Kut University College Journal for Humanitarian Science

In the final year of the Prophet’s life (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), the Qur’an was reviewed with Gabriel twice, whereas in previous years it had been reviewed only once. This final review signaled to the Prophet that the course of the message had reached its completion and perfection, that the religion had become fully clarified with its foundations firmly established, and that no ambiguous legislation remained.


At that time, the Prophet resolved to perform the pilgrimage (Hajj). He called upon the Muslims to accompany him so that he might demonstrate its rituals in practice and provide them with a model to follow. He also indicated that this might be his final meeting with them, as he might not see them again in the following year.


The Prophet then set out for Mecca accompanied by a large number of Muslims from Medina, joined by others from various regions. This journey became one of the largest Islamic gatherings of his lifetime and came to be known as the Great Pilgrimage.


After completing the rituals of Hajj, and on the return journey to Medina, at a place known as al-Juhfa in the area of Ghadir Khumm, the Prophet announced that he would convey a momentous message. He then proclaimed that Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) would be the successor after him.

The Prophetic Hadith stands as the second main source after the Quran due to its sanctity in Muslims thoughts, its valuable knowledge, its eloquent expressions and because it's relations with Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Its' usage and presence in linguistic works, especially in morphology books. Although the importance of Poetry, but it comes after holy Quran in linguistic argumentation, or may they are equal.


Preferring of the Prophet Hadith over other forms of Arabic expression lies in its unparalleled eloquence, profound impact, precision of wording, and clarity of meaning. Despite this, scholars have not consistently used Hadiths as foundational evidence for establishing morphological rules as they have with other sources, such as the Quran, its readings, and the speech of Arabs in poetry and prose.

Both rational interpretation and interpretation by opinion rely on human effort to understand the Holy Quran, employing reason to deduce meanings and rulings for which there is no explicit text. Both require the interpreter to have extensive knowledge of the Arabic language, the principles of jurisprudence, and the sciences of the Quran to ensure the validity of conclusions and avoid errors.


The fundamental difference lies in the methodology and controls. Rational interpretation is a disciplined and praiseworthy approach, relying on the systematic use of reason in accordance with the principles of Islamic law and language. It aims to uncover the secrets of the Quran and demonstrate its miraculous nature. It is a type of ijtihad that serves the Quranic text and does not contradict it.


As for interpretation by opinion, it has two aspects: praiseworthy and reprehensible. Praiseworthy interpretation by opinion is the same as rational interpretation and is based on scientific foundations. In contrast, reprehensible interpretation by opinion is interpreting the Quran based on whims and ignorance, where a person interprets verses in accordance with their personal opinion or preconceived beliefs without any legal or linguistic evidence. This type of interpretation is religiously unacceptable because it makes the Quran subservient to the interpreter's whims and desires, something warned against in prophetic hadiths such as, "Whoever speaks about the Quran based on his own opinion, let him take his seat in Hellfire." In short, rational interpretation is the use of reason to serve the Quran, while the reprehensible interpretation based on opinion is the use of the Quran to serve one's own opinion.

Mustafa Jamal al-Din’s conception of modern Arabic poetry can be understood as a critical perspective grounded in a profound awareness of the classical Arabic prosodic tradition (ʿarūḍ) and its historical development. Within this framework, he approaches modern poetry as an aesthetic phenomenon that remains connected to the historical continuum of Arabic poetic practice rather than representing a radical rupture with it. In his view, the transformation introduced by modern poetry does not lie in the abolition of poetic meter, but rather in the modification of the system of metrical feet within the poetic line. Consequently, modern poetry appears, in his analysis, as an extension of the classical Khalilian prosodic system rather than a decisive departure from it. This position reflects a reformist critical vision that seeks to reconcile the historical precedence of classical poetic texts, regarded as the foundational model, with the new aesthetic realization embodied in modern poetic experience, while preserving the essential principles of the inherited tradition.


This perspective is closely related to the debates that emerged between Jamal al-Din and Nazik al-Malaika concerning free verse. His critical stance remains largely aligned with the early theoretical formulations that sought to legitimize free verse within the framework of traditional prosody. Although Jamal al-Din demonstrates extensive knowledge of the Arabic literary heritage and consistently draws upon its conceptual apparatus in reading modern poetry, he shows limited inclination toward adopting later modernist approaches that reconceptualize rhythm itself as a complex linguistic and semantic structure.


His critical position also corresponds to his own poetic practice. Jamal al-Din remained committed to the classical bipartite structure of the Arabic verse line and did not substantially engage in free-verse experimentation. As a result, his theoretical discussion of the poetic line appears less as a radical reconfiguration of the Khalilian system and more as a reinterpretation or variation within its established framework. For this reason, his critical project may be viewed as representing a transitional stage in modern Arabic poetic criticism: one that preserves a deep loyalty to the classical prosodic heritage while attempting to accommodate the transformations introduced by early modern Arabic poetry, without fully embracing the more radical critical perspectives that later redefined the concept of poetic rhythm.

The issue of intellectual security has become one of the most important priorities of Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq, peace be upon him, d (148 AH / 765 AD) This stage was characterized by the invasion of different civilizations with philosophies and theories that differ with the Islamic theory, as it existed among the components of society, benefiting from the openness of the Abbasid authority over the non-Arab elements. Exaggeration in the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and making them above the level of humans and giving them the attributes of gods, so Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) had only to work hard to correct the aspects of deviation that occurred in the life of the nation so as not to affect the stability and foundation of its intellectual security.

Criminal liability for medical errors is one of the most prominent legal topics that has sparked widespread controversy in jurisprudential and judicial circles. This is due to the sensitive humanitarian nature of the medical profession, which concerns human life and physical safety. This research aims to clarify the legal basis for physician criminal liability in light of Arab legislation, analyze its material and moral components, and demonstrate its compatibility with the general principles of criminal law. The research problem is to identify precise criteria for distinguishing between medical error, which gives rise to liability, and legitimate medical practice, which falls within the scope of sound professional practice. To achieve this goal, the research relied on a comparative analytical approach, examining legal texts and judicial rulings in a number of Arab legislations, including Egyptian, Jordanian, Lebanese, and Moroccan legislation. The research found that Arab legislation differs in defining the scope of physician criminal liability, with one approach requiring stricter penalties under the pretext of protecting the patient, and another leaning toward protecting the physician, taking into account the specificity of medical practice, which is based on probability rather than certainty. The research also highlighted the most important legal guarantees physicians enjoy, such as the need to prove a causal relationship and rely on the opinion of specialized medical committees. The research concluded with a number of recommendations calling for the unification of legal standards across Arab legislation and the amendment of certain provisions to achieve a balance between protecting the patient's rights and ensuring the physician's professional safety.

Surah At-Takwir is a Meccan surah whose discourse focuses on major issues of faith, foremost among them the scenes of the Resurrection, revelation, and the message. Its verses address the events of the Hereafter through awe-inspiring, metaphysical portrayals that awaken human consciousness and warn of the signs of cosmic upheaval and the Day of Judgment. Based on a careful analytical reading of the surah's verses, this research seeks to uncover the various linguistic levels that constitute the expressive structure of the Quranic text, particularly the grammatical, morphological, lexical, semantic, and pragmatic levels, and the profound meanings they yield, revealing the horrors of the surrounding Day and its momentous transformations.


The surah highlights scenes of unprecedented cosmic change and links them to the human soul's reckoning for its past injustices and transgressions, in a clear manifestation of the principle of divine justice. As for the rhetorical level, it reached the pinnacle of Quranic eloquence through the use of the three branches of rhetoric: eloquence, figures of speech, and semantics, in depicting momentous events and affirming the truth of the divine message and the prophethood of the Messenger, while directing a rebuke to the deniers and disbelievers.


The analysis also revealed a precise phonetic harmony among the surah's vocabulary, manifested in the rhythmic coherence of its letters and the harmony of its verse endings. This creates a semantic effect that resonates with the profound Quranic objectives, particularly through the use of rhyme and alliteration, which lend the text a powerful aesthetic dimension. Thus, the linguistic levels of the surah integrate to form a harmonious, miraculous textual unity, affirming the power and sublimity of Quranic expression. This aligns with the Prophetic tradition that encourages reading this surah to vividly recall the scenes of the Day of Judgment as if they were unfolding before one's eyes. This concise style, with its simple words and condensed imagery, has contributed to bringing the image of the end of the world closer to people's minds, reflecting the depth of meaning, richness of significance, and eloquence of expression in the Holy Qur'an.

The concept of good faith in societies is a purely ethical concept, meaning acting with honesty and sincerity, and adhering to what human moral nature dictates. However, the concept has legal dimensions that are not limited to criminal law, but also extend to other branches of law, including civil, international, and public law. It is the general principle for fulfilling a person's obligations in their daily lives, in addition to being an important and fundamental aspect of human ethical behavior. , as it is used as a basis for the establishment of a person’s criminal and civil liability or not, and one of the foundations upon which criminal justice is based, and upon which the principle of good faith is linked within the scope of the Penal Code to the moral element of the crime, which consists of the two elements of knowledge and will, which constitute the scope of criminal intent. Whoever has good faith has no criminal intent, but whoever intends to intentionally harm others by causing the criminal result resulting from his action, the availability of Criminal intent was present against him, and he deserved the penalty. This is what the research will address when applying the principle of good faith to the crime of promoting counterfeit currency, the position of Iraqi law on it, and the judicial applications thereof.

The study examined the cultivated area of ​​strategic crops in Iraq and the production quantity, such as wheat, barley, rice, and yellow corn, for four years (2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020). The study also represented the cultivated area and the produced quantity of agricultural crops using various map representation methods, such as color gradation, squares, triangles, and columns. The agricultural sector is one of the sectors that contribute to national income, and fluctuations in agricultural crops cause an economic crisis. The study aims to use map representation methods using geographic information systems to represent the variation in the quantity and area of ​​strategic crops in Iraq. The study included an analytical approach to analyze maps and a comparative approach to compare crops during the study years in governorates and districts. It also included a descriptive approach to describe map representation methods and the development of map drawing and uses, as well as data on the cultivated area and the produced quantity of crops. Then study included two chapters, conclusions, recommendations, sources, and appendices. The conclusions demonstrated that the map's ability to represent agricultural crops and methods The cartographic representation shows the variation in the area and quantity of agricultural crops according to the year and location using the color gradient method, squares, triangles, columns, and the divided circle to compare each crop over time periods. The squares and triangles method is the mosamong the cartographic representation methods to show the variation between data such as the cultivated area and the quantity of production. The research concluded the necessity of enhancing strategic crops with integrated national plans and the necessity of adopting the map as a tool in agricultural planning and developing the infrastructure of the countryside and the agricultural sector from storage, transportation, and marketing centers to reduce harvest losse.

The world is witnessing rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, posing new challenges to administrative and oversight systems across various sectors. This research aims to examine the concept of administrative oversight of AI systems, highlighting its importance in ensuring the ethical and safe use of these technologies, enhancing transparency and explainability, defining legal responsibilities, and protecting data and privacy. The study also reviews global legal and ethical frameworks, such as the OECD Principles, the World Economic Forum recommendations, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the European Commission’s White Paper, and the U.S. National AI Initiative Act. The research concludes that establishing a comprehensive national framework for administrative oversight of AI, based on international standards and adapted to the local context, is an urgent necessity to balance innovation with rights protection.

With the rapid development of AI technologies and their increasing use in managing and operating public utilities, there is a pressing need to establish effective administrative oversight mechanisms in line with Iraqi legislation. This research aims to analyze the legal and regulatory framework for administrative oversight of AI in public utilities by examining relevant Iraqi laws, such as the Amended Law No. (14) of 1991 on the Discipline of State and Public-Sector Employees, the Personal Data Protection Law (if enacted), and existing ministerial regulations and instructions. It also addresses administrative principles related to legality, transparency, accountability, and privacy protection, and assesses their alignment with international standards such as the OECD Guidelines and the GDPR. The research concludes that although the Iraqi legislative framework contains general provisions for oversight of public utility performance, it still requires specific regulations governing the use of AI and defining its controls to achieve a balance between innovation and safeguarding citizens’ fundamental rights.

Drugs are among the most dangerous types of toxins that have spread widely throughout the world. These dangerous toxins have invaded the world, making it virtually impossible to find a place free of them. This is especially true given the increase in drug users worldwide, with millions of people becoming addicted. This is a costly phenomenon for governments financially. Despite the significant progress humanity has made in various fields of development, it has not been able to eradicate this scourge that is killing millions of people. Illegal drug trafficking is one of the greatest plagues afflicting international societies. Drugs are among the most significant causes of human destruction because they destroy people, despite their necessity for certain human needs. They also provide important medical services essential to the survival of life if used cautiously and in quantities determined by a specialist physician. To ensure this, international law has established an international legal system to monitor the production, distribution, and consumption of drugs and imposed a number of international restrictions to limit the spread of this phenomenon, particularly in the first five decades of the last century. Important legal foundations were established to combat drugs, but these efforts required significant efforts to implement them. Among these legal foundations are international and regional agreements, including the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971, and the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. These agreements are considered the first step in important international efforts to reduce the drug phenomenon, and their various texts adopt many aspects that define the methods and techniques of combating drugs internationally. Since drugs pose a danger to human society, the countries of the world have become aware and have worked to combat them in various ways, both internally and externally.

Religious functions are considered an important function for any city, as they contribute to its development and may even be a reason for the emergence of the city itself. They are also considered an effective tool in attracting residents, which in turn positively impacts the city. Therefore, this study seeks to uncover the religious function in the city of Fadhiliyah, as well as to identify the most important religious sites, shrines, and tombs in the city, and the role of this function. The study concluded that the area has a religious character because it is characterized by the presence of many important shrines, such as the shrines of Al-Khidr and Al-Abbas Al-Hadi, which are visited by many people. It also contains numerous mosques and husayniyas. The city\'s shrines, as well as the mosques and husayniyas, played a developmental role, and the religious services function supported the city\'s economy and its communication with neighboring cities through the establishment of numerous homes, shops, and other financially profitable institutions. This is considered one of the most important religious functions. The study recommended that attention be paid to the roads leading to the shrines, furnishing them, and managing the shrines in the study area by specialized authorities, as they are more familiar with these shrines.

This study examined the computer curriculum document for the tenth and eleventh grades of middle school and offered suggestions for improving the document based on the research findings. To achieve this objective, the study employed a descriptive-analytical approach to evaluate the study population, which consisted of the middle school computer curriculum document (the sole version from 2018). Content analysis was conducted using an analytical tool developed based on a previously established and reliable instrument. This tool comprised five main themes, distributed across 30 sub-objectives. Statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The validity and reliability of the analysis were confirmed through time-resolved consensus. One of the most significant findings of the study was that the computer curriculum document included most of the objectives, albeit at varying percentages. The highest percentage achieved was for the fourth axis, which focuses on "enhancing values ​​and skills among students," reaching 53.12% for tenth grade and 50.03% for eleventh grade. This was followed by the fifth axis, which achieved 43.09% for tenth grade and 45.06% for eleventh grade. The third axis followed with 39.37% for tenth grade and 33.8% for eleventh grade, but the objective "parental involvement in the educational process" was not included. The second axis omitted the objective "using modern technologies in teaching," as did the first axis, which focused on "considering individual differences between regular students and students with special needs." The study offered recommendations for developing the computer curriculum document for the preparatory stage.

This study examines the civil liability of judges in Iraqi law, one of the most prominent legal topics that balances the protection of individual rights and ensuring judicial independence. The study aims to define the concept of judges\\' civil liability and its legal foundations, clarify the conditions and elements of this liability, as well as the procedures and legal consequences arising from errors committed by judges in the performance of their duties.

The study is divided into three main sections. The first section examines the concept of judges\\' civil liability and its legal foundations, focusing on the legal definition of liability, its characteristics, and the scope of liability, which includes intentional and unintentional errors. The second section reviews the conditions and elements of judges\\' civil liability, clarifying the role of judicial error, damage, and the causal relationship between them as the basis for establishing liability. The third section discusses the procedures for filing a lawsuit against a judge and the legal consequences of civil liability, including the competent authorities, the conditions for filing a lawsuit, the compensation awarded, and the impact of this liability on judicial independence.

The study concludes that judges\\' civil liability is a legal necessity to protect the rights of harmed individuals, but it requires a careful balance to avoid compromising judicial independence. She also pointed out the importance of having clear texts and precise legal procedures to define the scope and elements of liability, which contributes to reducing judicial errors and ensuring justice.

Theresearch came with the aim of clarifying the position of the storehou, which is considered one of the most important positions that were created and developed in the Seljuk era as a result of the expansion of the authority of Seljuk influence, and to shed light on the owner of the storeroom and his role in managing this position because it had a significant impact on public political, administrative, scientific and social life, so that the owner of the storeroom was appointed. Store according toSpecial decrees. His appointment is supervised by the Abbasid Caliph, and he is granted broad powers since this position is closely linked to the Treasury. One of its main tasks is to supervise the money coming into the state treasury, that is, to the central Treasury, and disbursing from it according to followed mechanisms. His duties developed into supervising the state’s economic affairs and looking into matters. inThe tasks assigned to the offices, and the head of the position had several.

This research examines the impact of Islamic doctrinal “Samʿiyyāt” (unseen beliefs) on human behavior, based on the premise that Islamic creed (ʿAqīdah) is not merely a set of theoretical concepts but the fundamental source that guides an individual’s life and influences daily conduct. The Samʿiyyāt include all matters of the unseen known through the Qur’an and the Sunnah, such as belief in the angels, the Last Day, the punishment of the grave, reward and retribution, and divine decree—both good and bad (Al-Rāzī, Asās al-Taqdīs, p. 312; Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Book of Faith).


The study’s findings reveal that the Samʿiyyāt play a clear role in developing self-monitoring and moral awareness, as the believer feels that his actions are observed by Allah and the angels, which motivates him to adhere to truth and avoid sin (Ibn al-Qayyim, Madarij al-Sālikīn, vol. 2, p. 67). Likewise, belief in resurrection, accountability, and reward strengthens patience and endurance in the face of trials and fosters detachment from the fleeting pleasures of this world (Ibn Taymiyyah, Majmūʿ al-Fatāwā, vol. 7, p. 168).


The research further demonstrates that the Samʿiyyāt encourage repentance and humility, urging individuals toward justice and benevolence in their dealings with others—thereby achieving balance between faith and moral practice within society (Al-Ghazālī, Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, vol. 1, p. 125).


The study concludes that strengthening the teaching of doctrinal Samʿiyyāt and highlighting their practical impact on human life contributes to building a morally and behaviorally balanced society, making Islamic creed an effective factor in regulating both individual and social conduct.

The scope of civil liability for sports coaches and instructors is very broad and includes accidents caused by athletes' personal equipment, which can be harmful to the athlete or others. The general principle is that coaches are legally obligated to use these equipment in accordance with sports regulations, and in the event of a conflict, they must prevent participation in or continuation of play. The legal standard and rule regarding players' equipment is the risk posed by these equipment. Therefore, caution requires coaches to refrain from using players and any prohibited equipment that can be expected to pose a risk. The most important basis that courts can rely on to convict or acquit management regarding personal equipment use is sports regulations. Coaches are responsible for monitoring the implementation of these regulations, and if they commit negligence and cause harm based on civil liability law, they will be held accountable. The harm or injury results from their imprudent use in the performance of their duties. It is important to note that the mere expression of a coach or instructor prohibiting the use of unauthorized equipment does not exempt them from liability. Civil liability for the health and safety of sports equipment is not solely the responsibility of the coach or sports teacher. It also includes other individuals, such as the gym management or managers of organizations under whose supervision the gym is operated, such as the physical education director, the training and education officer, or the school principal. They may also be held responsible in some cases. However, it is the responsibility of the coach or sports teacher to visit and thoroughly inspect the equipment before the start of the sports activity and issue a permit for its use after fully ensuring its safety and proper functioning. Attention to the content of regulations relating to the specifications of these equipment, in addition to the technical aspect, indicates a concern for their safety and health to avoid harm to athletes and others. It would be inappropriate to say that the latter priority was more important. The responsibility of sports management also includes attention to safety conditions in sports facilities. The laws, regulations, and constitutions for various sports make it clear that coaches or supervisors are responsible for inspecting and inspecting the conditions of the place where athletes practice sports activities with sufficient care to ensure the absence of any danger. The safety of sports equipment and tools is the responsibility of coaches, sports teachers, referees, and supervisors. Even if sports administrations are legally responsible in this regard, it will not affect their civil liability, as caring for athletes is one of their duties.

This research addresses the central problem of transformations in the narrative discourse of the modern Arabic short story, aiming to trace its evolutionary path and highlight the most significant artistic and aesthetic shifts that have shaped its features from its inception to the era of experimentation and postmodernism. It proceeds from the hypothesis that these transformations were not merely formal developments but were an expression of the profound intellectual and social changes experienced by the Arab reality, and a manifestation of new visions of the world, humanity, and the nature of knowledge.


Using a descriptive-analytical methodology, the research observes the main stages of this evolution. The first chapter examines the stage of emergence and foundation in the first half of the twentieth century, dominated by a realist discourse with a linear structure and an omniscient narrator, influenced by translation, journalism, and an aspiration to depict social reality. The second chapter transitions to the modernist transformation stage, where the linear structure fragmented in favor of techniques like flashback and stream of consciousness, the authority of the omniscient narrator receded to give way to multiple voices and relative perspectives, and setting and character transformed into complex semantic and psychological spaces. The research concludes with the third chapter, focusing on the stage of experimentation and postmodernism. It analyzes the phenomenon of the "very short story" as the culmination of the tendency toward condensation, explores the mechanism of "intertextuality" as a dialogue with religious, historical, and literary heritage, and sheds light on "metafiction," which turns the writing process itself into a subject for contemplation, casting doubt on the illusion of realism.


The study concludes that the Arabic short story has successfully developed, through these successive transformations, a flexible and complex narrative discourse that transcends the simple function of storytelling to become a space for philosophical and critical reflection. This shift has been embodied in the movement of focus from structure and plot to reception and interpretation, from absolute truth to a plurality of relative truths, and from portraying reality to questioning the mechanisms of its representation.

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

It coincided with the emergence of scientific authoring the emergence of a kind of authorship is designed to achieve the purpose of the study of grammar, taught a tutorial authoring, and has had a prominent impact on the authoring curricula in Arabic Sciences since its inception, hence the chosen three of the most important explanations Alfiya for reasons including:


The first: that Abu Hayyan put his explanation Encyclopedic has had an impact those who came after him, and particularly Ibn Aqil one of his students; he was proud of him, and says: “What\'s under the canopy of the sky blamed the Ibn Aqil,” there must be influenced by the student by Professor in his views and approach; as well as the son of Aqeel worked on the follow-up son of the owner explained to him and he called the book facility (Assistant) and millennium.


II: The Ashmouni put encyclopedic explanation of the agreement of everyone, and it was those who preceded significant impact on the substance and the scientific method.

The study addresses the problems of translation and the strategies adopted in translating Shakespeare's metaphorical language in A Midsummer Night's Dream into Arabic. Using Lakoff & Johnson’s (1980 ) Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and Newmark(1988), Dickens’s ( 2002), t he translation analysis models; study contrasts seven central metaphors in the source English text with their treatment in four Arabic translations done by renowned translators: : Jabra (1963), Mandour (1968), Mutran (1912), and Al-Bazei (1995). The study employs comparative text analysis for identifying translation strategies like literal translation, cultural adaptation, semantic expansion, metaphorical substitution, and preservation of ambiguity. Results indicate that universal conceptual metaphors (LOVE IS A JOURNEY, LIFE IS A DREAM) are more effectively translated than culture-specific allusions (mythological allusions, theatrical conventions). The research demonstrates that effective metaphor translation is a balance between cultural appropriateness and linguistic precision, and compound approaches are most effective to ensure semantic accuracy and poetic resonance. The study contributes to translation theory through the demonstration of how cognitive linguistics principles can inform cross-cultural literary translation practice, more specifically Arabic-English literary translation contexts.

By employing ecocritical viewpoints to analyze how 21st-century British horror literature revives the Gothic tradition, this essay focuses on how ecological disaster, environmental anxiety, and the human–nature split are portrayed in modern stories. This paper situates its analysis within the emerging field of the EcoGothic, drawing on the underlying theory put forward by Andrew Smith and William Hughes in their characterization of Gothic as inherently linked to ecological critique (EcoGothic, 2013/2016, p. 4). Emily Horton's 21st-Century British Gothic (2024, p. 112) also offers helpful theoretical support, particularly in the chapter on "Wet Gothic," which explores ecofeminist horror in books such as Zoe Gilbert's Folk, Daisy Johnson's Fen, and Julie Armfield's Our Wives Under the Sea. Using examples of British horror fiction as case studies, this paper focuses on works such as Helen Oyeyemi’s White Is for Witching and Marian Womack’s The Swimmers, arguing that the Gothic genre foregrounds ecological agency and environmental retribution. The reading demonstrates how the sense of place, the uncanny landscape, and monstrous nature in Ross’s epic poem work as crucial registers of climate anxiety, gendered environmental violence, and post-Anthropocene dread. In the final analysis, the article concludes that it is in ecocritical Gothic voices that the most potent cultural critiques and imaginative antibodies for the salient disaster of an ecologically despoiled world are found, rewriting the conventions of the Gothic itself.

Graduating meaning, up-scaled or down-scaled, by using force (i.e., intensification and quantification) and focus (i.e., sharpening and softening) is a linguistic aspect indispensable in conveying attitude. This study is concerned with investigating such graduating formulations adopted by New York Times (NYT) and Russia Today (RT) as part of the Russia-Ukraine media war. The study makes use of the graduation system of Appraisal theory by Martin and Rose (2003) and Martin and White (2005). The data consist of (8) texts, (4) from each newspaper. These representative samples are analyzed qualitatively to show how writers employ graduating strategies to convey their attitudes regarding the Russia- Ukraine conflict. The findings obtained from the analysis show diversity in using these graduating formulations. The writers of both newspapers (NYT and RT) employ different graduating strategies, such as force: intensification and quantification, and focus: sharpening and softening. The significance lies behind this study is that strengthening and weakening the degree of meaning is an essential part of media discourse that authors employ to make their style more effective and more powerful.

Academic writing emerges as a nagging problem facing EFL learners in Iraqi tertiary level learning establishments. Such a problem is attributed to challenges in terms of logical thinking and connectivity. Therefore, understand how and why Discourse Analysis proved productive in improving EFL learners’ writing abilities by placing more attention on cohesive and non-cognitive skills. A quasi-experimental study was conducted over a period of sixteen weeks, with participants from Universities in Baghdad, Basra, and Erbil. Students from a second-level undergraduate program were randomly chosen. The results indicated a significant improvement in coherence, cohesion, and quality in terms of experimental over control participants. Additionally, there was metalinguistic awareness. However, challenges associated with training EFL trainers in terms of method and curriculum demands were established. This study suggests how and why integrating a theory of discourse analysis would immensely facilitate in bridging the literacy divide in academic literacy skills by implying a need to instigate training initiatives, initiating reforms in terms of curriculum changes, and carrying out longitudinal study in terms of long-term developing trends in terms of writing abilities.

In Iraq, English is a compulsory subject at schools, intended to prepare students for academic and professional futures in a globalized world. It is taught in schools from an early age. Despite this, many high school students across the country face significant challenges when it comes to speaking English. These difficulties hinder not only academic performance but also limit students’ ability to engage with international educational and career opportunities. Understanding the root causes of these challenges is essential for developing effective strategies to overcome them. This study aims to investigate the common difficulties encountered by female high school students at Al Mutafawiqat secondary school for girls .It also suggests possible solutions. A survey study was designed to suit these aims. The participants of this study were 37 female students at fourth and fifth high school levels. Their ages were between ( 16) and ( 17) years old. The data was collected by using questionnaires . In analyzing data, the researcher analyzed the data based on each question and answer of the respondent. The researcher analyzed the data one by one to get the point of the research. This study has indicated that Iraqi female high school students at Al –Mutafawiqat school suffer from a high level of difficulty in speaking a second language . According to the results , the major factors that obstruct students' ability to talk in a second language were caused by linguistic and nonlinguistic factors. The linguistic factors were : lack of vocabularies. On the other hand the nonlinguistic factors (psychological factors) were: fear of making mistakes, shyness, anxiety, and mother tongue use.

The aim of the present study is to reveal the role of the tongue twister exercises on improving primary 5th class pupils' pronunciation skills. The participants are 40 pupils who were divided into experimental group and control group. The pupils in the experimental group were exposed to tongue twister activities. The experiment was lasted seven weeks. Pretest/post-test strategy and qualitative data in the form of questionnaires and observations were employed to gather data. Results were found to reflect significant improvement in experimental group's performance in pronunciation, i.e., 70.15 post-test mean score compared to 59.75 for the control group. Reactions of the students were also positive, with greater motivation, confidence, and pleasure in using tongue twisters. Classroom observation also agreed with such findings, reflecting greater involvement in class and active learning climate for the experimental group. The study unveiled the truth that the application of tongue twisters in pronunciation instruction would prove an effective means of enhancing articulation skills for young kids and emphasize the necessity of making their inclusion in language teaching programs, as well as teacher training programs, mandatory in order to enhance competence in oral communication.

The present subject review concerns specific researchers' remarks about some educational issues. This involves fourteen studies about the curriculum, teaching methodologies and quality, and learning styles. The study aims at reviewing the pedagogical remarks of education, the consequences of these remarks and the possible tracks for solutions. The study is qualitative and traces the reviewed studies in data analysis to give an overview of the pedagogical orientation to point out critical issues and trends for reform. The study concludes that education needs to be supported and reinforced with guidance to involve a teacher, learner and curriculum reconciliation. The present subject review concerns specific researchers' remarks about some educational issues. This involves fourteen studies about the curriculum, teaching methodologies and quality and learning styles. The study aims at reviewing the pedagogical remarks of education, the consequences of these remarks and the possible tracks for solutions. The study concludes that education needs to be supported and reinforced with guidance to involve a teacher, learner and curriculum reconciliation.