Journal of University of Babylon

Popularizing (or cultural/ intellectual promotion) is a rhetorical and ideological technique that aims at persuasion through the use of linguistic, psychological, and symbolic elements that contribute to constructing a coded message. This message is often disseminated within a communicative space that feigns realism, while in reality, it is based on a pre-determined mental construct. The importance of this popularizing perspective becomes clear when studying poetic output in Islamic eras, particularly during the Abbasid period, which witnessed a radical transformation on both cultural and civilizational levels. This transformation was driven by openness to other cultures, such as the Persians, Indians, and Romans, resulting in a cultural fusion that impacted the intellectual and literary landscape of the time. The poet Bashar ibn Burd (96 AH -168 AH) represents a creative model embodying these transformations. He lived through two distinct historical periods: the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, and witnessed the erosion of traditional values and the rise of a new cultural discourse that sought to impose alternative representations of identity and culture.
In his poetry, Bashar sought to promote his Persian culture at times, and at other times to express divergent views on prevailing Arab values, through a rhetorical discourse imbued with a critical intellectual and cultural character that engages the reader through multiple levels of meaning and symbolism. His poetry demonstrates a conscious use of intellectual, social, and political rhetorical techniques, making it fertile ground for analysis using pragmatic and discourse analysis methodologies. Based on this perspective, the research consists of two main sections: theoretical, addressing the general concept of rhetoric; and applied, concerned with revealing the manifestations of rhetoric in Bashar ibn Burd's poetry through two types: intellectual rhetoric and political rhetoric, while also explaining the mechanisms of their linguistic and semantic formation.

In light of the vast expansion in the use of modern technologies-particularly smartphones, computers, and television—indicators have emerged of a decline in auditory communication within the Muslim family, especially between parents and children. This study aims to examine the impact of these technologies on the nature of genuine auditory communication between parents and children across different age groups, from the parents’ perspective. Among the manifestations of this issue are the constant preoccupation of fathers, mothers, or children with listening to mobile phones or television, and the absence of genuine listening during their interactions, which diminishes the emotional and educational effect of speech. This research is hoped to be the first to link such technologies with the sense of hearing and to examine this relationship from an Islamic jurisprudential perspective. The study employs the descriptive–analytical method and the inductive method. The findings reveal that contemporary technologies have contributed to a decline in genuine auditory communication between parents and children. Accordingly, the study recommends enhancing educational and religious awareness regarding the proper regulation of technology use within the household and activating alternative means that restore the value of genuine auditory communication, such as designating daily periods free from phones and screens, particularly during family gatherings.

This study examines consonantal phenomena between elision and normal pronunciation in Al-Maqdisi Book Al-Mufeed fi Sharh Al-Qaseed, focusing on their application in Qur’anic recitation. Al-Maqdisi explains that nasalization resembles consonantal elision, whereas normal pronunciation functions oppositely. He emphasizes that two assimilated consonants should not merge with a third consonant, and he classifies nasalization as a third category following elision. The study highlights the importance of balancing normal pronunciation and nasalization, as well as the application of phonetic causes and consonantal closure, particularly when identical consonants occur with one being silent and the other vocalized. Scholars have differed in several instances regarding elision versus normal pronunciation.
The research also analyzes al-Maqdisi methodological approach in presenting topics, noting the complexity of his commentaries, which requires careful interpretation to properly understand the rules of elision and normal pronunciation, enabling a coherent and accessible exposition for readers. The study underscores that investigating consonantal elision in al-Maqdisi work requires systematic attention to phonetic causes and Qur’anic recitation principles, as well as an understanding of interactions among identical consonants and their governing phonetic rules, allowing a precise and comprehensive presentation of this phenomenon.

The Qur’an, in its entirety, represents a supreme divine value system, encompassing educational values aimed at developing the human being spiritually, psychologically, intellectually, ethically, and behaviorally. The research problemlies in the need to uncover the nature of educational values in the Qur’an and their contribution to human knowledge construction, particularly in Surah Maryam, which is distinguished by the diversity of its educational and cognitive content.
This study aims to examine the educational values in Surah Maryam and analyze their impact on the cognitive development of the individual and society from an integrative perspective linking spiritual, behavioral, and social dimensions. It also seeks to demonstrate how these values guide the relationship between humans and God, between humans and their society, and between humans and themselves, as a comprehensive framework shaping human behavior.
The researcher adopted the integrative approach, a branch of the descriptive-analytical method, using textual inference and conceptual analysis as tools to identify the educational values and their cognitive implications.
The findings indicate that the educational values in Surah Maryam constitute a structural axis for building human awareness, contributing to the balance between humans’ material and spiritual aspects, thus forming an integrated ethical-cognitive framework.
The study concludes that the Qur’an is an essential source of educational and cognitive guidance, and deriving its principles is crucial for reconstructing human consciousness in the modern era on a solid Qur’anic foundation.

The research examines how three important novels from different time periods-The Bell Jar (1963) by Sylvia Plath, Infinite Jest (1996) by David Foster Wallace, and Norwegian Wood (1987; English translation 2000) by Haruki Murakami-convey linguistic patterns of psychological distress and well-being via their narratives. The study intends to reveal how these novelists circumnavigate issues of psychological suffering and suicidal ideation by studying the cognitive stylistic features, such as figurative expressions, unusual speech acts, and colorful descriptions. The research purpose is to investigate how cognitive stylistic features enable precise depiction of psychological well-being, especially suicidal thoughts, in fictional works.
The research problem, however, encounters bias because it studies the depiction of psychological well-being in fictional works which primarily focus on suicidal behavior patterns. The study uses qualitative close reading together with corpus-assisted procedures which include lexical frequency tracking and concordance analysis (via Wordsmith Tools) to control for such an interpretive bias.
As a result, the study investigates how language and fiction relate to psychological well-being through its examination of famous stories which establishes a more extensive examination of these complex relationships. Thus, it establishes a connection between cognitive stylistics and psychological well-being depiction to advance understanding of how suicidal ideation appears in fiction while creating the basis for future studies in this field.

This paper highlights the meaning of idioms in the novel “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”, which is written by the famous American Author ‘Mark Twain’. As observed by the researchers, the novel is full of idiomatic expressions. The paper identifies the idioms, types, functions and features. The model is presented for the analysis of data, called the ‘semantic analysis of idioms’ which is taken from Fernando (1994) and Nunberg, Sag, and Wasow (1994) classifications. According to the model, the samples of data will be analyzed according to pure, semi, and literal idiom. Second, they will be analyzed according ideational, interpersonal, and relational function. Additionally, compositionality, conventionality, and transparency are the last part of the model. The analysis used a mixed method that comprises both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The results revealed that semi and pure idioms are the most used types in the novel. While the most used functions are ideational and interpersonal. At the end, conventionality and transparency idioms are the dominant elements.

This research aims to uncover the most prominent aspects of the political rebellion in the poetry of Muwaffaq Muhammad via studying it according to Lucien Goldmann's approach in genetic structuralism. This theory reveals the relationship of poetry to society, and the worldview that surrounds the poet. Thus, it also reveals the external influences that affect the formation of the internal structures of the text. The genetic structuralist approach is considered one of the non-extremist approaches, which balances what is contextual and what is systematic. Accordingly, the study will follow the concept of "understanding" which begins by studying and analyzing it from within, and extracting the most prominent internal structures in it, then linking these structures to external influences that affect their emergence by applying the poet's worldview. Ultimately the study will extract one of two consciousnesses: either the "existing" or the "potential".

This study aimed to explore the contextual significance of the Qur’anic oaths particles in light of Abū Ḥayyān’s exegesis Al-Baḥr al-Muḥīṭ, analyzing the impact of both linguistic and non-linguistic contexts on the verses in which these particles occur, in order to uncover the subtle semantic distinctions among them. The study adopted a descriptive approach based on collecting, classifying, and analyzing. Abū Ḥayyān’s interpretative choices are discussed in light of the principles of Arabic grammar and Qur’anic exegesis. The research was divided into three main sections: the first devoted to the particle bāʾ, the second to wāw, and the third to tāʾ. The findings reveal that each particle possesses distinctive contextual and semantic functions. The particle bāʾ predominantly occurs in contexts of emphatic assertion, due to its inherent association with the verb of oath, its meaning of adhesion, and its strong phonetic force. The wāw frequently appears where the text seeks to highlight the relationship and coherence between the object sworn by and the statement sworn to, reflecting its semantic value of conjunction and inclusion. Meanwhile, the tāʾ is typically used in contexts of astonishment and remoteness, where a sense of wonder or improbability is perceived. These conclusions rest on the original meanings and phonetic features of each particle, interpreted in light of the contextual indicators, thereby revealing the precision and rhetorical miracle of the Qur’anic expression in its choice of oath particles.

This research examines the personality of Judge Al-Muhsin bin Ali Al-Tanukhi (d. 994 AD / 384 AH) and the impact of his judicial experience and literary talents on documenting the history of the judiciary and society during the Abbasid era, especially in the fourth century AH. The research focuses on his book 'Nishwar al-Muhadara wa Akhbar al-Mudhakara' as it is a historical document that conveys news that was not mentioned in official works about events that took place behind the scenes of the courts. It sheds light on the relationship between judges and governors in the Buyid era. The research also addresses how judges were appointed and dismissed, highlighting the conflict between the judge’s independence, which was based on the strength of jurisprudence and Sharia, and the power of the authority to impose its will. As well as the emergence of unusual cases in the appointment of judges, such as guarantees and mediations. The research points to the scientific value of the book in addressing the history which is not found in the annals, through a methodology that relies on direct transmission, continuous narration, and description of the real events that he witnessed, which made the book an important reference in studying the administrative and judicial system prevalent in the Islamic East in that era.

The amendment of international treaties represents one of the fundamental issues in public international lawr, as it balances the principles of stability of international obligations with the necessity of adapting legal texts to envol- ving political, economic, and legal circumstances. Over time states may find it necessary to revise or update certain provisions of a treaty due to Changing circumstances or new international needs, through interpretation, modification, addition, or deletion.
This study examines the general rules governing the amendments of international treaties under the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, with an analytical overview of the practice of states and international organizations. It distinguishes between the amendment of bilateral and multibilateral treaties, both in terms of principles and procedures, and includes real-world examples such as the amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and human rights Conventions. The study aims to assess the adequacy of existing legal provision regulating treaty amendment, identify practical gaps in implementation, and propose reforms for developing supplementary rules. An analytical and Comparative methodology has been adapted, supported. by international texts, scholarly opinions and istitutional practice, to present a Comprehensive and objective assessment of the envolving rules governing treaty amendments in international law.

Technological advancements have led to the emergence of electronic contracts, particularly in international trade, resulting in a rise in related disputes. In this context, adopting new and effective mechanisms for resolving these disputes has become essential. The traditional judicial system has proven limited in handling electronic transactions due to the slow pace of litigation, which clashes with the speed of these transactions. Therefore, a sophisticated system that can meet these challenges is necessary. This has led to the emergence of digital arbitration centers, which focus on resolving disputes between contracting parties using modern technologies tailored to their specific needs. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in international commercial arbitration is particularly relevant here, making it more suitable for dispute resolution. AI plays a crucial role in supporting and facilitating arbitration procedures, processing electronic data, and analyzing digital data related to the dispute. This, in turn, facilitates reaching an arbitration decision within a shorter timeframe.

The aim of the current research is to reveal the teaching competencies available to teachers in the basic education stage from the point of view of educational supervisors, and to identify the degree of possession of some teaching competencies among teachers of the basic education stage from the point of view of educational supervisors in the city of Aleppo. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach and prepared A questionnaire to achieve the objectives of the research. The questionnaire was applied to a sample of (38) female and male educational supervisors in the city of Aleppo. The researcher concluded that the teaching competencies of basic education teachers from the point of view of educational supervisors were available to a high degree, with the exception of (the teacher varied in using evaluation tool He takes the students’ answers seriously, uses classical language, uses teaching aids during explanations, listens to the students’ opinions when discussing information, and asks about the absent student to teach him the lessons he missed. It was of an average degree. In addition, there were no differences between teachers depending on there variable gender of educational supervis.

Administrative policing is considered one of the important topics that has been addressed by numerous research activities, as it represents one of the essential tools of the state, particularly the preventive administrative authority, for the protection of public order and the reduction of manifestations of criminal behavior before they turn into crimes punishable by law. This research aims to clarify the key concepts related to the subject of the study, the nature of administrative policing, to distinguish it from other similar concepts, as well as to examine the forms of administrative policing and its limits, and how to avoid infringing upon public freedoms.
The research problem revolves around the extent to which administrative policing contributes to influencing criminal behavior, and what are the legal limits governing its exercise. The study concludes that administrative policing plays a pivotal role in preventive criminal policy by preventing the causes of crime and reducing its enabling environment; however, its effectiveness remains contingent upon respect for the principle of legality and subjection to judicial oversight, which prevents abuse of power and ensures the protection of rights and freedoms. Thus, a balance is achieved between the requirements of public order and the guarantees of individuals.

This paper examines parental engagement in English speaking of lower secondary students in Duhok, Iraq, through a mixed methods approach based on parent and teacher surveys and student focus groups. The goal of the research is to investigate school-based cooperation and home-based support as well as their effect on the success of the students in speaking English. The findings show that concerning school-based collaboration and home-based support, parents have shown moderate engagement with M = 3.76 and M=2.99, respectively. According to teachers, parents engage in the provision of learning materials, such as CDs, English classes, shows on television, and mobile applications. It was pointed out by the students that they had made the greatest progress in speaking when they were encouraged emotionally at home and when they had interactive practice. The paper has elaborated the importance of parents in strengthening English speaking abilities outside the classroom and highlights the necessity of practical strategies and interventions to strengthen home based support. The implications of these findings suggest that the policymakers, educators as well as families should promote holistic development of English-language speaking among EFL students.