Adab AL Rafidayn

The current article explores the literary device of intertextuality in de-orientalizing the self in two contemporary Arab American novels: Laila Lalami\'s The Other Americans (2019) and Rabih Alameddine\'s An Unnecessary Woman (2013). According to Edward Said, Orientalism has for generations been a determinant factor in shaping the Western view of Arab identities, often reducing it down to simplistic, exotic stereotyping. The present study examines how intertextual referencing within these novels deconstructs Orientalist narratives to represent a multifaceted picture of Arab American identities. While the textual elements of intertextuality can be scrutinized for allusions to classical Arab literature, Western texts, and contemporary cultural materials, seeking to illuminate how these works challenge cultural stereotyping and strive for authentic self-representation. By addressing this research gap, previous studies on the role of intertextuality in de-orientalizing Arab American identities bridge the gap. The findings pointed toward how the literary technique called intertextuality had reshaped narratives and added richness to the portrayal of complex identities. In this manner, it will add to the general knowledge of ways through which minority literature can use literary devices to fight back against hegemonic cultural discourses and create a distinctive voice.

This research explores Stephen King\'s novella, Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption, through the perspective of Viktor Frankl\'s logotherapy. It focuses on the characters\' search for meaning, freedom of choice, and self-transcendence within the oppressive environment of Shawshank Prison. By examining Andy Dufresne, Red Redding, and Brooks Hatlen, the study demonstrates how Frankl\'s concepts of the existential vacuum and the importance of finding purpose are illustrated in King\'s narrative. The analysis reveals how the characters\' choices, their ability to find meaning, and their relationships contribute to their resilience. Ultimately, the research argues that Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption serves as a compelling literary exploration of logotherapeutic principles..

We present our explanation in a concise manner on our subject entitled: the speaker’s message in consecutive interpretation which we will just exhibit below, emphasizing that the message is an oratory art and a type of communication transmitted by someone to the public, to a person or to a nation. But from a scientific side, the message is the information sent to the listeners by the speaker with the help of the consecutive interpreter who reformulates his message from one language to another, and then he only transposes to the listeners the correct meaning of the message in a faithful manner.
In addition, we affirm in this research that the speaker must revise several times the ideas of his message before being presented to the speakers so that he knows the purpose of his message which helps him to find the best solutions to resolve a problem or to do projects in different areas.

The study examines grammatical errors made by online English instructors, particularly those with large audiences. It highlights concerns over unqualified instructors spreading incorrect language and using poor teaching methods, which can hinder learner proficiency. The research aims to identify the most common grammatical errors and explore gender differences in error frequency. Using a qualitative approach and Corder’s (1973) Error Analysis Model, supplemented by Norrish’s (1983) and Dulay and Burt’s (1974) models, the study analysed five transcribed samples. Results indicate that instructors frequently make grammar mistakes, which may negatively influence learners’ language habits. The findings also show a gender imbalance, with male instructors being more prominent. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of continuous linguistic training for online instructors.

The word “mountains” are mentioned in the Holy Qur’an in multiple contexts. Some of them come by way of definition, and some of them are the opposite. This creation has a cosmic nature, and man is unable to contemplate the essence of his creation, unless God wills it for him to know that. It is sufficient for us to search, investigate, and deduce the hidden meanings behind the structures and contexts. Contained therein, this paper entitled: (The rhetorical compositional context of the word “mountain(s) in the verses of the Holy Qur’an). It is divided according to the fields of semantics, as it is the science that investigates the meanings behind the structures. The research came in an introduction and six demands, As for the introduction, we mentioned the reason for choosing the title and something about the nature of mountains and the reasons for their creation. The first requirement came about the declarative sentence. The second requirement comes about the constructive sentence with its branches. The third requirement comes about the method of introduction and delay. The fourth requirement deals with the method of separation and connection. The fifth requirement is about definition. Indefiniteness, and the sixth requirement of brevity and redundancy, then followed by a conclusion in which we show the most important conclusions reached by the researcher, then a list of the most important sources and references. And from God is success.

This research aims to explore the challenges faced by Arabic language teachers in instructing non-native speakers in the twelfth grade in Zakho schools, a multilingual region within the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. In this environment, Kurdish serves as the mother tongue for students. Understanding these challenges from the teachers’ perspective is essential, as they are the cornerstone of the educational process, possessing firsthand knowledge of the classroom dynamics, student proficiency levels, curriculum effectiveness, and instructional methodologies.The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, which is well-suited for observing and analyzing educational and linguistic phenomena as they exist in real-world settings. This approach enables the identification and examination of the educational challenges encountered by teachers with the objective of formulating practical solutions. A total of 60 Arabic language teachers from twelfth-grade schools in Zakho were selected, and a questionnaire was distributed to gather data. The subsequent analysis of the collected responses yielded several significant findings:
• Inadequate curricula that fail to sufficiently address the learning needs of non-native Arabic speakers.
• Limited specialized training in teaching Arabic as a foreign language.
• Weak usage of formal Arabic in classrooms dominated by Kurdish-speaking students.
• Insufficient professional incentives and institutional support for teachers.

In selected specimens from the Holy Quran. It reveals the reasons for the restriction of grammatical interpretation to one aspect and the impossibility of alternative grammatical guidance, clarifying the semantic aspects in those verses and the possible grammatical alternatives for the other grammatical aspect, comparing them as things are distinguished by their opposites. This exposes the reasons behind the restriction of some linguistic constructions to a single grammatical aspect, showcasing the opinions of grammarians, readers, and interpreters regarding those verses and their viewpoints, concluding with the most important results reached by the research. Thus, the research is charged with scientific opinions, rich with different and varied responses, and abundant with answers, grammatical reconstructions, and semantic inferences. This research at hand observes a set of grammatical cases that occurred in a single grammatical aspect .

This study addresses the morphological and semantic analysis of the augmented verbs in the form (af'ala) from Nazik al-Malaika's poetry collection. It was limited to the first part of the collection, due to its abundance of augmented verbs and the diversity of their forms, making it a fertile field for morphological and semantic analysis. This part also represents an early and important stage in the poet's career, where the features of her language and early intellectual experiments clearly emerge, and where her renewal of both form and content is highlighted. Furthermore, limiting the study to this scope achieves precision and depth in the research and avoids the distraction that might arise from attempting to survey the entire collection within the confines of this study. This research followed the "descriptive-analytical-applied approach," first examining the morphological meanings of the form (af'ala) as they appear in grammar and morphology books, with the aim of identifying its theoretical origins and defining its conceptual boundaries. These meanings were then applied to selected texts from the first part of Nazik Al-Malaika's Diwan, through analyzing the poetic verses in which augmented verbs appeared, with reference to the verb under study and its semantic meaning in its poetic context. To achieve precision in determining the meanings, authentic linguistic dictionaries were used, such as Kitab Al-Ayn by Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad Al-Farahidi (d. 170 AH), Tahdhib Al-Lughah by Abu Mansur Al-Azhari (d. 370 AH), Maqayis Al-Lughah by Ibn Faris (d. 395 AH), Lisan Al-Arab by Ibn Manzur (d. 711 AH), and others, in addition to major books on grammar and morphology. Thus, the research sought to link the theoretical and practical aspects to reveal the aesthetic and semantic dimensions of the form (af'ala) in Nazik Al-Malaika's poetry. The study revealed the diverse connotations of the form (af'ala) in Nazik Al-Malaika's poetry, in terms of transitivity, insinuation, becoming, tenderness (entitlement), exaggeration, the subject's presence in the place or time of the verb, sufficiency, and other meanings. This reflects the poet's awareness of the semantic functions of morphological forms in poetic expression.

Throughout the ages, rhetorical arts have formed a fundamental pillar in shaping the structure of Arabic poetic discourse. They have not merely served as tools for verbal embellishment, but have transcended that to become expressive means that contribute to highlighting meanings and deepening connotations. Among these arts, alliteration occupies a prominent position in Arabic rhetoric, due to its phonetic and semantic impact that enriches the text, engages the ear, and lends a sense of balance and harmony to speech.
Critics and rhetoricians, both ancient and modern, have devoted considerable attention to studying alliteration in terms of its types and aesthetic and expressive functions. It is not merely a similarity of words; rather, it often carries semantic depth, contributes to directing and condensing meaning, and reveals the poet's or prose writer's skill in adapting language. In this context, Ibn Abi Husayna (390-457 AH) stands out. He was one of the leading figures in poetry during the late Abbasid period in the Levant, and his name is associated with poets of that era, such as Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri. His poetic experience was characterized by precise formulation, rich vocabulary, and exquisite diction. His use of alliteration in his collection of poems is evident as a conscious aesthetic element, lending his poetry a special musical character and highlighting the cohesion of word and meaning.
The research plan is based on an introduction that addresses the importance of alliteration in Ibn Abi Husayna's poetry. The research concludes with a conclusion summarizing the findings. The research consists of two main sections: the first concerns itself with defining alliteration from a linguistic and technical perspective, presenting the views of rhetoricians and critics on this rhetorical art form. The second focuses on studying applied models of alliteration in Ibn Abi Husayna's poetry. The research relied on the analytical rhetorical method.

This study explores the life of the author ʿAbd Allāh al-Baytūshī (d. 1221 AH) and the scientific methodology he adopted in his book Ṣarf al -ʿInāyah fī Kashf al-Kifāyah, a commentary on his didactic poem titled Kifāyat al-Maʿānī fī Sharḥ Ḥurūf al-Maʿānī -Which aims to clarify and elaborate on the Grammatical work al-Kifāyah. Al -Baytūshī’s method is characterized by analytical precision, reliance on the views of earlier grammarians, and deep engagement with primary sources such as the Qur’an, Hadith, and Arabic poetry. The study is distinguished by the author's unique opinions, his preferences among differing views, his critical objections, and his corrective amendments. He adopts a method of selection and preference without bias toward either of the two grammatical schools, presenting the meanings of particles in the order of the Arabic alphabet while adhering to classifications based on the number of letters—monolexemic, bilexemic, trilexemic, quadrilexemic, and pentalexemic—alongside diverse syntactic and grammatical analysis. His work demonstrates an effort to simplify complex grammatical issues for students through structured explanations, illustrative examples, and objective discussion of scholars’ views.

This research examines the biography of Caliph Harun al-Rashid from the perspective of the English Orientalist Edward Henry Palmer (1840-1882), who is considered one of the most prominent Orientalists interested in Islamic and Arabic studies. He made significant contributions in the fields of authorship and translation and was proficient in the Eastern languages of Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew. Despite his scholarly achievements, he worked for the British government on intelligence and diplomatic missions.
One of his most notable works is his book, Haroun Alraschid Caliph of Bagdad, in which he addressed the history of the Abbasid era and the life of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid from an Orientalist viewpoint. He presented a selective reading of Islamic history that portrays Caliph al-Rashid in terms of luxury and extravagance, neglecting the important political and scientific aspects of his reign.
The Orientalist Palmer focused on the literary heritage, particularly the tales of One Thousand and One Nights, which had been translated by Galland in the eighteenth century. Palmer's style was narrative and anecdotal in order to attract the European reader. His works thus remained valuable in shaping the Western perception of Islamic history in the nineteenth century.
Palmer undertook several exploratory journeys to the Middle East, especially to Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, where he studied customs and traditions and interacted with Bedouin tribes. He served as a translator and advisor on Eastern affairs for the British government and the Palestine Exploration Fund. Palmer died in 1882 while on a secret mission in Sinai for the British government.

This research focuses on the reality and problems of electronic payment in Iraqi society in general, and in the city of Mosul in particular. It aims to provide a clear picture of the issues facing the process of transitioning to the electronic payment system, as public awareness of electronic payment has increased.
The research adopts the following objectives:
1. Identifying the reality of electronic payment in the city of Mosul.
2. Providing an overview of the security problems in the use of electronic payment.
3. Understanding the impact of political and paper-currency-related circumstances.
4. To what extent do users prefer electronic payment programs?
5. The importance of modifying the penalty system for those who hack electronic payment programs.
The researcher used a descriptive social survey approach and employed quantitative tools (questionnaire and observation). The research sample was intentionally and randomly selected, consisting of (200) participants from the city of Mosul. The data was processed statistically, and the researcher reached a set of results.
Some of the findings include:
1. The results reflect a general concern about the risks of electronic theft, which affects trust in the use of electronic payment.
2. The results indicate that the respondents believe that political and security conditions affect the use of electronic payment and that there are statistically significant differences between political and security stability and the delay in the use of electronic payment.
3. The highest percentage of respondents consider the process of electronic payment at fuel stations a positive option and a civilized experience.
4. The research found that individuals’ lack of knowledge in using modern technologies makes them dependent on others for assistance.