Iraqi Journal of Medical and Health Sciences

Back ground: Any disease which leads to loss of tooth structure leads to migration of adjacent teeth in the newly created space. This process leads to impingement of space for the eruption of the succedanea’s dentition leading to malocclusions.
Objective of study: The aim of our study is the evaluation of the ITENA cements as the orthodontic band’s cements on zirconium crowns and compare it with the natural teeth.
Materials and methods: In the current study, (20) samples were prepared. Natural and zirconia crowns of upper first premolar were performed and used. Performed band was adapted to each tooth. ITENS cement was used, and teeth have been divided into (2) groups: (group A & group B). Orthodontic bands were cemented on natural and zirconia crowns. Before testing, all samples were kept for 24 hrs. at 37°C. All samples were examined in tensile modes by applying the universal testing machines for determining the shear bond’s strengths. All samples were visually evaluated at the cement site following the depending process.
Results: The values of the maximum shear bond’s strength with regard to the maximum loads were shown by natural teeth, and in minimum shear bond’s strength for zirconium teeth, a significant variation was shown between the 2 group (p<0.05).
Conclusions: With regard to maximum loads, the highest values were demonstrated by natural teeth, and lowest by zirconium teeth. This study suggests that the natural teeth were better to use as abutments for space maintainer.

Background: One person, one genome; this is the foundation of the biological axiom, nowadays it is exposed to a big challenge due to the human chimerism phenomenon. The appearance of genetically distinct lineages in one person. It was rare in the past, but nowadays it has become more common due to Multifactorial causes. In this narrative review, we will expose a different aspect and different Implications of these phenomena.
Methods: We adopted a narrative approach to collect the newest studies and reports published between 2018 and 2026, related to this phenomenon. The data were collected and analysed from 18 article review, from academic data base (PubMed, NCBI).
Results: The review revealed that there is a comprehensive shift in these couple of years, 2025-2026, where the chimerism has evolved from a diagnostic complication into a therapeutic tool to achieve the immunological tolerance in organ transplantation and bioengineering human organs within interspecies hosts, which triggered to create a gap in the forensic aspect, due to the limitation in the traditional (STR-PCR) test which failed to account for genomic plurality and that led to legal paradoxes in parentage and criminal identification.
Conclusion: The science and forensic fields have to standardise all concepts and protocols about the chimerism, which include the medical terms and the procedures of collecting samples and tissue from the body and using advanced DNA technologies like NGS. We have to accept that biological identity is not always a single profile or a static code; instead, it can be a complex and changing mosaic

Background: Anatomical Variations of the median nerve and its communication have been described in
the academic literature. These variations are important clinically during anesthesia of the median nerve block
and surgical exploration.
Objective of study: This study aims to investigate the median nerve anatomy from the root and its communication with the musculocutaneous and ulnar nerves.
Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cadaveric-based study, which was carried out at the laboratory
dissectionof the College of Medicine and Health Science, Omdurman Islamic University , Sudan . It was performedon 25 formaldehyde-preserved Sudanese cadavers; each upper limb was properly dissected and assessed for any variations. The data was analyzed by the SPSS program.
Results: Bilateral 50 upper limbs of Sudanese cadavers were studied. The male-to-female ratio was 23:2. Median nerve root variation was found in 10% in the form of three nerve roots instead of two .
Communicationin the arm region between the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve was observed
in 10% of study subjects, whereas communication in the forearm region between the median nerve and the ulnar nerve was found in 4% of study
Conclusion: The variation of median nerve roots was noted in 10% of the study population. Regarding the
mendationcommunication in the forearm and arm regions was detected as 10% and 4%, respectively. Recom :
Median nerve anatomical variations should be considered in any planned surgical intervention or regional
anesthesia.

Background: Refractive errors are a significant public health concern, particularly among children, as they can lead to visual impairment and adversely affect educational and social development.
Objective of study: This study investigated the risk factors associated with different types of refractive errors among children in Baghdad, Iraq.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Hospital, where children aged 6–15 years underwent comprehensive eye examinations, including distance and near visual acuity assessments using the Log MAR chart, along with objective and subjective refraction. Socio-demographic characteristics and potential risk factors of refractive error were collected using a structured interview with parents or guardians. Multinomial and binary logistic regression were used to determine the risk factors associated with refractive errors.
Results: A total of 384 children participated in the study. Multivariable analysis indicated that watching television for 2 hours or more daily was associated with increased odds of myopia, while maintaining a TV viewing distance of more than three meters significantly reduced the likelihood of myopia (Adj. OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.18–0.56; p<0.001). Older age was associated with a lower risk of myopia (Adj. OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83–0.96; p=0.002). For hyperopia, watching television at a distance of more than 3 meters (Adj. OR: 5.18; 95% CI: 2.55–10.52; p<0.001) or at 2 meters (Adj. OR: 2.77; 95% CI: 1.43–5.37; p=0.003) was associated with increased odds.
Conclusion: This study identifies several modifiable risk factors associated with refractive errors in children in Baghdad, Iraq, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to promote healthy lifestyle habits and access to comprehensive vision screening and corrective devices.

Background: Certain brain tumor forms can be misdiagnosed, which can impair a patient's capacity to respond to treatment and lower their chance of survival.
Objective of study: Due to an increase in the number of brain tumor cases worldwide, it is important to identify the risk factors of patient with brain tumors.
Materials and Methods: This study intends to evaluate the brain tumor risk factor at the Baghdad hospital and determine the relationship between the risk factor and demographics. A cross-sectional, descriptive design study was carried out from October 29, 2021, to May 22, 2022. Recruitment was done for a purposeful (non-probability) sample of 41 patients. The research team provided the questioner for the participants to collect the data manually. IBM-Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26.0 is used to analyses the data using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques.
Results: The results demonstrate that elderly individuals are more vulnerable than younger ones. Men and women are equally likely to be affected by brain tumors. Also, a person's chance of developing a brain tumor is more likely to be influenced by their family history. People with different educational backgrounds are all at the same risk of developing brain tumors. Furthermore, BMI has little bearing on the development risk of brain tumors. Finally, the likelihood of brain tumors is strongly influenced by an individual's line of work.
Conclusion: The findings revealed that age plays an essential part in assessing the risk of developing brain tumors, with older people having a higher risk than younger people. Gender does not appear to be a significant factor in predicting the chance of getting brain tumors. This indicates that brain tumors are equally likely to affect men and women.