Hammurabi Journal of Medical Sciences

Type 1 diabetes is caused by the immune system attacking and destroying pancreatic cells, leading to a complete lack of insulin throughout the rest of a person's life. For about 100 years, insulin replacement has been the primary treatment for the majority of people with this condition. Advancements in technology and our knowledge of β cell growth, glucose metabolism, and the immunological pathophysiology of the illness have resulted in the creation of new and effective treatment and preventative strategies. Immunotherapy has undergone a significant transformation, leading to the development of medicines that specifically target immunological mechanisms related to tolerance in the islets. These medicines have the potential to prevent or reverse this disease without the adverse consequences associated with prior techniques that compromised the overall immune system. Cell-based therapies provide potential alternatives to the lifetime administration of insulin in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Distinct cellular populations are essential in mitigating detrimental immune responses that erroneously embark on an assault on the body's own tissues, paving the way for peripheral tolerance to be established. Natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a part of these categories, also in-vitro created Treg cells, and type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) tissues that secrete IL-10. This review specifically examines the roles of regulatory T cells and type 1 regulatory T cells in the field of immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes.

Background: breast cancer is defined as the uncontrollable development of breast cells, second highest cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Objective: estimate the activity of (SOD), levels of liver function (ALP, GOT and GPT), prolactin and the level of magnesium in the blood of women breast cancer with compared with control women. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 90 women (60 patients and 30 controls). Patients were referred to the Oncology Teaching Hospital/Medical City, during the period from 2023 to 2024. Results: significantly decrease (P<0.01) in the level of (SOD)the level of prolactin hormone at p-value (P<0.05) activity in BC patients comparison with healthy women, and significant elevation in the level of : (ALP) and (GPT)at (P<0.01) in BC patients comparison with control group while the levels of magnesium and(GOT) were appeared at the normal range P>0.05. Conclusion: The results showed a decrease in the level of SOD due to oxidative stress and negative changes in prolactin in breast cancer patients compared to the control group, with increased levels of GPT and ALP, which may indicate the presence of a malignant tumor. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the levels of magnesium and GOT between patients and healthy individuals. This study is considered a vital indicator and a tool for diagnosing and detecting disease.