Journal of Kirkuk University Humanity Studies

This research purposes to clarify the Quran's approach to launch the basics of justice for women and orphans in Surah An-Nisa )because this Surah lays the base for a complete legislative system that establishes the principles of justice for them, in addition to setting precise guidelines for protection their financial and social rights. As well, this research combines jurisprudential and purposive analysis, contributing to refuting misconceptions surrounding contemporary perceptions of women's and children's rights.
The research employs an objective methodology according on collecting and thematically analyzing related verses from Surah An-Nisa, linking their meanings to reveal thematic unity. It uses supporting methodologies such as descriptive, analytical, and purposive approaches, it also refers to the books of exegesis, Quranic sciences, and comparative jurisprudence to arrive at precise scholarly conclusions that serve this topic.

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Prayer is the greatest pillarof Islam after the two testimonies offaith, and a manifestation of the servant's connection with his Lord, performed with physical tranquility and a pure heart. However, this noble act of worship sometimes intersects with issues related to the rights of others, giving rise to subtle jurisprudential questions that require clarification and research. Among the most prominent of these questions is the ruling on praying on usurped land. In such cases, the worshipper stands between God's right to be worshipped and the right of the wronged person to their land, which was unjustly seized.
Scholars have given this issue considerable attention because it combines pure worship with a transgression that affects others. This leads to a ruling that ranges between invalidity and validity with sin, depending on the nature of the act and its place within the essence of prayer. Furthermore, studying this issue reveals the extent to which Islamic law is concerned with achieving its objectives of preserving rights and preventing injustice, and it outlines for the obligated person a path that combines proper performance with complete justice.
Hence, the importance of addressing this topic becomes clear. It is not merely an abstract legal study, but rather a window into understanding the balanced relationship that Islamic law establishes between the rights of the Creator and the rights of the created. It demonstrates how legal rulings weave a strong thread between them, preserving people's prayers and protecting their land and dignity.

This research addresses the problematic application of Islamic legal rulings and behavioral directives amidst the prevailing literalism and rigid formalism in contemporary religious discourse. These tendencies have stripped the Fatwa (religious edict) of its spiritual essence and overlooked the psychological dimensions of the inquirers. The study aims to explore the educational impact of "Ilm al-Mukashafa" (Knowledge of Unveiling—defined as the light of insight through which the spiritual guide perceives the hidden depths and inner maladies of souls) and "Healing of the Hearts" within the Islamic Sufi school, highlighting their role in shaping the Mufti's (Spiritual Guide's) faculties of "Kashf" (Unveiling) and "Firasah" (Spiritual Intuition).
The research problem centers on how to psychologically and educationally adapt these spiritual faculties—such as telepathic insight (Kashf al-Khawatir), consideration of spiritual stations (Maqamat), and managing states of spiritual contraction and expansion (Qabd and Bast)—into scientific tools for customizing Fatwas according to the inquirer's inner state. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical and deductive methods to examine the foundational texts of the Sunni Sufi heritage.
The research concluded that "Sufi Unveiling" is not a supernatural anomaly, but rather the highest degree of emotional intelligence and clinical diagnosis. It enables the spiritual guide to penetrate the psychological defenses of the seeker and modify behavior through precise Sufi mechanisms, such as ego deflation (Kasr al-Ana) and dropping the illusion of control (Isqat al-Tadbir). The research recommended the necessity of reintegrating the counseling heritage of Sunni Sufism into the academic preparation programs for teachers and Muftis as an effective alternative to literalist rigidity.

Allah sent Muhammad (peace be upon him) with the true religion, making him the final of the Prophets and Messengers, and his law the final law.
The rulings in all divine laws are divided into two section : fundamentals and branches. The fundamentals are belief in God, His angels, His books, and His messengers, without any disagreement. The branches are matters on which the divine laws differ, and these are the intended meaning in the laws of those who came before us. The subject of “the laws of those before us” is one of the significant matters and topics among scholars of the principles of jurisprudence. What is meant by the laws of those before us is not what our law has approved and what our law has abolished, for there is no disagreement about this. Rather, what is meant is what our law has neither approved nor abolished. The scientists researched, discussed, and paid more attention to it, the point that Al-Juwayni said: “The schools of thought were confused about this.” Here, it is necessary to clarify and fixed our Sharia's position on it, and to understand the validity of this evidence, the soundness of reasoning rely on it, and to clarify the scholars' opinions on it. This topic we are discussing is specifically mentioned in books on the principles of jurisprudence, and in the section on disputed evidence.
The Significant of research the laws of those before us is highlighted by the legal rulings of previous nations transmitted through revelation, as they are a source of legal reasoning in the principles of jurisprudence, as some consider them a committing argument unless abrogated by Islamic law. Studying them helps in understanding the legislative gradation, controlling the process of their Idea (ijtihad), and elaorating verses and hadiths.
This Study aims to clarify the concept and authority of the laws of previous prophets in accordance with all schools of Islamic jurisprudence. It is structured into an introduction, four main sections, and a conclusion.

: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of deep learning and productive errors strategies in developing mathematical cognitive flexibility and cognitive engagement among first-grade intermediate students. The study adopted an experimental design with equivalent groups. A sample of (120) female students was randomly assigned into three groups: two experimental groups (deep learning and productive errors) and one control group taught using the traditional method .
Two instruments were used: a mathematical cognitive flexibility test consisting of (35) items and a cognitive engagement scale consisting of (25) items. Both instruments were validated and tested for reliability using appropriate statistical methods .
The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental groups in both cognitive flexibility and cognitive engagement compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were found between the deep learning and productive errors strategies, indicating their comparable effectiveness .
The study concludes that employing modern teaching strategies based on deep understanding and learning from errors enhances the quality of mathematics learning, promotes flexible thinking, and increases students’ cognitive engagement. These findings support contemporary educational trends that emphasize a shift from surface learning to deep learning .

The current research aims to identify the effect of using the reciprocal teaching strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade literary students in Islamic education and the Holy Quran, and on developing their self-confidence.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher formulated the following null hypotheses:
1- First hypothesis:
There is no statistically significant difference between the average achievement scores of the experimental group students who study the Holy Quran and Islamic Education according to the reciprocal teaching method and the average achievement scores of the control group students who study the same subject according to the usual method in the post-test.
2- Second hypothesis:
There is no statistically significant difference between the average self-confidence scores of the experimental group students who study according to reciprocal teaching and the average self-confidence scores of the control group who study in the usual way in the post-test.
3- Third hypothesis:
There is no statistically significant difference between the average scores of the pre-test and post-test on self-confidence among the experimental group students who study according to reciprocal teaching.
The researcher chose a quasi-experimental design represented by the experimental group, the control group, and a post-test. Ibn Al-Atheer Secondary School was chosen as the location for conducting the experiment, and two sections from the fifth preparatory grade were chosen, with (31) students representing the experimental group and (31) students representing the control group The students in the experimental group were taught according to the reciprocal teaching method, while the control group was taught according to the usual or traditional method.
The researcher identified the scientific material that the two groups would study and formulated in the final form (50) behavioral objectives. An achievement test of the type (multiple-choice) was also built, as the number of its items reached (50) test items, and its validity, reliability, effectiveness of the incorrect alternatives, and effectiveness of discrimination between items were extracted.
To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted the application of the self-confidence scale prepared by (Al-Bayati, 2006) after it was presented to a group of experts and arbitrators and the reliability coefficient was extracted by the test-retest method, and the reliability coefficient reached (0.80). The final version of the scale consisted of (50) items.
The researcher used statistical methods such as (Chi-square (Chi2) t-test, difficulty and ease index, item discrimination index, and effectiveness of incorrect alternatives).
The researcher concluded from the results of his research that:
1. The experimental group, which studied using reciprocal teaching strategies, outperformed the control group, which studied using the traditional method.
2. The experimental group outperformed the control group in developing self-confidence, which was taught according to reciprocal teaching strategies. In light of the research results, the researcher made several recommendations, including:
A- Emphasizing the use of sub-reciprocal teaching strategies (summarization, question generation, clarification, prediction) in teaching by teachers of the Holy Quran and Islamic Education, due to its relation to raising the academic achievement of students.
B- Incorporating reciprocal teaching strategies into the curricula of teaching methods in education.
The researcher proposed several suggestions, including:
1- Conduct a similar study on other variables (development of scientific thinking, creative thinking, motivation towards the subject).
2- Conducting a study to use modern methods and strategies in teaching Islamic education and the Holy Quran in secondary education stages, where the focus of the educational process is the student.

This research aims to explore the nature of the relationship between critical thinking and historical empathy among female postgraduate students in the Department of History. It is based on a field study that employed scientifically validated tools to measure both variables. The study clarifies the concept of critical thinking as a higher-order cognitive ability concerned with analytical reasoning, logical correlation, and anticipating outcomes. In contrast, historical empathy is defined as the student\'s ability to understand the past from the perspective of historical actors without imposing contemporary judgments. The findings revealed a statistically significant correlation between critical thinking and the level of historical empathy, indicating the importance of developing higher-order thinking skills as a gateway to a deeper understanding of historical content. The study recommends integrating training programs that enhance critical thinking into postgraduate curricula, contributing to a more balanced and profound historical comprehension.

The research aimed to identify the effect of persuasion techniques on developing the counseling effectiveness of educational counselors by verifying the following null hypotheses;
Hypothesis 1: There are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the scores of the experimental group before and after the program on the counseling effectiveness scale.
Hypothesis 2: There are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the scores of the control group on the pre-test and post-test on the counseling effectiveness scale.
Hypothesis 3: There are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the scores of the experimental and control groups on the post-test on the counseling effectiveness scale.
To test the hypotheses, the researcher employed a pre-test/post-test design (experimental and control groups). A counseling program was designed based on persuasion techniques, and a scale for counseling effectiveness was developed using Larson & Daniels' theory (1998). The research sample, consisting of 20 counselors (10 in each group), was distributed among the groups. Participants were rewarded based on the variables of counseling effectiveness, educational level, and years of service. The program sessions, which lasted four weeks (three sessions per week, each lasting 60 minutes), were completed, and the data were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed a difference between the average scores of the experimental group in the pre-test and post-test on the counseling effectiveness scale, in favor of the post-test. There was no difference between the average scores of the control group in the pre-test and post-test on the counseling effectiveness scale. There was a difference between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test on the counseling effectiveness scale, in favor of the experimental group. A set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions were reached.

The current research aimed to measure counseling responsibility and its relationship to coping strategies among educational counselors, and to identify the correlation between counseling responsibility and coping strategies among educational counselors. To achieve this, the researcher prepared a counseling responsibility scale based on Carl Rogers' theory (Rogers, 1961), consisting of (30) items. He also adopted the Coping Strategies Scale by Carver et al. (1989), which consists of (60) items distributed equally among (4) main strategies, each of which includes (15) sub-strategies, and each sub-strategy includes (4) items.
The two scales were applied to the primary research sample of (300) male and female counselors in morning government schools (elementary, intermediate, and preparatory) affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Anbar Governorate for the academic year (2025-2026). The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, and the results revealed the following:
- Educational counselors possess above-average guidance responsibilities.
- Educational counselors use above-average coping strategies, with the exception of the avoidance strategy.
-There is a positive, direct relationship between guidance responsibilities and coping strategies, with the exception of the avoidance strategy, among educational counselors.
Based on the research findings, the researcher made a number of recommendations and proposals.

The present study aimed to identify psychological well-being and its relationship with emotional confidence among university students, as well as to examine differences in these variables according to gender. The study adopted the descriptive correlational method due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The Psychological Well-Being Scale and the Emotional Confidence Scale were administered to a sample of male and female students at the University of Kirkuk.
The results indicated that university students exhibited a moderate level of psychological well-being. The findings also revealed statistically significant differences in psychological well-being according to gender in favor of females. Moreover, the results showed that the level of emotional confidence among students was moderate, with no statistically significant differences attributed to gender. In addition, the study demonstrated a positive and statistically significant correlation between psychological well-being and emotional confidence, indicating that higher levels of psychological well-being are associated with higher levels of confidence in managing emotions.
The findings underscore the importance of paying attention to psychological well-being and emotional confidence among university students due to their effective role in enhancing mental health, improving psychological and social adjustment, and promoting academic performance within the university environment.

: The present study aims to construct an educational program and identify its effect on developing triarchic intelligence among middle school female students. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher formulated two null hypotheses and adopted an experimental design with an experimental and a control group, ensuring the equivalence of the two groups. A triarchic intelligence scale consisting of (30) items was developed, and its validity, reliability, and item discrimination were established. Based on the domains of the scale, the researcher constructed an educational program to develop triarchic intelligence. The program’s validity and suitability were verified by presenting it to a group of expert referees. The research sample consisted of (60) second-grade middle school female students. After statistically processing the data using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the t-test for two related samples, and the t-test for two independent samples, the results revealed the following
* There is a statistically significant difference in the level of triarchic intelligence between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group students, in favor of the post-test.
* There is a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the post-test of the triarchic intelligence scale at the significance level of (0.05), in favor of the experimental group. In light of these results, the researcher formulated a set of recommendations and suggestions.
* There is a statistically significant difference in the level of triarchic intelligence between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group students, in favor of the post-test.
* There is a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the post-test of the triarchic intelligence scale at the significance level of (0.05), in favor of the experimental group. In light of these results, the researcher formulated a set of recommendations and suggestions.•

Our research, entitled "The Syntactic Classification of Pronouns: Between Complexity and Simplification / A Comparative Study of Pronouns in Arabic and English," examines the criteria adopted in the syntactic and semantic classification of pronouns in their established order (first/second/third person). It highlights the importance of gender and number in distinguishing between pronoun ranks. The research concludes that pronouns in Arabic arose from the evolution of demonstratives, which then transformed into pronouns through usage. Furthermore, the dynamic, dialectal, and genetic aspects of the Proto-Semitic language played a decisive role in the development of pronouns in Arabic. The evolution of internal structure and semantic function also contributed to the classification of pronoun categories. A crucial point reached by our study is that determining the type of pronoun is not governed solely by a grammatical system, but also by the social relationships between speakers, their social backgrounds, and the degree of closeness between individuals, all of which play a role in the choice of pronoun category in discourse.

: This topic addresses the narrative of fracture in al-Tughra’i’s poetry as a profound expression of the suffering of the marginalized intellectual within his society. In his poems, al-Tughra’i’s voice appears burdened with frustration as a result of social and political marginalization, along with a deep sense of alienation despite his scholarly and literary status. Notably, his poetry reveals intense psychological emotions such as sadness, anxiety, and disappointment, especially after experiencing injustice and exclusion. This narrative is also manifested through the evocation of painful personal experiences, which are transformed into a poetic discourse that exposes the self’s struggle with reality and its attempt to assert its value in an environment that fails to do it justice. From a social perspective, his poetry reflects the image of an intellectual who clashes with the structures of society and authority, leading to feelings of helplessness and fracture. This, in turn, drives him to express his pain through a language charged with emotion and contemplation. Thus, al-Tughra’i’s poetry represents a clear model of the narrative of fracture, where the psychological and social dimensions intertwine to reveal a profound human experience of the marginalized intellectual, as demonstrated in this study.

This research examines the concept of ekphrasis and how it is effectively combined the visual arts with other well-known artistic forms to present a cohesive, harmonious front. Through ekphrasis, this study aims to bridge the gap between various creative genres, from video/visual to written/poetic. This paper examines a number of Ailbhe Darcy’s poems using a qualitative analytical method. This ekphrastic approach uniquely integrates technology, art, and literature. The core of ekphrasis is found in both the blurring of boundaries between many creative art genres and the richness of poetic imagery found in the verses. Essentially, ekphrasis enables conversation between the verbal and the visual through details of descriptions. The results indicate that creative artistic processes, both in their creation and presentation, are evolving along with technology. This study reveals how words affect both viewers and non-viewers of tangible artwork.

This study aims to examine the life, artistic vision, and the individual and social themes addressed in the theatrical works of İsmet Hürmüzlü, one of the founding and pioneering figures of Iraqi Turkmen theatre. Born and raised in Kirkuk, Hürmüzlü’s artistic career was shaped by political instability in Iraq, the oppression experienced by the Turkmen community, and forced migration. The study discusses the author’s turn toward theatre, his education both domestically and abroad, the theatre groups he founded, and his contributions to Turkmen theatre. In addition, recurring themes in his playssuch as love, loneliness, war, homeland, belonging, otherization, protest, massacre, and tradition are analyzed through selected examples from his texts. The findings reveal that İsmet Hürmüzlü viewed theatre not merely as an aesth etic art form, but also as a means of preserving the historical memory of the Turkmen community, protecting national identity, and strengthening social consciousness. In this respect, Hürmüzlü’s works hold both artistic and ideological significance for Turkmen theatre.

: This study examines the historical, cultural, and literary struggle for existence of Iraqi Turkmens through the poetry of the Kirkuk-born poet Kara Vahap. Descended from the Oghuz Turks, Iraqi Turkmens have been a settled community in the Iraqi geography since the Ottoman period; however, during the twentieth century they were subjected to denial, oppression, forced assimilation, and massacres. This historical process directly influenced the development of Iraqi Turkmen literature, transforming literature into a crucial means for preserving and transmitting Turkmen identity. The study first outlines the developmental trajectory of Iraqi Turkmen literature from Nesimi and Fuzuli to the present day, and then evaluates Kara Vahap’s position within this literary tradition. The main focus of the analysis is the concept of “pain” as reflected in the poet’s works. Kara Vahap transcends individual suffering and renders the collective traumas experienced by Iraqi Turkmens visible through poetic language. The Kirkuk massacres of 1924, 1946, and 1959, the Altunköprü events, and oil-centered exploitation policies are addressed within a framework of historical consciousness and collective memory. Through symbolic figures such as “Mahizer” and “Sherihan,” the poet intertwines the concepts of homeland, family, and nation, presenting pain as a shared experience of the entire community. In conclusion, Kara Vahap’s poetry constitutes significant texts that keep the historical memory of Iraqi Turkmens alive, strengthen identity awareness, and transform literature into a space of resistance and testimony.

This study aims at studying the book of poetry entitled "My Overflowing Emotions" for the Kirkuki Poet Mohammed Sadik from a psychanalytic perspective. This study deals with the emotional realm of the poet within the context of individual consciousness, collective memory, and constructing identity. The study does not only look at the intensive emotions in poems as an aesthetic option, but also evaluated as a expression of internal conflicts, feeling of nostalgia, and the pursuit of belonging. In this context, the work is looked upon as a text that shows interaction between the inner world of the individual and his/her historical and cultural environment.
The most prominent psychological element that attracts attention in this work is the sense of vulnerability that is formed alongside a powerful sense of belonging and awareness of the roots. For the poet, intensive emotions can be interpreted as a symbolic expression of repressed anxiety and nostalgia that is directed to the past. This is clear when one can attribute the concentration on the place and memory to images that represent, on the level of unconsciousness, a search for safety. From this perspective, his poems are considered a reflection of inner psychological conflicts for the efforts the individual spends to keep and save his own identity.
When studying the emotional transformations in his work, there appears a psychological state that swings between sorrow and enthusiasm. It can be interpreted by the concept of emotional duality in psychology. The wavering discourse of the poet between hope and pessimism reflects an attempt to balance the inner conflicts. The emotional overflow is not evaluated as happiness but also as an intensive desire for life and a form of existential resistance. By this meaning, the poems have marks that refer to psychological resistance that is formed after traumatic experiences.
Among other psychological dimensions in the book is the realization of the self. The poet is in a continuous transformational state between the individual ego and the collective ego. When this situation is evaluated in the light of social identity, it reveals individual inclination to identify himself through the group he belongs to. At the same time, it forms the anxiety that happens between the inner feeling of loneliness and the desire to have social solidarity which represents the essential psychological dynamics of his poems.
In brief, the work "My Overflowing Emotions" is not only a collection of poetry with intensive emotions, but also a psychological text with multiple layers that is formed on subjects such as identity, belongings, lost, and hope. The inner world of the poet exceeds the limits of individual experience to transform into a collective consciousness. From this perspective, the work is considered an important literary study that contributes to a psychanalytic study of the individual and understanding cultural psychology.

: This article aims to explore the nature of poetic language and its functional mechanisms under the heading of syntactic deviations. These deviations are defined as deliberate and aesthetically motivated violations, distortions, or alterations of the standard grammatical and syntactic norms of a language by poets. Rather than being random or erroneous usages, such deviations constitute one of the most essential artistic techniques that enrich poetic expression, enhance its individuality, and deepen its layers of meaning. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate concretely how and why poetic language diverges from ordinary, everyday language. In this regard, selected poems from Iraqi Turkmen literature serve as practical examples that illustrate how the proposed theoretical framework operates in real poetic contexts. Through the verses of Iraqi Turkmen poets, the study seeks to reveal the aesthetic, semantic, and emotional intensity that emerges when poetry steps beyond the patterns of standard linguistic structures. The motivations driving poets to adopt such deviations include achieving musical harmony, creating density and depth of meaning, reinforcing emphasis, and establishing an original voice. After presenting the theoretical basis, the article applies it through a detailed syntactic examination of five poems selected from Iraqi Turkmen literature. It is expected that the findings will contribute both to the theory of poetic language and to a deeper understanding of the stylistic structure of Iraqi Turkmen poetry, showing that syntactic deviation is not an error but a conscious artistic strategy.

This research presents a comparative linguistic study of the phenomenon of "Grammatical Gender" in the Kurdish language, aiming to analyze the morphological and syntactic variations between the Central Kurdish and Northern Kurdish dialects. The study adopts the framework of Distributed Morphology (DM) as a robust analytical tool to explain how gender features are generated and distributed within the overall linguistic structure. The research problem centers on the apparent contradiction in gender representation; while the Northern dialect maintains distinct gender markers in nouns, pronouns, and the Ezafe construction, the Central dialect shows a tendency toward erasing these markers in the phonological interface. This research refutes the claim of gender loss in Central Kurdish by confirming that the gender feature remains present in the underlying syntactic and mental structure, though it undergoes a process of "Morphological Impoverishment" that leads to "Syncretism" in inflectional suffixes.
The study employs a descriptive-analytical comparative method, where the analysis covers two primary levels: the syntactic level, which examines gender features as abstract elements in the underlying structure, and the morphological level, which analyzes the processes of Vocabulary Insertion in various contexts such as vocative cases, diminutives, and pronouns. The research has reached several fundamental conclusions, most notably that the differentiation between the two dialects is not a distinction in the core grammatical system, but rather in the final morphological representation of features. The persistence of gender markers in specific contexts, such as vocative and diminutive forms in the Central dialect, serves as physical evidence that the gender node has not vanished from the grammatical system. This suggests that linguistic evolution in this dialect follows the principle of linguistic economy, simplifying morphological markers without losing the semantic function of the grammatical rank Keywords: Methodology, Quran, Basics, Justice, Women, Orphans.

Ambiguity plays an important and active role in language and literature. In Sufi writing, language is not meant to be direct or simple, but instead, it is carefully layered with deeper meanings and subtle hints. This style is used as an artistic tool to make the text more powerful and thought-provoking. By using different types of ambiguity, poets create space for both emotional and intellectual reflection. Through rich imagery and words that carry more than one meaning, the poet improves the beauty of the poem and encourages readers to look beyond the surface to understand its deeper message. This study focuses on the linguistic structures that carry multiple meanings, since any form that can be understood in more than one way is considered ambiguous. In language, ambiguity appears in different forms, especially structural, pragmatic, and lexical. It is often created through features like words polysemy, homonymy and hyponymy. These elements help expand meaning and give better insight into what the poet truly intends.
The main aim of this research is to identify and analyze the words and expressions that show different types of ambiguity in the poetry of Sheikh Shamsuddin Qutbi Akhlati. The analysis is based on the theory of Peter Newmark (1988), who divides ambiguity into seven types: grammatical, lexical, pragmatic, cultural, idiolectal, referential, and metaphorical.

This study investigates the phenomenon of "numerical inflation" within Islamic historical sources as a fundamental methodological element in constructing the civilizational narrative of the Early Abbasid Era. The research problem focuses on the structural discrepancy between the quantitative data provided by classical sources—pertaining to urban infrastructure, library capacities, and fiscal revenues—and the empirical socio-economic constraints of the period. Employing a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology, the research utilizes Ibn Khaldun’s "Theory of Umran" as an epistemological framework to scrutinize the authenticity of historical texts. The findings demonstrate that these exaggerations were not merely incidental statistical errors but functioned as a "political-rhetorical" strategy and "cultural symbolism" aimed at reinforcing the caliphate's civilizational legitimacy. The study concludes by emphasizing the imperative of "internal textual criticism" and an interdisciplinary approach to deconstruct propagandistic discourse and extract objective historical realities.

This article analyzes the Soviet Union’s attitude toward Iraq from 1980 to 1991, a period considered one of the most tense phases in the Middle East during the Cold War. It examines the main dimensions of Soviet–Iraqi relations during the eight-year Iran–Iraq War and highlights the ambivalence of Soviet foreign policy, which contributed to the prolongation of the conflict.
The article further discusses the impact of the international crises of the late 1980s and early 1990s, including Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait and the Gulf War, as well as Moscow’s diplomatic position within the United Nations. It emphasizes the Soviet Union’s gradual retreat from unconditional support for Baghdad in favor of a more balanced and multilateral approach. This shift was driven by internal transformations within the Soviet Union and changes in the international balance of power. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly formed Russian Federation increasingly sought to reorient its foreign policy toward the West, particularly toward closer relations with the United States.

: This research examines the military parade system during the Umayyad Emirate and Caliphate in Andalusia. This system, like other military parades, was considered a significant one, given its close connection to the military. The parade commander played a crucial role in assessing the readiness of the troops, ensuring their equipment and weapons were fully prepared before military campaigns. Their role wasn't limited to military organization; most also contributed significantly to administrative and political matters. These parade commanders enjoyed the trust of the Umayyad emirs, and many were subsequently appointed to positions of authority in Andalusia.
This system emerged concurrently with the gradual development of the Andalusian military establishment and the country's need to organize its army and improve its preparedness for both peace and war. These military parades were typically held in the suburbs near government centers or on the outskirts of major cities to facilitate the movement of cavalry and infantry. They were organized before military campaigns, on official occasions and celebrations such as holidays, declarations of victory, when receiving delegations, and during ceremonies of allegiance. The parade had both political and symbolic significance, demonstrating the state's power and prestige to its inhabitants, visiting delegations, and even its enemies. Often, this function overlapped with the political and administrative aspects of Andalusian society. With the evolution of the political landscape in Andalusia, particularly towards the end of the Caliphate, the parade underwent some changes, diminishing its role and presence on the political scene. However, it retained, in one form or another, its symbolic significance as a manifestation of public authority in Andalusia.

This study examines the phenomenon of competition for the office of Amīr al-Umarāʾ during the second Abbasid era (232–334 AH / 847–945 CE) as a key indicator of the transformation in the structure of political authority and its direct repercussions on the fate of viziers and the stability of the administrative apparatus. The growing influence of military commanders—particularly the Turkish leaders—contributed to weakening caliphal authority and turning the office of Amīr al-Umarāʾ into the locus of effective power. This shift placed viziers in a persistent dilemma between loyalty to the caliph and submission to military powerholders. The study demonstrates how this competition resulted in repeated downfalls of viziers, including dismissal, imprisonment, confiscation of property, and execution, due to rapid changes in power balances and frequent palace coups. These downfalls were not isolated incidents but a systemic political phenomenon rooted in the structure of governance, exacerbating instability, accelerating the erosion of central authority, and paving the way for the emergence of autonomous regional dynasties on the peripheries of the Abbasid state

This research aims to assess the suitability of land for agriculture in Babylon Governorate using Multi-Criteria Spatial Analysis (MCDA) within Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study problem stems from the clear absence of a comprehensive and systematic assessment of the suitability of agricultural land in the governorate, leading to suboptimal utilization of natural resources and a significant decline in agricultural productivity. This problem is exacerbated by unplanned urban sprawl encroaching on fertile land, soil degradation, and water scarcity. The research posits that natural criteria, such as soil and water, are the most influential factors in determining land suitability for agriculture, and that applying the MCDA methodology using GIS will enable the identification of areas with high agricultural potential with greater accuracy and reliability. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the relative weights of each criterion based on the opinions of a group of experts and specialists in the agricultural and environmental sectors. Subsequently, these weighted criteria were integrated using the Weighted Overlay technique within a GIS environment to create a final map illustrating the levels of land suitability for agriculture in the governorate.

The tribal judicial system is considered one of the most important and oldest methods of dispute resolution across different historical periods. It has spread throughout various societies due to the simplicity of its procedures and its lack of complexity when compared to the formal judicial system. Moreover, the decisions it enforces are compatible with the specific characteristics and social nature of each community, thereby achieving immediate justice and socially agreed deterrence.
This study aims to identify the nature of the tribal judicial system in Iraq, as well as the most significant rules and customs governing it and the methods of their application. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach, relying on a case study of a sample consisting of ten (10) tribal settlements that he personally attended. The study reached several findings, including the following:
1- The tribal judicial system is based on rules and customs recognized by all members of society, and the decisions it issues are binding in nature.
2-The tribal judicial system in Iraq has multiple sources, including divine laws, customs and traditions, tribal judicial precedents, juristic reasoning, and experience.
3-This system examines all committed crimes and imposes different penalties according to the type of crime

The current research aims to identify the effect of the concept sorting strategy on the acquisition of Islamic concepts among first-year intermediate students and the development of their deductive thinking.
The researcher selected a sample of (60) first-year intermediate students, who were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group included (30) students and studied according to the concept sorting strategy, while the control group included (30) students who studied according to the traditional method.
The researcher prepared a concept acquisition test consisting of (40) items, and verified its validity and reliability. He also prepared a deductive thinking scale consisting of (22) items.
Using the statistical method (T-test) for two independent samples, the results were extracted. The study yielded the following results:
1. There was a statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the average scores of students in the experimental group who studied according to the concept sorting strategy and students in the control group who studied according to the traditional method in the Islamic concepts acquisition test.
2. There is a statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the average scores of the pre- and post-tests of the experimental and control groups on the deductive reasoning scale.