance according to the Variable of gender and specialization among university Students, for Females and in the humanities specialization.

This research aims to reveal the extent of the existing gap between the requirements of the labor market in the Kurdistan Region, in light of the increasing reliance on computerized accounting, and the accounting education curricula through (computerized accounting knowledge, computerized accounting skills, and accounting curriculum development), with the aim of providing a scientific basis to rely on when planning for future curriculum development. To achieve the objectives of the study and verify its hypotheses, a questionnaire consisting of two parts was prepared. The first part includes paragraphs aimed at identifying the characteristics of the research sample, and the second part includes (60) paragraphs that were used in collecting data with the aim of testing the hypotheses and answering questions related to the research problem. It was distributed to a sample of company owners and managers in Duhok Governorate and Zakho Independent Administration. The research sample numbered (72) individuals.
The results of the statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the use of computerized accounting applications as a labor market requirement and accounting education curricula. This correlation spans three main axes: knowledge of computerized accounting, related skills, and curriculum development aligned with these applications. These results highlight the importance of computerized accounting applications as essential tools for developing the capabilities of accounting graduates, both in terms of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Accordingly, the study recommends updating accounting education curricula to align with the latest digital accounting programs and applications used in the contemporary business environment. It also emphasizes the importance of enhancing cooperation between accounting departments, sector committees, and curriculum development directorates at the region's universities to ensure the development of educational content that aligns with labor market needs and bridges the gap between education and practice.

Surrealism, as a movement that introduced itself in the early twentieth century, aimed to liberate human thought, language, and experience from the limits of rationalism. While it began in Europe, its influence has spread worldwide in different cultures and literary traditions. Kurdish literature, especially a genre such as poetry with its rich history and different linguistic and cultural identity, has not been deprived of this movement It proves that it presents a complex scene of imagery, which is well in line with the adgars and principles of surrealism, especially those related to the unconscious mind and dream states Sharing his unique perspective and experiences. Therefore, we thought it necessary to review this article in this research entitled (The world of feeling as a principle of surrealism in the text of Sabah Ranjdar's poem ''18/11/1965''). to embody in the text.

The efforts of prominent American journalists on the Kurdish issue, from the collapse of the Kurdish revolution in Iraq in 1975 until the mass exodus of Kurds in the spring of 1991, had a positive impact on changing the White House's hesitant policy toward the Kurds. William Safir was an influential writer for the New York Times, covering the Kurdish issue and analyzing American foreign policy in depth. His efforts contributed to a change in the US government's position, leading to the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 688 in 1991, which guaranteed the protection of the Kurdish people by establishing a no-fly zone over Iraq. The research, entitled "William Safir's Journalistic Activities on US Policy Toward the Kurds 1976-1991," consists of an introduction and two chapters. The first deals with Safir's personal biography, and the second focuses on Safir's position on key events in southern Kurdistan, including the collapse of the Kurdish revolution in 1975, the new Kurdish revolution, and the genocide.

Oscar Mann (1868-1936) was a German orientalist and linguist who dedicated a significant portion of his career to the study of the Kurdish language. His research primarily focused on the Mukri Kurdish dialect, spoken in the Mukriye region of Iran. Mann's contributions to Kurdish studies are multifaceted, Linguistic Analysis: He conducted in-depth research on the grammar and phonetics of the Mukri dialect, meticulously documenting its unique features and variations. Lexicography: A cornerstone of his work was the compilation of a comprehensive dictionary of the Mukri dialect, a valuable resource for linguists and scholars interested in Kurdish vocabulary and etymology. Ethnographic Observations: Mann's research extended beyond linguistics, encompassing the collection and analysis of Kurdish folklore, including proverbs, riddles, and folktales. This provided valuable insights into the cultural and social context of the Mukri Kurds. Mann's work is considered a foundational contribution to Kurdish studies, offering a detailed and nuanced understanding of a specific Kurdish dialect. His research continues to be an important resource for scholars seeking to understand the linguistic diversity and cultural richness of the Kurdish people.

The market within the Kurdistan Regional Government offers a diverse range of goods and services. The number of users and audiences has increased yearly with the continuous development of institutions and social media networks. As a result, many product owners now depend on advertisements to promote their goods and services. This study examines the impact of advertising on consumer behavior, specifically addressing the question: To what extent do consumers rely on advertising when making purchases? The objective of this study is to assess the role of advertising in shaping consumer behavior. To conduct this study, an analytical approach is adopted, utilizing a questionnaire to collect data from 350 consumers in the Soran Autonomous Administration in 2024. The findings reveal several key insights, the most significant being that the vast majority of consumers acknowledge the strong influence of advertising on their purchasing decisions. Additionally, most respondents identified Instagram as the most effective platform for advertising, followed by television and Facebook. There are several recommendations, the most important of which are: Raising awareness about poor quality or harmful goods and services that are advertised, especially health services.

This research aims to determine the relationship between psychological security and the meaning of life among teachers of the College of Basic Education at the University of Sulaimani, according to the variables (gender, age, specialization). The research sample consists of the teachers of the College of Basic Education, University of Sulaimani, according to the gender variables (male-female) for the academic year (2023-2024). The number of teachers reached (56) in the departments College of Basic Education at the University of Sulaimani. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers used the (Aql, 2009) scale for psychological security consisting of (26) paragraphs, and the (Aishi, 2017) scale for the meaning of life consisting of (28) paragraphs with a reliability rate of (86%), then extracting the reliability of the psychological security and meaning of life scale by retesting, which amounted to (0.883) for psychological security, and (0.854) for the meaning of life. After extracting the reliability according to the statistical procedures and reaching the results, the study reached the following:
1- There is a high level of psychological security among teachers of the College of Basic Education at the University of Sulaimani.
2- There is a meaning of life and a high level among teachers of the College of Basic Education at the University of Sulaimani.
3- There is a strong direct relationship between psychological security and the meaning of life among teachers of the College of Basic Education at the University of Sulaimani.
4- There is no statistically significant difference in psychological security and the meaning of life among teachers of the College of Basic Education at the University of Sulaimani according to the variable (age and specialization), but there is a statistically significant difference according to gender (males and females) in favor of males.

The book Terjemet eḍ-Ḍarīr ve-taqdimet eẓ-Ẓahīr of Muṣṭafā Ibn-Yūsuf Ibn-ʿUmar aḍ-Ḍarīr ar-Rūmī al-Maulawī (d.?), is the first written work in Turkish to address the biography of the Prophet Muhammad (sira). This book was translated from Arabic in the year 790 AH / 1388 CE, upon the request of Sultan al-Zahir Abu Said Barquq (d. 801 AH / 1399 CE) in Cairo. Mustafa DARIR spent five years completing the translation, drawing on sources such as the biographies of Abu al-Hasan al-Bakri, al-Waqidi, and Ibn Hisham. Although the book was written in prose, it also includes poetic excerpts. The author employed simple and clear language, which contributed to the book's continued readability for several centuries among the Turks. Its copies spread widely, and it became an inspiration for miniature painters, as well as a model and reference for later works on the Prophet's biography in Turkish. This research, the first of its kind in Arabic, aims to provide a comprehensive introduction and analysis of this pioneering work by reviewing its contents and features, with an emphasis on its impact on society in general, and particularly on the ruling elite, intellectuals, writers, and Turkish artists. This work is the result of the researcher’s ongoing efforts in investigation and inquiry through various libraries in Turkey.

The political, administrative, and economic structures of the Kurdish entity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq have undergone several transformative stages, many of which were critical and nearly led to the collapse of this fragile structure established under challenging political and military conditions. The regional powers that share the territory of historical Kurdistan namely Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and to a lesser extent, Syria played significant roles in shaping these developments.
One of the most perilous phases experienced by Kurdish politics in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq was the civil war that broke out between the region’s two major political forces: the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). This internal conflict persisted for four consecutive years (1994 – 1998), marked by intermittent ceasefires, shifting internal fronts, and fluctuating regional alliances. Were it not for certain international legal frameworks that helped protect the Kurdish region from Baghdad’s offensives, the situation could have deteriorated drastically.
Both Tehran and Baghdad played substantial roles in this conflict. Each sought to support one faction over the other to secure influence in the Kurdistan Region and safeguard its national interests. Iran, in particular, maintained a constant presence throughout the conflict, strategically supporting one party against the other in alignment with its broader geopolitical objectives. These maneuvers were driven not only by Iran’s desire to assert control within Iraq but also by its aim to ensure its long-term strategic interests across the region especially in a territory that had proven pivotal during the Iran-Iraq War.

This study examines the legal evidences (adillah al-ahkam) in the jurisprudence of the Companions the first generation of scholars in ijtihad (independent reasoning) and derivation of rulings. They played a significant role in shaping the framework of Islamic legislation and the development of Islamic jurisprudence. As the first generation tasked with applying the divine texts to real-life situations after the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ death, their contributions were foundational.
The Companions were the closest to the source of revelation; they were the first to receive the Qur'an and the Sunnah and to witness their practical implementation. Thus, their juristic efforts formed the basis for the Islamic legal tradition.
The researchers examined the Companions’ methodology in deriving legal rulings. The Companions primarily relied on the Qur’an and the Sunnah as the foremost sources for legal evidence. When no clear evidence could be found in these texts, they turned to consensus (ejmah), if available, and then to analogical reasoning (qiyas), applying rulings from existing texts to new issues. This approach was grounded in their deep understanding of the objectives and principles of Islamic law (maqasid al-shariaha).
The study aims to shed light on how the Companions engaged with the Qur’an and the Sunnah as the foundational sources, as well as how they exercised ijtihad (independent reasoning) in the absence of explicit texts. Their methods included the use of analogy (qiyas), juristic preference (istihsan), consideration of public interest (maslahah mursalah), laws of previous nations (shar man qablana), blocking the means to harm (sadd al-zaraih), and the legal opinions of individual Companions -among other tools of reasoning.

This research gauges the efficacy of the flipped classroom model in helping students of pharmacy achieve mastery of medical terminology within an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) program at the National Institute of Technology (NIT). The research applied a mixed-methods quasi-experimental design, with 60 students divided into experimental (flipped classroom) and control (customary classes) groups. The experiment of the groups involved participated in interactive in-class activities (e.g., role-playing patient consultations) and pre-class digital resources (e.g., video lectures), while the control group joined standard lectures. Pre- and post-tests measured terminology application and retention, while focus groups and surveys examined student perceptions. The results revealed notable gains in the experimental group, with post-test scores expanding by 35.6% compared to 9.2% in the control group. Gains were particularly visible in practical activities, such as illuminating medical terms to patients, displaying the flipped model’s strength in bridging theory and practice. High engagement was observed in the qualitative data, particularly with pre-class resources (85% found videos cooperative), and confidence was increased in clinical communication (78%). Challenges included uneven group participation (15%) and technical issues (25%). The paper found the flipped classroom’s potential to boost ESP pedagogy through application-focused learning and fostering active engagement. It additionally stresses the need for faculty training and localized resources to focus on infrastructural barriers. These outcomes point out practical understandings for developing pharmacy education, particularly in resource-constrained settings, and stress the consequences of effective communication in healthcare settings.

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This study scrutinizes how the political language of Masrour Barzani has developed and legitimized the narratives of security, sovereignty, Homeland defense, and regional peace in the Kurdistan Region. This study explores the linguistic and ideological strategies employed to shape public perceptions of authority, unity, and national resistance in ways that are typically regarded as internal socio-political phenomena rather than external conflict. The study explores the extent to which political language weaponizes security and stability as cornerstones of national identity and governance under a lens of political sensitivity and regional complexity. The Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) study is grounded on the key socio-cognitive model provided by Teun A. van Dijk, integrating three analytical levels: first: discourse structures, linguistic devices like modality and personal hyperbole are used; second: cognitive models, ideological models as the positive self-representation and the negative other-representation are employed; and third: social practices, analyses how discourse produces power relations and social control. This multi-level framework enables the examination of the interrelationship between the way Barzani uses discourse to both reflect and construct social realities and mental representations. Using this approach, the research reveals how discourse both embodies and constructs cognitive beliefs and social power relations. It is concluded that Masrour Barzani frames ideological representations about leaders, people and enemies in a way that legitimizes Kurdish leadership, advocates for a united Kurdish front, and preserves resilience through the use of discourse. Furthermore, his speech incorporates this larger communal identity, centered on regional stability and the constitutionality of his rule, pre-conditioning public consciousness for the provision of justifications and the establishment of a lasting peace in the Homeland.

The research investigates the findings of English language proficiency on business success in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, a region increasingly shaped by globalization. The data is collected through surveying 125 employees from five leading fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies. The research explores the connection between English skills and key business outcomes, considering factors like revenue, marketing effectiveness, and overall growth. The findings show that over 90% of the employees who participated in the questionnaire perceive English proficiency as significantly beneficial to their work environment, promoting better communication and collaboration. While most of the communications with customers are done in Kurdish, the data revealed the prevalent incorporation of Business English terminology and code-switching within internal communication channels, suggesting a significant integration of English into the organization's professional environment. Further analysis also demonstrated that English proficiency contributed to the region’s increased international collaborations. These results align with existing literature on English as a lingua franca, emphasizing its role in international trade and communication. However, the research acknowledges the potential risk of local languages being overlooked, leading to a cultural homogenization. The study's finding that a majority of employees belong to younger generations suggests a workforce readily adaptable to technological advancements and evolving communication norms. Yet, the persistence of uncertainty regarding the value of English, even among some individuals in leadership positions, underscores the necessity of providing comprehensive training initiatives that clearly articulate the advantages of English proficiency for both organizational success and employee development. By examining these factors within a particular regional context, this research enhances our understanding of how English language skills shape business dynamics

The purpose of this work is to examine the moral values that are framed in Albom’s Tuesdays with Morrie and the techniques that he uses through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). CDA helps us understand how a specific text either supports or challenges the values of society. Using Fairclough’s model and qualitative approach, this work focuses on the morals emphasized by Albom through his lexicon, which in this case is compassion, grief, forgiveness, appreciation of life, personal growth, interdependence, authenticity, integrity, selflessness, and resilience. Analyzed excerpts reveal the patterns of value ethnography specific to the emotionally rich lexicon employed throughout the text. This work reveals a consistent pattern of emotionally resonant and morally driven vocabulary that supports the book’s overarching themes. The use of imperatives, metaphors, and key term repetition serves to galvanize ethical engagement. Albom employs a narrative discourse to encourage readers towards self-reflection on cherished human attributes and, with that, challenges them to re-evaluate how they interact with life’s hardships. This work contributes to the discourse by framing these moral systems of discourse more broadly into social culture and exposing the relevance of Albom’s work in answering the moral issues of today. It confirms how literature serves to cultivate empathy and insight while it also encouraging individual development. It further motivates inquiry into the interdisciplinary resonances of how literary language forms the ethics of its readers and reinforces the place of narrative in the cultivation of social values.