Sawa Medical Journal

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one of the fastest developing disciplines in modern medicine and
also one of the life-saving procedures for many emergencies. It is indicated in suffocation, near-drowning,
electrocution injury, myocardial infarction and any other time when breathing or circulation ceases. The
purpose of this study was to evaluate knowledge and attitude toward cardiopulmonary resuscitation in
primary school teachers, as well as to determine the association between their knowledge, attitudes and
some demographic factors. The findings showed that 54% of teachers had a moderate level of CPR
knowledge. There were statistically significant associations between the level of knowledge and some
socio-demographic characteristics, especially sex, and years of service. Moreover, the majority of
teachers had negative attitudes towards CPR and a significant correlation was found between attitudes and
place of residence. The research found that teachers had moderate knowledge but negative attitudes of
cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It is advisable that school health service should be enhanced with the
support of school nursing programs as those in developed countries, provision of a qualified full time or
part-time school nurse in all schools and development of regular teacher education program related to
CPR and BLS training.

Background: The public health implications of burn injuries are substantial, and conventional burn
treatments can result in prolonged healing time and negative side effects. Recently, there has been
increased interest in using natural products and their active ingredients for use as alternative therapies for
wound care. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the use of a new topical ointment
composed of sesame oil and garlic extracts for treating second-degree burn injuries. Objective: The
effects of sesame/garlic ointment extract on wound healing will be tested by measuring the area of the
wound, the time required for the epithelial layer to heal, and the effects of the ointment on the appearance
of histopathological changes in the tissue of the rabbits.
Methods: A total of fifty New Zealand rabbits were randomly separated into two groups (n=25) as
follows: Group A (the control group; received standard petroleum jelly) and Group B (the treatment group;
received sesame and garlic ointment). Second-degree burn injuries were inflicted to the dorsum (back) of
each rabbit. The sesame and garlic ointment was created using cold-pressed sesame oil containing sesamol
and an alcoholic garlic extract (15% concentration containing allicin) blended with a base of petroleum
jelly. The ointment was applied to the wounds in both groups twice daily for 14 days, and measurements
of the area of each wound were recorded on days 0, 7, and 14. Tissue was also collected from the rabbits
on days 7 and 14 for histopathological evaluations.
Results: In the current study, the treatment of second-degree burns with sesame and garlic ointment
showed that treatment with ointment was statistically better at healing second-degree burns compared to
the control group. On day 7, the treated group exhibited good levels of angiogenesis (the production of
new blood vessels), abundant amounts of thickly deposited collagen fibers, and an infiltration of
macrophages into the wound site. By day 14, there were signs of nearly complete epithelialization of the
wound in the treated group, and there were continued signs of both good levels of angiogenesis and an
increase in the number of fibroblasts. On the other hand, the delayed healing response, combined with the
incomplete epithelialization, disorganized arrangement of collagen fibers, and large amounts of
inflammatory infiltrates on the 14th day, was observed in the control group.
Conclusion: The application of the sesame and garlic ointment extract produced marked wound healing
effects. In summary, the sesame and garlic ointment extract promotes faster epithelialization, improved
angiogenesis, and enhanced tissue remodeling. Additionally, these findings suggest that this product may
provide an effective natural therapy for the management of burn wounds, and that further clinical studies
should be conducted to confirm these observations.

Twenty birds were used to conduct the current study, aged 1-2 years, the Jejunum samples were collection
from September 2024 to February 2025, the birds collected at Al-Samawa abattoir and the study was
conducted in department of anatomy, histology in college of veterinary medicine university of Al
Muthanna.
The Jejunum wall consists from the four common known layers of a tube organ: tunica mucosa, tunica
submucosa, muscularis Externia and tunica serosa and adventitia.
Histochemical by applying three stains: PAS, AB(PH-2.5) PAS-AB [pH 1] stain. These staining
techniques were conducted to view the presence or absence of neutral mucins, acidic mucins and neutral
mucins with acidic mucins respectively. Both two types of cells of villi, which were the simple columnar
cells that reacted negatively with PAS technique and the goblet cells which reacted strongly with this
technique.
By using the alcian-Blue(PH-2.5) stain the goblet cells were revealed the strong reaction in both villi and
the crypt of lieberkühn . These reactions of AB stain indicate presence of acidic mucins in the villi and
crypts.
On using the combined PAS-AB (PH-1) for staining the tissues of Jejunum wall in guinea fowl, the
columnar epithelial cells reacted negatively, whereas the goblet cells reacted moderate with this stain,
indicating the presence of neutral and acidic muccopolysaccharide, the connective tissue of both lamina
propria, submucosa and serosa sustain negative reaction. The smooth muscle fibers of muscularis mucosa
and tunica muscularis afforded negative reaction with the PAS stain, AB and PAS + AB.

Seasonality is a major determinant of reproductive efficiency in mares and can complicate breeding
management during transitional periods. This study characterized seasonal reproductive patterns, estrus
behavior, and ovarian dynamics in Arabian mares maintained under natural photoperiod in Baghdad, Iraq.
Ten clinically healthy mares (5-15 years; 9 ± 3 years) were monitored for 12 months. Estrus was detected
by daily teasing and recorded using a standardized semi‑quantitative scoring system. Rectal examination
and transrectal ultrasonography (7.5 MHz) were performed at 15‑day intervals (10‑day intervals in
irregular/prolonged estrus) to evaluate ovarian activity and confirm ovulation. Mares were classified as
true polyestrus (Group A, n=6) or seasonal polyestrus (Group B, n=4) according to winter ovarian activity.
Group B mares exhibited spring transition (March-May), a summer breeding season (June-August),
autumn transition (September-November), and deep winter anestrus (December-February). Estrus
intensity varied among individuals but generally escalated to peak receptivity (+++). Preovulatory follicles
typically reached approximately 3-4 cm, and ovulation occurred 24-48 hr before the end of the follicular
phase (estrus). Ovulation occurred slightly more frequently from the left ovary (53.6%) than the right
(46.4%). These benchmarks provide practical field indicators for reproductive management of Arabian
mares under Iraqi conditions.

The purpose of this study was project effects capoten on weight human embryo with histological
of heart embryos for 60 days with anatomical effects on stomach embryo rats . The 30 rats were divided
into two groups (control and two treated groups), and animals were treated as follow: 1- Control group
(n=20).2-Treatment group (n=10) treated every day with capoten for 50 days. At 60 days animals
sacrificed next taken organs (kidney) for histopathological study. Results :present study showed that
treatment with capoten cause a significant decrease in body weight of embryos .

Breast tumor remains the most widespread and lethal malignancy affecting women worldwide.
Approximately two-thirds of cases are classified as hormone receptor-positive, characterized by the
expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors, and are closely regulated by estrogen signaling
pathways. The primary therapeutic approach for these tumors involves antiestrogen agents; however,
resistance to such treatments inevitably develops due to various molecular mechanisms. These include
aberrant activation of the PI3K signaling cascade, mutations in the ESR1 gene, functional alterations of
estrogen receptors, and disruptions in cell cycle regulation. In response to these challenges, novel
therapeutic strategies have emerged, such as selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) and
combination regimens incorporating cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors or PI3K pathway
inhibitors. A comprehensive understanding of estrogen receptor biology is therefore essential for
optimizing treatment outcomes and guiding the development of next-generation therapies. This study
highlights current advances in the molecular mechanisms, signaling dynamics, and clinical implications
of estrogen receptor activity in hormone-dependent breast cancer.

Background: The pineal gland is an essential neuroendocrine organ that secretes melatonin and regulates
biological rhythms. This gland’s structure deteriorates with age and is frequently connected to hormonal
and nutritional deficits. The purpose of this study was to assess the age-related histological alterations in
male rats’ pineal glands and investigate their relationship to melatonin levels, blood vitamin D3, and the
expression of vitamin D receptors (VDR).
Methods and Procedures: Three age groups of thirty-six male Wistar rats were created: Group I (young,
three months), Group II (middle-aged, nine months), and Group III (old, eighteen months). Hematoxylin
and Eosin (H&E) and Masson’s Trichrome stains were used for the histological analysis. Serum
25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)₂D3, and melatonin were evaluated using biochemical methods, and semi
quantitative immunohistochemistry (H-score) was used to measure VDR expression.
Results: Significant progressive shrinkage of the pineal gland, as indicated by a decline in nuclear
diameter, pinealocyte count, and gland volume, was linked to aging (p < 0.01). Histological results showed
widespread calcification (corpora arenacea) and a significant rise in interstitial fibrosis (from 8% in Group
I to 42% in Group III). According to biochemical findings, aged rats’ serum melatonin and vitamin D3
levels significantly decreased (p < 0.01). Additionally, the H-score decreased from 142.4 in young rats to
55.2 in the oldest group, indicating a significant decline in VDR immunoreactivity with age. Vitamin D3
levels and pineal structural integrity and VDR expression were found to be strongly positively correlated
by Pearson correlation analysis (r = 0.889).

A total of 230 samples were collected from various modes of transportation (private and public cars and
trains), two isolates of the fungus Epicoccum nigrum and two isolates of the fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana
were obtained. These isolates were identified based on the morphological characteristics of the fungal
culture as well as microscopic characteristics, and their diagnosis was confirmed molecularly based on the
18SrRNA gene using PCR technology. Some virulence factors (protease enzyme, lipase enzyme, and
biofilm) were investigated in two isolates of the fungus Epicoccum nigrum and two isolates of the fungus
Bipolaris sorokiniana, The results of the phenotypic detection of the protease enzyme showed that all
isolates gave a positive result, i.e., they showed their ability to secrete this enzyme. The gene responsible
for the secretion of this enzyme was detected molecularly, and the phenotypic detection of lipase secretion
was positive in all isolates studied. that all these isolates contained the lipase secretion gene through
molecular detection. The results were negative in the morphological detection of biofilm formation in all
isolates. I conducted a sensitivity test on the Epicoccum nigrum and Bipolaris sorokiniana fungal isolates,
both morphologically and molecularly, for a number of antifungal agents, namely fluconazole, nystatin,
and amphotericin-B. None of the Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates showed resistance to any of these
antifungals, while one of the Epicoccum nigrum isolates showed resistance to the antifungals Nystatin and
Amphotericin-B, and the second isolate of this fungus showed resistance to Fluconazole. The results of
molecular detection of the fluconazole resistance gene showed that one of my Epicoccum nigrum isolates
contained this gene, while molecular detection confirmed that neither of my Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates
contained the gene under investigation.

Objective: The study was designed to determine the infection rate of Toxoplasma gondii in the human
and histopathological changes of infected placenta in weman. A total of 50 placenta samples were
collected from clinically aborted weman from different region of Dewania city for the histological
detection of T. gondii infection. Placental samples were collected from women who had miscarriages at
the Diwaniyah Maternity Hospital during June, July, and August 2025. Histological sections were taken
from the placental tissue to identify pathological changes. Several pathological conditions were observed
in the tissue, including necrosis and vascular congestion, compared to healthy tissue (control group).

This systematic review seeks to compile the available knowledge of Toxoplasma gondii pathogenesis,
recent diagnostic advances and therapeutic challenges in an effort to provide evidence to clinicians and
researchers for their control and prevention of toxoplasmosis. A comprehensive search of the literature
was performed in major electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, for articles
published from 2010 to 2024. The review emphasized systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical
trials relating to the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic issues in toxoplasmosis. Worldwide toxoplasmosis
remains a great challenge to public health and this is reflected in the evolution of diagnostic techniques
from traditional serological assays to modern, highly sensitive molecular assays, in particular PCR and
IgG avidity assays which are particularly important in the management of infection in pregnancy.
However, a major treatment gap exists whereby current anti-Toxoplasma drugs effectively eradicate the
acute tachyzoite stages but do not eliminate the endemic, latent bradyzoite cysts, resulting in lifelong
infection and reactivation of disease in immunosuppressed hosts. There have been improvements in
diagnosis, but there is an urgent need for new drugs to kill every stage of the organism and for a vaccine
for humans. Public awareness campaigns and routine screening, especially in pregnant women, will
decrease the toll taken each year around the world by this parasite.

Background:
Managing postprandial hyperglycemia is an important target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
(t2dm). One strategy is to reduce the activity of enzymes responsible for carbohydrate digestion, such as
α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In recent years, natural polyphenols like catechin and epicatechin have been
studied for their potential metabolic effects. Experimental data suggest potential impacts on glucose
metabolism and insulin sensitivity; however, evidence from integrated human models is limited and needs
further clarification.
Objective:
this study examined the effects of catechin and epicatechin supplementation on digestive enzyme activity
and glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes, using response surface methodology to analyze
metabolic interactions.
Methods:
in a central composite design study, 192 participants (diabetic and healthy) received 200 mg/day of
catechins (100 mg catechin and 100 mg epicatechin twice daily) for 45 days. Fasting serum samples were
analyzed for α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and β-glucosidase activities, as well as glucose and insulin levels.
Serum underwent dialysis and sequential molecular weight filtration before rp-hplc separation on a c18
column. Enzyme activity was determined spectrophotometrically, and insulin concentrations by elisa. A
desirability function, based on the geometric mean of individual outcomes, summarized the overall
metabolic response. Anova and goodness-of-fit indicators assessed model performance.

Background: Tri-malleolar injuries are complicated injuries, which entail a combination of medial, lateral
(fibular), and posterior malleoli injury. In their treatment, they need operative fixation to provide the
restoration of congruity within the articular structures and help to prevent post-traumatic osteoarthritis.
Posterior malleolus The posteromedial approach to the distal tibia exposes the posterior malleolus directly
with minimum disruption of adjacent soft-tissue.
Objective: The aim was to compare the clinical and functional outcome of tri-malleolar fracture treated
surgically through posteromedial approach to the distal tibia.
Methods: A retrospective study was carried out with 17 patients who have been operated with the fixation
during the period of January 2022 to December 2024. Some of the variables that were analysed were the
length of the operation, period of follow-up, pre and post operative AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores, VAS
pain scores (rest, and ambulation), age of patient, and sex. Paired t-tests and Pearson correlation
coefficients were used with Statistical IBM SPSS v.26.
Results: the average operating time recorded was 64.1/6.8 minutes with a follow up being 12.8/2.2
months. The AOFAS scores were significantly better during the postoperative period measured at 81.43
± 4.7 compared with 38.53 during the preoperative period, which is an improvement of 42.92 with a
standard deviation of 5.3. The rest and walking VAS scores were 0.35 and 0.94 respectively. No
significant complications were noted.
Conclusion: The posteromedial method of the distal tibia is a safe, effective, and reproducible method of
treating tri-malleolar fractures that provides remarkable functional outcome and has minimal post
operative pain.

Background: Endometrial adenocarcinoma is among the most common gynecologic cancers in the world
and with rising incidence which can be attributed to obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and lifetime exposure
to unopposed estrogen. Traditional prognostic factors (histological grade and FIGO stage) are not
sufficient to describe the molecular heterogeneity of this tumor. Ki-67 is a nuclear proliferation biomarker
expressed at all active cell-cycle phases and PTEN is the most commonly inactivated tumor suppressor in
endometrioid carcinoma, whose joint evaluation could provide better prognostic stratification.
Objective: To examine the Ki-67 and PTEN immunohistochemistry in endometrial adenocarcinoma,
correlate the expression of both biomarkers with histological grade and test the statistical correlation
between the two biomarkers as composite prognostic factors.
Materials and Methods: The data was analyzed in terms of grading (by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
staining) according to WHO 2020s classification and immunohistochemistry (Ki-67 (labeling index
scored 0 to 4+, measured in 5 high-power fields) and PTEN (immunoreactive score 0 to 9: absent, low,
moderate, or high) of 50 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) endometrial adenocarc Chi-square test
and Spearman rank correlation coefficient (significance level: p < 0.05) were used to evaluate the
statistical associations.
Results: The high level of Ki-67 (>51%), moderate level (12), and low level of Ki-67 (8) were observed
in 30 cases (60%), 12 cases, and 8 cases respectively. In 25 cases (50%), PTEN was absent altogether
(25); in 15 cases (30%), it was low, in 8 cases (16%), it was moderate, and in 2 cases only (4%), it was
high. Cross-tabulation showed that complete PTEN loss was seen in 66.7% of high-Ki-67. An important
negative correlation was established between the two markers ( 2 = 17.91, 6df = 6, p = 0.0065; Spearman
0467, p = 0.0006).

The study involved surveying recorded results of H. pylori infection in Wasit Governorate and its districts
and subdistricts to identify the prevalence of this bacterium, the diseases it causes, and whether there is a
relationship with seasonal climate changes. The research also includes a statistical analysis of infection
rates over the past three years, from 2021 to 2024.The spread of H. pylori infection is closely linked to
water quality, personal and public hygiene, as well as avoiding the use of items belonging to the infected
person. Studies and research have found medicals treatment for H. pylori infection, known as triple
therapy, to eradicate this bacterium.
The aim of the study is to review the high rates of Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries,
including Iraq. This study aims to review the prevalence of H. pylori* bacteria in Wasit Governorate over
the past three years, 2021-2023. . It is one of the highly significant pathogenic bacteria in recent years, as
it can remain in water for more than 96 hours, which is enough time for the spiral bacteria to be transmitted
The environment and seasons play an important role in infections, as this type of bacteria can survive in
water and food for certain periods, influenced by heat and environmental factors.

This study presents a descriptive analysis of the distribution of tuberculosis in Wasit Governorate in 2024,
based on data collected over a full year, divided into quarterly sections. The study tracked epidemiological
changes in the disease throughout the year, laboratory diagnostic methods, reliance on traditional methods
such as microscopic examination and bacterial culture, as well as modern molecular diagnostic methods
such as GeneXpert.
Routine microscopic examination demonstrated very low sensitivity, with a positive result rate of less than
2%, and no statistically significant quarterly differences were observed. In contrast, bacterial culture
showed high detection efficiency, with a positive rate of 30.3%, and exhibited statistically significant
differences between quarters (P ≤ 0.01), peaking in quarters 3 and 4. Molecular diagnosis identified
11.29% of cases as positive, with the highest rate in quarter 3 (30%), revealing a statistically significant
variability (P = 0.0078).
The study identified one case of rifampicin resistance that emerged in the third quarter, while 92.86%
were sensitive, this discrepancy was confirmed by a p-value of (0.0495) as statistically significant.
In conclusion, the study showed that microscopic examination results have limited accuracy and
demonstrated the superiority of bacterial culture diagnosis. However, it requires more time, and this delay
is not in the patient's best interest. Furthermore, molecular diagnosis using GeneXpert offers greater
accuracy and a faster diagnostic time, making its use essential .

Injectable fillers in the current times are now a pillar in facial rejuvenation and play a key role in ensuring
the success of the treatment. Although their advantages are undeniable, the list of potential complications
(adverse effects that are instant, late, delayed, transient or irreversible) is too long and must be taken into
consideration. The distinction is made between the different filler material, these effects are attributed to
findings of the histopathology and to the existing treatment options.

Such places of leisure as the dirt found in parks and public places can be infected with the stray animals
in these gardens, which can lead to contagious stages of parasites. A great number of individuals sleep in
them and could be exposed to infection by the parasites since the parasites' infectious phases are able to
endure years or even months. regardless of the weather. This is the reason why the study was carried out
in various distinct locations of Wasit Governorate .
Simple random selection was used to collect soil samples which were used to collect a total of 35 soil
samples at different locations in Wasit and the modified flotation technique was used to process them. The
overall parasite contamination percentage of all the studied soil samples was 86 ( 30 / 35). Eight different
forms of helminthes were identified from all of the soil samples that were examined. (35 ) Toxocara and
Ascaris ova had the highest frequently occurring helminthes in 28% (20 ) of the samples followed by of
Ancylostoma in 14 percent (10 ), Trichuris in 3 percent ( 2 ),Enterobius in 6 percent (4 ), Fasciola
metacercariae in 3 percent (2 ),Diphyllobotherium in 6 percent ( 4( .The results indicate that the
communities that are at risk of zoonotic transmission are those that are at parks and other places of
community.

Different causes of significant useful and structural kidney disabilities are also called CRF. The main ones
are blood with low calcium level and high phosphorus level. It is responsible for several health problems,
including osteoporosis, atherosclerosis as well as nervous system issues. The aim of the present study was
to evaluate calcium and phosphor variability in hemodialysis patients with CKD and anticipated health
effects. Total number of samples = 100, which includes 100 patients ( clinically and biochemically
diagnosed to have renal failure and subjected to dialysis _) along with the bio- data collection of 50 adult
healthy volunteers. Regarding sex distribution, the study of our patient group included 60 males (60%)
and 40 females (40%). The study’s results showed that the mean of parathyroid hormone concentrations
was (376.166pg/ml) in 94% of the sample after dialysis session and it is demonstrated a very significant
increase in blood phosphorus levels for CKD patients compared to reference values (>4.5 mg/dL).
Approximately 80% of Patients with chronic renal failure have increased phosphorus levels versus 20
percentile fall within normal reference interval. In contrast, 60% of patients present with hypocalcemia
(<8.5 mg/dL). It is known that in prior studies a significant association between calcium and phosphor
with parathyroid hormones has been shown, there is strong positive correlation of high phosphorus level
(hyperphosphatemia) with highly increased activity of PTH in hemodialysis patients, retention of
phosphorus and lack of active vitamin D promotes the glands to secrete more hormone causing bone and
cardiovascular complications. Dietary and therapeutic control of phosphorus is essential