Journal of Medical and Oral Biosciences

Typhoid fevercaused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi),remains a major public healthconcern, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. The pathogenic success of S. Typhiis driven by a sophisticated array of virulence factors that enable host colonization, immune evasion, systemic dissemination, and long-term persistence. Key determinants include Type III Secretion Systems (T3SS), the Vi capsular polysaccharide, Salmonellapathogenicity islands (SPIs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and multiple secreted effector proteins. This review aims to summarize the major virulence factors of S. Typhiand elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying host–pathogen interactions, immune modulation, systemic infection, and chronic persistence. It further seeks to highlight recent advances in molecular pathogenesis and genomics that inform vaccine development and novel therapeutic strategies. A comprehensive review of current literature was conducted, focusing on molecular, genetic, and genomic studies of S. Typhivirulence. Peer-reviewed articles addressing T3SS function, SPIs, capsular and surface antigens, intracellular survival strategies, and host immune responses were analyzed to integrate current knowledge on S. Typhipathogenicity. In conclusions: the coordinated action of S. Typhivirulence factors enable efficient invasion, immune evasion, and systemic spread, while specific determinants support survival within host macrophages and persistence in the gallbladder, leading to chronic carriage. Advances in genomics and molecular pathogenesis have deepened understanding of host–pathogen interactions and revealed promising molecular targets for vaccine design and innovative therapeutics. A thorough understanding of S. Typhipathogenic mechanisms is essential for improving typhoid fever prevention, treatment, and control strategies, particularly in endemic regions where the disease burden remains high.

Restoration of endodontically treated posterior teeth with extensive mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavities remains a clinical challenge because of substantial loss of tooth structure and increased susceptibility to cuspal deflection and fracture. Bulk-fill resin composites were introduced to simplify restorative procedures while reducing polymerization shrinkage stress and improving biomechanical behavior. Flowable bulk-fill composites were initially indicated as stress-relieving base materials because of their lower filler content and elastic modulus. However, newer-generation formulations exhibit modified filler loading, optimized elastic modulus, and increased curing depth, allowing their use as stand-alone restorative materials in posterior teeth. This narrative review aimed to evaluate current evidence on the mechanical behavior, cuspal deflection, fracture resistance, and clinical suitability of flowable and packable bulk-fill composites, with particular emphasis on their application as stand-alone restorations in large MOD cavities. An electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. In-vitro studies assessing posterior Class II or MOD cavities restored with bulk-fill composites were included, whereas studies involving non-posterior cavities, conventional non-bulk-fill composites, or insufficient methodological detail were excluded. Outcomes related to cuspal deflection, polymerization shrinkage stress, fracture resistance, marginal adaptation, and restorative techniques were analyzed. The reviewed literature indicated that flowable bulk-fill composites generally exhibit reduced polymerization shrinkage stress and lower cuspal deflection compared with conventional composite techniques. New-generation flowable bulk-fill materials demonstrate improved biomechanical performance relative to earlier formulations and, in selected MOD cavity designs, approach the behavior of packable bulk-fill composites. Although favorable results have been reported, variability in study design and testing protocols remains evident. New-generation flowable bulk-fill composites may therefore be considered a viable stand-alone option for selected posterior MOD cavities, provided that cavity configuration, material selection, and clinical technique are carefully controlled.

Proteins are polymeric polypeptidic compounds that consist of many various amino acids, which are bound by peptidic bonds with each other. They are essential components of humans, animals, and plants because they participate in the biochemical processes that sustain life. Some proteins are active chemical compounds used to treat various diseases. In this study, active proteins were extracted and isolated from diverse fungi and algae. The results of the medicinal efficacy of these proteins showed various inhibition zone diameters against the pathogenic microorganisms, including Alternaria alternate, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, this study approved the possibility of extraction and using of fungi and algae medical proteins as natural therapies to treat diverse diseases caused by pathogens (fungi and bacteria), rather than synthetic drugs, which have various side effects.

Pediatric otitis media is a widespread infectious disease, where systemic inflammatory reactions can affect disease severity, and the evaluation of white blood cell count and hemoglobin levels might be useful markers of inflammatory load and disease progression. This study aimed to assess the relationship between disease severity and white blood cell count and hemoglobin levels in pediatric otitis media, and approve their potential as simple indicators of disease severity. This hospital-based case-control study was conducted from 13 April to 20 November 2025 in the ENT Consultancy Unit of Al-Habboubi Teaching Hospital, Iraq. The study included 75 children clinically diagnosed with otitis media and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls under 12 years of age. Diagnosis was established by otoscopic examination. Bacterial identification from middle ear samples was performed using standard culture media. Hematological parameters were determined using automated analyzers, and disease severity was classified into mild, moderate, and severe forms. Baseline comparability between patients and controls was adequate, with no significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics. The most common pathogen identified was Streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Patients showed significantly higher white blood cell counts and neutrophil proportions, accompanied by lower hemoglobin and lymphocyte levels, indicating a neutrophil-dominant inflammatory response. White blood cell and neutrophil counts were positively correlated with disease severity, whereas hemoglobin and lymphocyte levels showed negative correlations, suggesting inflammation-related anemia in severe cases. In conclusion, this study showed that pediatric otitis media associated with severity-related systemic inflammation characterized by elevated white blood cell and neutrophil counts and reduced hemoglobin levels. These findings reflect inflammatory anemia mediated by cytokine activity and hepcidin-related iron sequestration.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis(Pd) share numerous biological and immunological interactions, making them closely linked across multiple pathophysiological aspects. The severity and activity of each disease have a tangible impact on the other. Accordingly, the treatment of one condition should also have a positive effect on the other. This review aims to illustrate the outcomes of treating Pd in rheumatoid arthritis and vice versa, given the bidirectional relationship between the two conditions. Method: a recent systematic review and studies involving the treatment outcome of the two conditions on each other have been evaluated. Result: regardless of the type of treatment used, it has been shown that treating periodontitis can decrease the activity of RA, and on the same manner treating RA can improve the periodontal breakdown. Conclusion: it is advised that periodontal assessment be performed for all RA patient for an early diagnosis and treatment of any periodontal problems, similarly, for periodontal patients who have RA the activity of RA should be investigated and managed to control periodontal distraction.

Tissue microarray (TMA) technology is a high-throughput method that enables the simultaneous analysis of multiple tissue samples within a single paraffin block. By extracting small core biopsies from donor blocks and arranging them systematically into a recipient block, TMAs allow uniform experimental conditions, efficient biomarker evaluation, and preservation of valuable tissue resources. This review discusses the historical development of TMA technology, construction techniques, major applications in predictive, prognostic, validation, and progression studies, and its role in oncology and oral pathology research. The advantages, limitations—particularly tumor heterogeneity—and recent technological advancements in automation and digital pathology are critically evaluated. Special emphasis is placed on the application of TMAs in oral cavity diseases and bioimaging. TMA remains a powerful and evolving tool in molecular pathology and translational research.