Tikrit Journal for Political Science

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This study examines the complex relationship between artificial intelligence and democratic systems in the context of accelerating digital transformation. It analyzes the impact of AI technologies on core democratic principles, particularly political participation, transparency, accountability, and representation. The research is based on the assumption that artificial intelligence represents a dual-impact phenomenon: while it offers significant opportunities to enhance good governance and data-driven decision-making, it also poses structural risks to democratic practices through information manipulation, algorithmic bias, and the erosion of public trust. Adopting a descriptive, analytical, and foresight-oriented approach, the study concludes by presenting three future scenarios for democracy in the age of artificial intelligence—democratic enhancement, democratic decline, and gradual regulatory balance—emphasizing that the future of democracy ultimately depends on the ability of institutions to regulate and ethically govern technological power in the public interest.

This research examines the Israeli leadership crisis following the events of October 7, 2023, by analyzing the conceptual framework of the crisis of leadership, trust, and political legitimacy, and linking it to the structural dysfunctions that afflicted the Israeli security and political system. The research focuses on the fundamental transformations in Israeli security doctrine through a comparison between the pre- and post-event phases, documenting the failure of its traditional pillars represented by deterrence, early warning, and rapid decisive victory. The study reviews the most prominent manifestations of the crisis at both the internal and external levels, which included a decline in public support for the government and its policies, deepening institutional divisions, and an unprecedented growth in international isolation. It concludes that this complex crisis contributed to the erosion of the political legitimacy of governing institutions and the loss of trust in leadership, rendering the events of October 7 a structural turning point that threatened the stability of the Israeli political system. The research provides an analysis of the internal repercussions of this crisis on the political and social scenes, leading to an exploration of potential future trajectories, favoring the scenario of continued war in the absence of strategic decisiveness and the inability of the parties to formulate a political settlement

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United Nations diplomacy is the cornerstone of global efforts to address climate change by providing a comprehensive negotiating platform, promoting international cooperation, and supporting countries in building their capacity to meet challenges. As climate challenges continue to become more complex, this diplomacy remains indispensable for achieving the goals of sustainability and climate justice. The problem of climate change began to attract the attention of political decision-makers as a new emergency threatening the world in the early 1970s. However, this change was initially ignored. With the growth of global economies, more fossil fuels were burned, forest areas were cleared for agricultural purposes, and more carbon dioxide was produced. Over 20 years of continuous efforts by scientists, NGOs, international organizations, and many governments to convince the international community to agree on coordinating efforts to address climate change through a series of conferences and workshops, a group of experienced scientists reached a consensus on the scenarios of the problem and the severity of the observed global warming in 1986.

An analysis of the Syrian army's collapse in 2024 reveals that this event was neither sudden nor isolated. Rather, it resulted from a long-term process of institutional decline influenced by international pressures, regional shifts, and internal fragmentation. External factors, such as increased Israeli attacks, reduced Russian support, and the army's diminished deterrent capability, significantly intensified moral and structural divisions within its ranks. Internally, worsening economic and living conditions, a lack of motivation and incentives, and a decline in national identity severely weakened military doctrine. Additionally, the army lost its autonomy, becoming entirely subject to regional and international power dynamics, which undermined its fundamental role as the protector of the homeland. As a result, rebuilding a capable national military institution requires comprehensive political reforms that restore state sovereignty and empower its institutions to effectively shape the future.

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The academic frameworks of this subject aim to provide students with in-depth knowledge of human rights, and to draw the theoretical and practical frameworks in the fields of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. This knowledge foundation aims to form specialized cadres capable of researching, analyzing, and making informed decisions. As for the societal outcomes of the study of human rights, they are of utmost importance for building more tolerant, just and democratic societies, because this subject contributes to spreading the culture of human rights, instilling the values of dignity, equality, mutual respect and tolerance, and enhances the social and moral responsibility of individuals, by enabling them to know their rights and duties, and the study of human rights helps to raise awareness of its violations and thus defend and maintain rights, and contributes to preparing a generation of conscious people working in the Civil society organizations support the rule of law and ensure legal protection for all, which contributes to the consolidation of the principles of peace in society.

The study deals with the philosophy of postmodernism, through representing a subsequent stage to modernism by presenting ideas that critique the foundations and principles of modernism as a response to its intellectual output and contexts.
Postmodern philosophy is recognized by characteristics that set it apart from previous philosophies-it questioned reason, rejected the glorification of the self, and dismissed history, Nevertheless, its results have faced criticism on various levels.

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This study aims to explore the impact of implementing a democratic system on political stability in Iraq following the 2003 regime change. It analyzes the country’s transition from authoritarian rule to a parliamentary democracy, as established by the 2005 Iraqi Constitution. The researcher employs a descriptive and analytical methodology, drawing on international indicators and data from sources such as the World Bank, Freedom House, and the United States Institute of Peace, alongside relevant political literature on democratic transitions in developing nations.
The findings reveal that the adoption of democracy in Iraq has remained largely superficial, lacking the institutional and social reforms necessary to support a stable political environment. This shortfall has contributed to ongoing political fragility and declining governance metrics. The study identifies political sectarianism, power-sharing mechanisms, weak social justice, and a deficient democratic culture as key barriers to political stability.
The study recommends restructuring the electoral system to ensure fair and inclusive representation, fostering democratic values through education and media, and implementing comprehensive development policies to achieve social justice. Moreover, enhancing judicial independence and reducing external interference are deemed essential to establishing a durable and effective democratic framework in Iraq.

The study concluded that the Horn of Africa's unique geographical location, overlooking the world's most important waterways (the Red Sea and the Bab al-Mandab Strait), in addition to its proximity to the Gulf of Aden, has made it a magnet for regional and international powers. This has helped these powers, particularly Israel, Turkey, and Iran, establish a permanent military presence in the region, particularly since 2015, when the region witnessed increasing events that contributed to strengthening the military presence of these powers. The nature, tasks, and motivations for military presence in the region varied, ranging from military bases, training centers, intelligence activities, securing maritime routes, achieving regional balance, protecting each country's strategic interests, and security cooperation. Through the nature of its presence, the tasks it undertook, and the motives that motivated it to move toward the region, each country sought to consolidate its military presence through various means.

The problem of cybersecurity has become an urgent topic of international concern with national security, international relations and economic stability being the points of concern at the international level. With the aim of examining the development and execution of policies by governments to thwart cyber-attack and guard critical infrastructures, this research will provide a comparison between China and France. The analysis brings up some of the major dimensions of the governance such as: legal frameworks, risk management, safety culture, technology sovereignty, incident response and international cooperation among others. The results depict two unlike structures. The multi-level cooperative strategy of France combines national investment with European policies and transatlantic relationships whereas China follows the state-centric and sovereignty-oriented approach which prioritizes the regulation, technological independence, and centralized governance. The paper highlights essential differences in global alignment, openness and inclusiveness, and expounds how these strategies define international collaboration and national resilience. The paper adds to political science debates about governance of cybersecurity by offering lessons in one of the cases in the form of a case study. It also gives policy implications on how models can be developed between the national sovereignty and enhancement of international security.

This research aims to analyze the repercussions of the Israeli war in Gaza on both Iran and Turkey, as key regional actors in the Middle East. It starts with the main problem of how this war is reshaping the roles and positions of the two countries within the regional system, and the nature of their divergent responses. The research relies on the comparative analytical method to study the foreign policies and influence tools of both Iran and Turkey. The time frame covers the period from October 7, 2023, until 2025. For Iran, the war presented an opportunity to enhance its regional influence by supporting resistance forces and politically utilizing the conflict against normalization tracks and US-Israeli pressures. As for Turkey, it gradually shifted from balanced political rhetoric to a harsher stance towards Israel while maintaining its economic interests. The study reveals that the war has deepened the interdependency of political, security, and economic considerations in the positions of both countries. The research concludes that these shifts reflect the reshaping of regional powers' roles within a changing regional order.

This report addresses several questions, the most important of which are: What will the global economy look like in 2030? Where are we now in the financial sector? And what will the future of international economic relations look like? The report was able to answer the fundamental questions posed. The first part of the report examines the drivers of international economic relations and how they shape the future of the financial sector. The second part presents a picture of the current challenges facing the financial sector and reviews the preparedness of Islamic Development Bank member countries to confront these challenges. The final part of the report concludes by formulating a theory of change to explore future challenges and opportunities and achieve the desired outcomes. It concludes by laying out a roadmap and calling for partnerships to realize this vision.