Al-Nisour Journal for Medical Sciences

Abstract
Thisstudyaimstoreducetheincubationperiod(commercialsterilitytest)oftomatopastecansbeforethebacteriolog
ical inspection in quality control laboratories. 62 cans of tomato paste were incubated under temperatures (mesophilic
25,37°C and thermophilic 55°C) to accelerate potential spoilage. Chemical indicators(pH, titratable acidity, and lactic
acid) and microbial indicators (Total plate count and yeast/molds) were monitored daily to identify the earliest reliable
spoilage signals. Incubation at elevated temperatures accelerated acid buildup. D+L lactic acid levels measured using
a rapid enzyme assay increased with titratable acidity, while pH decreased. Meanwhile, total platelet counts remained
at very low levels, while yeasts and molds were undetectable. Signi cant spoilage indicators appeared within 3–5 days
at 55°C compared to 7–10 days at 37°C. These results indicate that acidi cation may be detectable within 5-6 days of
incubation at 37°C. However, microbial growth was notconsistently identi ed. We recommend animprovedincubation
procedure before culture, together with quick lactic acid measurement, to provide an early warning for microbial
deterioration in tomato paste.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a progressive metabolic condition marked by hyperglycemia due to irregularities
in insulin production or activity, leading to poor carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. Dysfunctional glucose
transporter-4 (GLUT4) activity, characterized by insuf cient expression or poor redistribution to the cell membrane,
is a critical element in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This defect limits cellular glucose uptake,
leading to energy de cits and elevated blood glucose levels.
Objective: What is the clinical diagnostic potential of serum GLUT4 levels in newly identi ed type 2 diabetic people,
and howdothese levels correspond with established metabolic parameters?
Materials and methodology: A case-control study was undertaken with 140 Iraqi participants, separated into two
groups of 70: a control group and a newly diagnosed T2DM group. Serum GLUT4 and insulin levels were estimated
usingELISAassays.SampleswerecollectedfromImameinKadhimeinMedicalCityHospitalinBaghdad,Iraq,between
August 2024 to January 2025.
Results: The T2DM group had a signi cantly higher proportion of elderly participants. Most parameters measured
were signi cantly elevated except LDL (non-signi cant increase) and HDL (non-signi cant decrease). In the T2DM
group, GLUT4levels positively correlated with age, FBS, and HbA1c but demonstrated a signi cant inverse correlation
with insulin.
Conclusion: Early and accurate diabetes diagnosis is essential. GLUT4’s high sensitivity suggests it could enhance
diagnostic precision. This study highlights the potential of GLUT4 a

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between exposure to environmental pollutants, particularly
benzo[a]anthracins(BaA),andtheseverityofthein ammatoryresponseandliverdysfunctioninCOVID-19patients,us
ing a combination of statistical analysis and molecular modeling. Molecular docking studies revealed stable and robust
interactions between benzo[a]anthracins and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, suggesting that these interactions
maycontribute to increased oxidative stress and hepatocyte damage.
Thestatisticalanalysisincluded70COVID-19patients,strati edbybenzo[a]anthraceneexposure.Theresultsshowed
statistically signi cant associations between exposure to this pollutant and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, as
well as a signi cant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) showed an upward
trend, but this increase did not reach statistical signi cance. These ndings suggest that exposure to benzo[a]anthracens
may exacerbate systemic in ammation and negatively affect liver function, potentially contributing to the increased
severity of clinical symptoms of COVID-19.
The study emphasizes the public health importance of reducing exposure to environmental pollutants, particularly
among the most vulnerable population groups during health crises. It also highlights the role of bioinformatics and
computational modeling in enhancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of envi
ronmental pollutants and supporting prevention strategies and early intervention.

Diabetes is a chronic disorder that many people suffer from. This disease develops when the blood glucose level is
high. Serious side effects, such as harm to the heart, kidneys, eyes, and other organs may result from diabetes neglected
treatment. Diabetes has numerous causes, including aging, obesity, inactivity, genetics, poor food and lifestyle choices.
Early identi cation of this illness helps lessen its negative consequences. There are many traditional methods for
predicting this disease, but they are expensive. Early prediction of diabetes bene ts all those at risk by providing early
treatment. With the advancement of healthcare technology, machine learning algorithms can analyze large amounts of
data, which can help the medical sector make more accurate and timely decisions. In this paper, arti cial intelligence
algorithms were used to help medical professionals predict this disease, as these technologies can greatly help the
medical sector by predicting the possibility of diabetes with the utmost accuracy, thus saving time for both doctors
andpatients. The maingoalofthisstudyfocusedis toemploymachinelearningalgorithmstoanalyzemedicaldataand
select the best algorithm for predicting the disease by comparing the evaluation metrics of these algorithms. The Indian
diabetes dataset PIMAobtainedfromtheIrvineMachineLearning(ML)RepositoryintheUniversityofCalifornia, was
used. Thisresearchappliedfouralgorithmsincludingthedecisiontreealgorithm(C4.5),K-NearestNeighboralgorithm,
random forest algorithm, and support vector machine algorithm was used to predict diabetes. The experiment results
illustrated that the random forest algorithm did the best overall than other models in predicting disease.

Abstract
Background and Aim: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune chronic disease resulting in multi organ
damage and impairment of immune response. Complements such as C3 and C4 are considered important in disease
progression and often used for disease activity measurements. The purpose of this research is to assess the frequency of
complements de ciencies in SLE patients, and identify associations with symptoms and disease severity.
Material and Methods: This single-center, cross sectional study involved 50 SLE patients classi ed in to four groups
according to their serum C3 and C4 values. Symptoms, signs of disease severity, immunologic indicators [Erythrocyte
SedimentationRate(ESR),AntinuclearAntibodies(ANA)andanti-dsDNAantibody(anti-dsDNA)]wererecorded.The
statistical methods used include ROC analysis, Spearman correlation coef cient, and Mann-Whitney U test.
Results: Intotal, 66%ofSLEpatientshadcomplementsde ciency.Themostfrequenttypeofthisdisorderwasisolated
low C4 (32%). The only symptom that correlated signi cantly with complements de ciency was renal involvement
(r =0.364, p =0.009). Overall noassociation wasfoundbetweenthelevelofcomplementsanddiseaseseverity(p=0.718).
No individual marker showed adequate ability to distinguish severe from milder cases (complements AUC = 0.490).
However, a combination of renal involvement, anti-dsDNA and complements de ciency proved high discriminatory
ability (AUC = 0.781, sensitivity 82.1%, speci city 77.3%).
Conclusion: While complement de ciency is highly common among SLE patients (66%), it offers little signi cance
as an independent biomarker for predicting SLE disease activity. The statistically signi cant relationship between
complement de ciency and kidney involvement indicates its importance in terms of organ-speci c activity. The better
predictive ability of the multi-marker model (AUC = 0.781) emphasizes the need to use a more comprehensive strategy
for clinical prediction instead of complement de ciency alone.

Abstract
This study aimed to reduce the risks of lung cancer linked to radon gas concentrations. To ensure public safety in the
college and avoid the danger of radiation, and to achieve the goals of sustainable development in providing a suitable,
clean, and hazard-free environment. These reasons led to research on measuring indoor radon levels in the Physics
department, which is part of the College of Education at Anbar University. The study was conducted over a period of
approximately 40 days, during which CR-39 detectors were exposed to indoor air in the halls and laboratories. After
that, take the detectors to etching in NaOH solution at 6.0N for a temperature of 70 ± 1 °C using a water bath for 1.0 h.
The radon concentration range of these areas is from (67 to 104) Bq/m3, with an average value of 76.6 Bq/m3. The radon
concentration in the building was found within the recommended range. Furthermore, the annual effective dose (AED)
andthecancerriskfactor related to chronological age were bothbelowtherecommendedlimits.Ithighlightstheimpor
tance of ensuring a healthy environment for all students and staff. When comparing the radiation levels of the samples
investigated with internationally accepted values, the current results showed that they were within permissible limits.

Abstract
Recentstudieshaveshownthattheuseofanti-in ammatorycorticosteroids(especiallydexamethasone)inindividuals
withCOVID-19canhelppreventrespiratorydamageanddeathbymodifyingthein ammatoryinjurythatoccursinthe
lung. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of the use of anti-in ammatory corticosteroids on the level of
diabetes and kidney function in patients with COVID-19. The study was conducted at Al-Shifa Hospital for quarantine
in Ramadi city on 160 patients with COVID age range (40-70 years), some of whom had diabetes and the other did
not have diabetes. They were treated with corticosteroids such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone suspension 100 mg
and prednisolone, with monitoring of diabetes levels and kidney function for all patients. Results: The results showed
that diabetes levels increased for some patients with a decline in kidney function, while others showed improvement in
diabetes andkidneylevels, andthethirdgroupwas uctuating,i.e. asthechangeindiabeteslevelsandkidneyfunction
uctuated between the negative and positive outcomes of the patients’health condition. Conclusion: It was found that
large amounts of corticosteroids used negatively affect diabetes levels and thus kidney function test, so it is necessary
to conduct additional studies on the virus, especially after its recent resurgence in its mutated form, which affects all
age groups of humans, is a concern.

Abstract
Pollutionremainsoneofthemostpressingglobalenvironmentalchallengesandisincreasingdaybyday,withserious
implications for public health and the environment. Among the various approaches to address this issue, nanotechnol
ogy has emergedasapromising solution due to its unique properties, such as high surface area, reactivity, and catalytic
ef ciency. There are four types of pollution that can be treated by nanotechnology, air pollution, soil pollution, water
pollution and light pollution. This review studies recent research on the use of nanoparticles for pollution treatment,
focusing onthemechanismsthroughwhichtheydegradepollutants,thediverseapplicationsofthesematerials,andthe
challenges and future directions of this technology.

Abstract
Dialysis waterqualityiscritical to patient safety, particularly in relating to bacterial endotoxins, which can pose major
health hazards. Environmental variables, such as seasonal occulation, may inuence endotoxin levels in treated water.
Purpose of this study was to evaluate the seasonal uctuation in endotoxin concentrations in dialysis water across a
numberofhospital-based dialysis centers. Over a 12-month period, water samples were collected monthly from various
places and tested for endotoxin levels using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay. The ndings demonstrated
considerable seasonal changes, with almost 55.5% of the samples surpassing the international threshold of 0.03 EU/mL.
Peaks were seen during the warmer months (July-August 2025 and February-March 2025), whereas lower levels were
moretypicalinthewinter(November-December2024).These ndingshighlighttherequirementforseasonallyadjusted
monitoring and control strategies to maintain water quality and ensure patient safety in dialysis settings.

Abstract
SonicHedgehog(SHH)isoneofthemostsigni cantgenesregulatingembryonicdevelopmentinmammals,playinga
pivotal role in cell differentiation, tissue fate determination, and regulating lateral symmetry of the embryo. The results
of this research show that any mutation whether, a loss of function or a change in the regulation of gene expression
in SHH gene leads to severe and highly complex consequences for embryonic development.as a result for that, severe
disorders of CNS development SHH is a morphogen essential for germline formation and neuronal differentiation.
Mutations in this gene result in failure to develop properly the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and optic nerve. The
holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most prevalent form where the forebrain doesn’t separate to two cerebral hemispheres,
whichisaccompaniedbygrossdeformityofthefaceandmentalretardation.SHHgenecontrolstheaxialdifferentiation
of the limbs, SHH gene mutations lead to axial limb de ciencies, also of split hand/ foot malformation, which, among
other things, causes the proper placement of organs in the body and the formation of the lungs, intestines and teeth.
Conclusion: the study con rms, SHH gene plays one of the major guardian roles in healthy embryonic development.
Any impairment in its functioning however insigni cant will upset the sensitive homeostasis of the developmental
signals, and cause a vast array of malformations of the central nervous system, the skeleton, and internal organs.

bstract
Vitamin D has different biological actions in the body. Vitamin D has pleiotropic effects in multiple organ systems.
Vitamin Dde ciency has been found to have an inverse relationship with tobacco smoking. The objective of this study
wastoidentifytheprevalenceofVitaminDlevelanditscorrelateswithtobaccosmokingamongUniversitystudentmale
andfemale. Volunteer wasconductedonasampleofuniversitystudent, both malesandfemalesIraq,duringtheperiod
fromJanuary toDecember2020.Apretestedquestionnaire wasusedfordatacollection adopted from previous standard
national surveys and studies, and the questionnaire included information about sociodemographic characteristics and
cigarettesmokinghabit.BloodsamplecollectionwasdonetodetectVitDleve.Thestudyincluded160universitystudent
adults, results fount that the mean age of male 24.9 and the standard deviation are 3.593 while Female mean age group
26.5 and the standard deviation are 2.814. and it’s found that the male started to smoke early at age less than 16 years
while female start smoking at age around 21 years. Vitamin D level status of participant smoker (n = 80) with both
genders male and female it showed that Vit D de cient 20cases represent (25%) in which female represents 11 (27%)
while the malerepresent 9(22.5%) and Vit Dinsuf cient 27cases represent (33.75%). in which female represents 14 (35%)
while the male represents 13(35.5%) When inquired about harmful effects of shisha as compared to cigarettes, shisha
wasmoreharmful.ThehabitofwaterpipesorshishasmokerwarethehighestnumberwhohadvitDde cientrepresent
12/20 (60%), followed by cigarettes 5/20(25%), cigar 2/20(10%), and nally the habit of using pipes 1/20(5%) Our study
concludes that the knowledge about Vitamin D is low among all university students specially among female student.