Journal of Juridical and Political Science

Wars, conflicts and armed conflicts have for ages posed a direct threat to human security, which has prolonged all aspects of life and has become a challenge to both environmental and food security. The concept of human security encompasses the protection of individuals from all threats to their security, whether they constitute conditions of poverty, economic deprivation or protection from war and armed conflict.
With technological development, the arms industry has become more deadly, although international laws prohibit the use of certain weapons, as international humanitarian law (the law of war) and the four Geneva Conventions provide for the protection of civilians and the non-targeting of hospitals and medical staff...
In return to reality, Israel's barbaric war on Gaza, which has broken up all sizes of life by bombing all prohibited places of hospitals, ambulances, medical crews, journalists, relief trucks, cutting off water and electricity supplies, as well as using internationally prohibited weapons, in the face of international and international paralysis in the application of the law of war, deterring such crimes and halting genocide in Gaza.
Israel's violations have prolonged all aspects of human rights by shelling areas declared safe, resulting in catastrophic effects from a shortage of food that has turned into a humanitarian famine, resulting in the loss of many children's lives, as well as shelters, overcrowded tents and tragic health conditions with the flow of wastewater leading to epidemics and diseases.
The events of October 7, 2023 and the aftermath marked a dramatic shift on human security in Gaza, moving from genocide to humanitarian famine.
Given the bitter reality of Palestinians in Israeli-occupied territory, the fundamental problem remains: how can human security and the protection of civilians be guaranteed under the disruption and freezing of the law of war? Who is to apply international humanitarian law under the international protection of the aggressor and is discretionary in the protection of civilians and their repercussions?

cultural globalization has become a real threat to intellectual security because of its significant threats to values, customs, language and culture, until today it represents the new form of Western domination, because it threatens the essence of cultures and local peculiarities In the light of the research problem, the following questions arise: What is cultural globalization What are its value implications What are its tools and technical means to deliver these contents And how does the political community use its capabilities to confront them The research is based on the hypothesis that further attempts to impose a one-dimensional cosmic culture, It will lead to a very significant threat to the intellectual security of our societies. Therefore, the urgent need requires political and social institutions to address their function and responsibilities in the face of this threat in order to preserve the national personality and cultural specificity.

Human security represents a basic human value and a prerequisite for a person to live in dignity and stability, and as it has become one of the important and widely used concepts by virtue of its direct connection with the human being, the human being is its primary axis, by addressing all the risks that threaten human life, represented by threats to the surrounding internal and external environment, as they are obstacles that represent a major violation. For human security, political instability and the widespread phenomenon of wars and civil conflicts constitute a real threat to the state in general and to the security of individuals in particular In particular, the undermining of the state’s political and civil institutions, the weakness of the development movement, the spread of corruption, and the prevention of the flow of foreign investments, in addition to the fact that most of the resources of these countries are spent on the military side instead of allocating their budget funds to development, and this therefore has a direct impact on human security.
As the complex structure of sub-Saharan African countries played a prominent role in deepening civil conflicts, the charismatic leaders were concerned with deepening the connection of the masses with their people in a way that ensures survival in power without concern for deepening the loyalty of the masses to the state. This situation led to raising many problems and erupting internal conflict, and from here it is evident. The importance of managing and containing civil conflicts to avoid fighting and conflicts, to spread a culture of tolerance, to consolidate social relations, and to encourage a culture of participation and tolerance that will spare future generations their repercussions affecting human security.

Parliament Leads; As one of the main components of the political system, a crucial role in achieving humanitarian security. Parliament and parliamentarians are the best who understands the political and social context that they are working in shadow, and they are better than who can determine what can be done and what should be done to enable Parliament to play an effective role in achieving the dimensions of humanitarian security. Of course, the role of Parliament in achieving humanitarian security differs from one country to another, and this depends on the effectiveness of the parliamentary institution and its ability to monitor and hold the executive authority.

The Kurdistan society faces; Like any other society, human security challenges. As an important institution, the Kurdistan Parliament is an important institution, a president to address these challenges, whether by legislation or through the control of the executive. The main purpose of this study is to highlight the role of the Kurdistan Region Parliament if it is able to play its role in addressing the challenges of human security or not? This is through the legislative and oversight task. This research seeks to answer this question by distributing the questionnaire form to the sample of members of the Kurdistan Parliament in the two sessions (fourth and fifth).

Economic development involves the creation of wealth that yields societal benefits, including improved living standards, enhanced prosperity, and peace. It entails investment and intervention in natural economic growth to make it more attractive and accessible. It is a coordinated effort by governing bodies to direct private sector investments toward opportunities for sustainable economic growth, providing adequate income, profitable business opportunities, and tax revenues to maintain infrastructure. Economic development is not only community development but also a process to improve the living environment and generate wealth that offers societal benefits. This study focuses on sustainable economic development in the UAE and its role in enhancing human security. Utilizing both analytical and descriptive methods, the study highlights the importance of economic development and its role in bolstering human security, concluding that it is essential for achieving advanced, secure, and developed economic communities

Our study is considered one of the most important studies that addressed the importance of an issue in society, which is the impact of wars on the reality of families, As we know, the Arab and Islamic state has gone through a series of wars since the death of the Prophet of the Nation, Muhammad bin Abdullah (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), through the Rashidun and Umayyad eras, And the Abbasid...the First and Second World War, through to the wars that took place in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries...etc. until the present day; As the Arab and Islamic world was subjected to many occupations and the resulting destruction of the country’s infrastructure and its impact on the reality of families. Through this, we decided to shed light on the effects that wars and international conflicts leave on various aspects, whether their effects are on the economic, social, health, educational, religious, and even aspects. Psychologically, and the serious effects that wars have on the family, especially since we know that the family is the nucleus of society and is the safety valve. Wars often produce destruction in the infrastructure of a country and bring with it ideas and projects that are hostile to that country. Consequently, society will be exposed to an actual crisis that threatens the security and stability of families, which It results in the disintegration of the family unit, especially in Islamic societies, and creates a state of dissolution and complete chaos, thus negatively affecting the family aspect.

This study addressed the role of youth participation in alleviating human security crises in Iraq. The study began with an introduction explaining the role of youth in alleviating these crises and its importance. It explained the problem on which the study was based and the hypothesis from which it was based. Then, it explained the importance of the study and its objectives. The study was divided into three axes. Discuss the axis. The first is the concept of societal peace and human security, the characteristics and components that characterize societal peace and human security, and the role of both affiliation and the prevailing political culture in influencing it, whether negatively or positively. The second axis discussed the human security crises in Iraq, the most prominent of which are the displacement and migration crises and their negative effects. The third axis discussed the role of youth in alleviating the crises of displacement and migration, represented by many youth initiatives in providing support and aid to the displaced in various governorates of Iraq, then The conclusion came to provide condensed conclusions for this study.

The conflict between Israel and the Gaza Strip dates back decades, but tensions have escalated in recent periods, especially since October 2023, when a new wave of conflicts and attacks occurred in Gaza, as Israel launched a war on the Gaza Strip after escalating tensions between the two sides, and the war is still ongoing, as it witnessed heavy shelling by Israeli forces and armed reactions by the Palestinian resistance.
The war has caused massive destruction in Gaza, with schools, hospitals and homes damaged, displacing thousands of Gazans. The number of casualties has also risen significantly, with dozens of civilian casualties, including women and children, and the humanitarian situation in Gaza has been greatly affected by this war, as the living conditions of the population have deteriorated, poverty and hunger have increased, and the level of education and health has increased in light of the continued bombardment.
In addition, the infrastructure and water and sanitation systems in Gaza have been significantly affected, which led to the spread of diseases and epidemics doubly, as humanitarian communities demand the need to end these wars and find peaceful solutions to end the conflicts in the region, and these ongoing wars lead to the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in Gaza, where its population suffers from a shortage of food, relief and basic services, and this escalation of tensions has affected the stability of the region in general.

Illegal immigration means the entry of people into the territories of other countries illegally by forging through places not designated for crossing ,whether by land or sea ,Hence ,it is called illegal immigration because it violates the laws that countries establish regarding crossing borders ,This type of migration result from many reasons that countries exporting illegal immigration suffer from, such as political reasons represented by the instability of regimes, security reasons represented by wars and conflicts, deteriorating economic reasons represented by the instability of regimes, security reasons represented by wars and spread of diseases and epidemics, or environmental reasons such as those related to the occurrence of Floods, earthquakes, and other reasons, which prompt people to immigrate to get rid of the situations and circumstances they suffer from in their country and in search of job opportunities or in search of a security , Among the countries that are witnessing an increase in the number of illegal immigrants are the European countries stability because they are characterized by the stability of their systems ,the provision of security , and the character of their people, It enjoys prosperity, and many immigrants turn to it, Therefore, illegal immigration has many effects that negatively affect the countries receiving illegal immigrants and on various political , security, and economic levels, social and health.

The issue of human security in Sudan, the reality and challenges, is one of the topics that has not been properly highlighted. Therefore, this study came to explain the nature of human security in Sudan. It began with the reality of human security and traced its stages over various historical eras from the independence of Sudan in 1956 until the year 2024, in addition to The internal challenges revolved around the lack of basic needs, continued inflation, and high prices of basic commodities, which in turn affected the ability of the Sudanese government to provide services to citizens, in addition to the environmental challenges that are still ongoing, such as drought, desertification, and food insecurity, in addition to the lack of interest in plant and animal wealth and the country’s exposure. Floods and torrents from time to time, in addition to the high rates of spread of diseases, especially AIDS in Blue Nile State, in addition to the security challenges that included the continuation of armed conflicts, especially in Darfur, Khartoum and Blue Nile. As for external challenges, it focused on the politicization of humanitarian aid through the establishment of many From international organizations to take sides in the conflict, in addition to that, illegal immigration and its repercussions on societal and human security, in addition to the mediations of countries and organizations that were not serious in resolving the conflict, and finally the external interventions of regional and international powers, especially the United States, China and Russia, which contributed to the exacerbation of Crises and the continuing phenomenon of political instability and military coups in the country

Wars and conflicts are considered one of the oldest phenomena known to human societies, and this phenomenon was initially embodied at the level of individual conflicts when they rose to the level of clashes and were primitive in their means and tools. Just as the phenomenon of war began with the family, then the tribe and clan, and ended with the state, since The phenomenon of wars in their traditional form takes a destructive form after they develop to their maximum dimensions, and their occurrence is a conflict of interests and goals of the parties, and it is the final means after other means fail to resolve the conflict or dispute, and wars or conflicts express the conceptual and value contradiction in the component of ideologies, interests and goals between parties that are difficult to achieve. Compatibility among themselves, and that war is linked to human society and expresses its intellectual value and its economic, philosophical and social beliefs when they conflict with those of other parties. At the same time, it expresses the political will of decision-makers through their view of the means by which the goals and interests of their countries are achieved.

The end of the Cold War witnessed a shift in the nature of the sources of threat, which were not limited to the military threat or aggression from another party, including the emergence of electronic, economic, and environmental globalization, such as poverty, famine, and diseases, in addition to civil wars, terrorism, organized crime, drug trafficking, and the spread of weapons. The nature of wars also changed and no longer existed. Wars or conflicts between countries, most of which have become internal conflicts involving individuals or groups that work to weaken states from within in all aspects, which is why they are difficult to control and which makes the traditional perspective of security incapable of confronting them, which has led to a reconsideration of the concept of human security.

There has been a growing interest in human security in contemporary societies because of the multiple charges related to all aspects of life, especially legal, material and spiritual .But this does not mean that there was no interest in human security in ancient civilizations. The police and security forces were part of social structure since ancient times however what is noticeable nowadays is that the role of security is enforced by law and decisive actions. In addition, the security becomes a big concern in contemporary societies.

Since the outbreak of the Syrian crisis in 2011, the country has witnessed major transformations that have directly affected human security. The conflict within Syrian territory has caused one of the largest humanitarian crises in the twenty-first century, leading to severe suffering for civilians and a significant deterioration in humanitarian conditions. Hence the This study is to demonstrate the reality and challenges of human security in Syria, foremost of which are the security challenges that centered on the difficulty of reaching the affected areas and delivering aid to them, in addition to the great risks of providing shelter for civilians and protecting them from the danger of war, terrorist groups, and human rights violations, in addition to the economic challenges that ranged Between the spread of poverty and unemployment and the collapse of the value of the local currency, in addition to the sharp rise in the price level that created crises in the field of food security, in addition to the environmental and social challenges that included the spread of epidemics, diseases, rape crimes, and societal division on religious and even tribal lines.

Climate change is one of the non-traditional sources that represent a real threat to the national security of countries as well as a threat to international peace and security, in addition to traditional sources such as wars between countries, armed conflicts, civil wars within countries, terrorism, and the spread of nuclear weapons. The victims of climate change have become greater than the victims of wars and conflicts, as they It threatens all countries and peoples, unlike conflicts that only threaten the countries in which they break out, and climate change can be considered a threat to national security. The climate issue is one of the most important issues of concern The world recently, and the importance of this issue stems from the fact that climate change is one of the most important challenges affecting the future of the Earth, and thus human security has become difficult to achieve in light of the changes the climate is witnessing and the rise in the percentage of carbon dioxide, which in turn leads to many Of the diseases that affect humans, such as cardiovascular diseases and many psychological diseases, but we cannot deny that the cause is The main thing in the existence of this phenomenon is man as well, as what he does in terms of human activities that are harmful to the environment, the use of non-renewable energy, cutting down forest trees, and replacing cultivated areas with land for construction. All of these actions, over a long-term period of time, have been the reason for the emergence of this issue at the present time, to degrees. The heat is still there It will rise significantly, and this will cause many problems and disasters, such as floods, sea level rise, and severe heat waves, as it is possible that in light of this change, entire cities will disappear, and here lies the seriousness of this issue, as it leads to the loss of biodiversity. Keywords: climate change - human security.

Illegal immigration is one of the most prominent issues that has occupied an important position at the political and social level, and this status began to increase in the last quarter of the twentieth century, as several circumstances were formed that helped to form it. Therefore, illegal immigration is when an individual moves across borders illegally and returns. This is due to a number of reasons, including political, social, religious and economic reasons, in addition to the widespread state of poverty in the country and war. Illegal immigration has an impact on human security, which is represented by:

First: Pressure on the resources and services of the receiving country. Illegal immigration can lead to pressure on social, health and educational resources, which leads to deterioration and poor services in relation to the receiving country.

Second: The social and cultural tension of the receiving country: Illegal immigration leads to the escalation of racism and discrimination against immigrants due to the social and cultural tensions of the receiving country.

Third: The security threat: Illegal immigration poses a threat to human security to the receiving country by putting pressure on economic and social resources, and this in turn leads to the spread of the phenomenon of crime.

Therefore, dealing with these challenges requires following a set of measures, which are that the receiving country must take comprehensive measures, which include combating human trafficking, working to enhance international cooperation and providing humanitarian aid to migrants, as well as working to enhance employment and development opportunities in the country of origin in order to Reducing the pressures that pu.

Syria, which was one of the most stable and influential countries in the Middle East until the end of 2010, has become one of the weakest and most unstable countries in the region, and one of the hotbeds of international conflict since the beginning of 2011, due to the intervention of active parties at different levels (local, regional and international). The different perceptions, conflicting interests and rigid positions between these parties have led to a deep and complex conflict that has cast its shadow on Syrian human security at all levels, resulting in dire consequences that have been negatively reflected on the citizen, so that his reality has become a shortage of all the requirements of daily life and the services necessary to continue living like the rest of his gender in the rest of the countries of the world, at least the third world countries, not the developed ones.

Human insecurity has acquired global dimensions, as human security has become linked to the fact of recognizing the importance of human security, social, health and other needs and the needs of states, and reducing the risks facing it. Human security faces many challenges that states and international organizations seek to overcome these challenges and find appropriate solutions to them. The most important are These challenges are armed conflicts that kill people, A vivid picture of the violations of human security is the bombing, destruction, displacement, and blocking of roads imposed on the Palestinian people by Israel, which led to food and health aid and other foreign aid, which prompted the State of South Africa to file a lawsuit in the International Court of Justice against Israel on charges of committing crimes against humanity and genocide. As a result, the court took a set of preventive measures against the Israeli aggression on Gaza, the most important of which is preventing and punishing direct incitement to genocide. Despite Israel’s appearance before the court as the accused and the issuance of measures against it, the court ignored the direct charge in the call, which is that Israel committed (crimes against humanity and genocide) Israel has also not adhered to the procedures of the International Court of Justice and is still committing massacres against Palestinian civilians, which has prompted some countries to threaten to join South Africa in its call against Israel, such as Ireland.