Alnoor Journal for Legal Studies

Medical robots are among the most important and prominent products of artificial intelligence, this technology has contributed to providing assistance and performing surgical operations accurately and quickly, and it plays a role in accelerating patient recovery, However, in addition to these advantages resulting from the use of medical robots, some errors or harm may occur to the patient during surgical procedures. Therefore, it is necessary to determine who is responsible for these errors and harms according to the rules of civil and criminal liability, this section will identify the avenues for compensation, outline the methods for imposing penalties for errors, and present the position of emerging legal opinions in this field, discussing their validity in establishing the robot's legal liability.

Without a doubt, the environment is the surrounding in which humans live. It consists of three highly important elements that have a major impact on human life. However, this environment, due to various human activities, has been exposed to pollution as many contaminants have mixed with its elements. This has significantly contributed to threatening human health and, consequently, human life. the right to health is one of the fundamental human rights, closely tied to a person, as it relates to physical, mental, and psychological well-being. Without it, life would not be safe but rather constantly at risk. Undoubtedly, many national and international legal rules have addressed the right to health. National constitutions, as well as rules of private and public law, have recognized it. International agreements, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and the two International Covenants of 1966—the first on Civil and Political Rights and the second on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights—have also emphasized the importance of this right.
However, the right to health has been violated due to damage inflicted on the natural environment and its three elements. These violations are not limited to the national level but extend internationally as well. Among the most prominent of these violations is environmental pollution affecting natural elements such as water, air, and soil. Consequently, these violations have negatively impacted human health and life. Additionally, climate change has contributed to affecting human health and threatening lives, particularly with the spread of global warming as a result of greenhouse gas emissions.

the world is facing unprecedented challenges today, including climate change, epidemics, infectious diseases, cross-border health crises and an increase in the frequency of conflicts resulting from the scarcity of Environmental Resources, which requires the search for fast and effective mechanisms that go beyond traditional means to meet these challenges, and perhaps artificial intelligence based on the analysis and assessment of challenges from accurate and fast algorithms with clear results that enable them to exceed the usual means, in addition, the proposals presented have proven their importance in reducing environmental impact, protecting biodiversity, predicting disasters and health crises, working to sustain peace and promote Greenpeace through fair and sustainable management of resources Perhaps the responsible and fair use of artificial intelligence will contribute to the formation of a driving force towards a more sustainable and peaceful future.

The subject of this research falls within the scope of civil law, specifically in the common ground between traditional and modern jurisprudential theories and contemporary technological developments. The research examines the legal status of artificial intelligence systems as newly developed technological entities characterized by autonomy, the ability to learn, and decision-making without direct human intervention. The primary focus of this topic is the concept of legal personality as a regulatory tool. The research discusses the extent to which the current legal system can develop the concept of personality beyond the natural person (human) and the legal person (companies) to include artificial intelligence systems. This research concerns the eligibility of intelligent systems to acquire legal personality, which means that these systems are capable of acquiring rights and bearing obligations, and that they can have a financial liability independent of their manufacturers and owners, and the consequent implications related to the possibility of holding them directly accountable for damages they cause to others.

This study examines the quality of legislative drafting governing corporate liability for the protection of occupational health and safety and its impact on the stability of commercial transactions. It analyzes the conceptual and normative framework of legislative drafting and identifies the legislative obstacles inherent in the applicable laws of Iraq and Egypt, while undertaking a comparative assessment of the European Union’s legislative approach. The study is based on the premise that deficiencies in legislative drafting—such as ambiguity, overly general provisions, normative inconsistency, and limited practical applicability—lead to divergent judicial interpretations, weaken the legal protection afforded to workers, and increase commercial disputes.
The research adopts an analytical and comparative methodology, relying on the examination of legal texts, judicial decisions, and relevant Arab and foreign legal scholarship. It concludes that Iraqi and Egyptian legislation continues to suffer from shortcomings in clearly defining corporate obligations and enforcement mechanisms, in contrast to European legislation, which is characterized by precision, coherence, and regulatory flexibility. The study recommends enhancing legislative drafting by clearly defining legal obligations, ensuring coherence among related laws, and addressing legislative gaps, thereby strengthening effective protection of occupational health and safety and promoting legal certainty and stability in commercial transactions.

In recent decades, the healthcare sector has witnessed tremendous technological advancements that have fundamentally altered the nature of the patient-physician relationship and directly impacted patients' rights and the liability of healthcare providers. This research aims to explore the effect of technological development on essential patient rights, such as the right to privacy, informed consent, and the confidentiality of medical information. It also examines whether contemporary legislation is sufficient to address these changes. The study further analyzes the concept of medical civil liability in light of the growing use of smart devices, artificial intelligence, and electronic health records. It investigates the legal challenges arising from technical errors or cybersecurity breaches. Using a comparative analytical approach, the research reviews selected Arab and international legal systems and relevant judicial precedents to assess the effectiveness of current legal frameworks in protecting patient rights and defining liability in cases of malpractice. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at enhancing legislative frameworks to align with the new technological landscape. It proposes legal safeguards and regulatory mechanisms to ensure a balanced relationship between technological advancement and human rights in healthcare.

In light of the health and physical conditions experienced by persons with disabilities, and the urgent need of this segment of society—whose numbers have increased due to the circumstances and situations the country has undergone—it has become essential to provide them with support in all fields and enable them to exercise all the rights guaranteed by the Constitution, particularly the right to litigation, which represents the true safeguard for such rights and freedoms. From this perspective, the judiciary plays a crucial role in supporting the physical safety of persons with disabilities, who suffer from total or partial impairments due to physical, mental, or sensory disabilities. These impairments have hindered their ability to effectively exercise their right to litigation. Although the legislator has obligated the Judicial Council and the Ministry of Justice to provide support for this group, such support remains modest and does not meet the required level for proper integration and rehabilitation. This necessitates concerted efforts to enhance judicial support, foremost among them governmental support through allocating a dedicated budget, providing specialized personnel, and adopting technologies that meet the needs of all types of disabilities. Additionally, this includes establishing mobile judicial units, implementing automation and electronic litigation systems, creating specialized courts for cases involving persons with disabilities, and granting legal aid by ensuring their inclusion. Accordingly, this study presents several findings and offers a number of recommendations.