Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

This study aims to investigate the protective capability of noninvasive ultrasound therapy on the liver and kidneys after hemorrhagic shock. A total of 21 male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2-3 kg were divided into 7 groups (sham, Ultrasound Therapy (UST), UST+Dexamethasone (Dx), Fluid Therapy (FT)+USR+Dx, FT+UST, FT+Dx, FT) Hemorrhage was induced to 30-35% of the total blood volume. A hypotensive resuscitation fluid therapy was administered 3 times the blood volume, lasting 60 min. Ultrasound therapy at 1 MHz was given every 30 min with an intensity of 1 W/cm² for 10 min. Blood chemistry parameters Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Total Protein (TP), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), and Creatinine (Cr) were tested at min 0 (before shock), min 60, and min 180. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney tissues was performed. The results showed that the FT+UST+Dx group had the highest protection in liver blood chemistry, while FT+Dx and FT provided the best protection in kidney blood chemistry. In histopathological evaluated, FT+UST and FT showed the greatest liver protection, whereas FT+UST+Dx and UST+Dx demonstrated the most preserved kidney structures. In conclusion the study is well coordinated and shows that combining ultrasound therapy with fluid therapy and dexamethasone can provide effective organ protection. Further research is needed to confirm its clinical applicability and review the effects of single therapy versus combination therapy.

The Iraqi avifauna, such as the black francolin, faces habitat loss and illegal hunting, necessitating their protection to conserve genetic diversity. The cytochrome c oxidase I gene is a precise and widely used genetic marker for identifying bird diversity and protecting native species. This study used the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene as a barcode, isolating genomic DNA from the skin and feathers of 14 samples. In addition, a specific primer set was designed for amplification of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the resulting cytochrome c oxidase I sequences were aligned with sequences in the NCBI GenBank. The black francolin COI sequence divergence varies significantly among individuals from Iraq and different regions. The evolutionary tree was constructed within Francolinus francolinus to determine closely related species and diversification. The Iraqi black francolin falls within the first and second clades in the tree, with 62%-100% affinity to the original species. The outcome emphasizes that the cytochrome c oxidase I gene selected offers a reliable indicator for the classification of F. francolinus and for determining this species' viability in the Iraqi environment. The newly sequenced F. francolinus sequences are recorded in GenBank under accession numbers PV199482.1, PV199483.1, PV199484.1, PV199485.1, PV199486.1, PV199487.1, and PV199488.1. Finally, the present study may contribute to the development of a reference DNA barcoding database of Iraqi birds and confirmed the important role of genetic diversity in assessing the black francolin's ability to survive.

Avian Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) syndrome is a respiratory infection in chickens caused by many etiological agents, including Mycoplasma spp. Escherichia coli and some viruses, leading to pneumonia, air sacculitis, and septicemia, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate immunological aspects, including marker expression for dendritic cells (CD11c) and respiratory macrophages (CD169+), in CRD broiler farms using immunohistochemistry, and to assess some pathological changes in these broilers. Fifty tracheal and lung histopathological section samples were from CRD-infected broilers used to detect pathological changes and to evaluate marker expression of dendritic cells (CD11c) and respiratory macrophages (CD169+). The results revealed severe tracheitis with vascular congestion, extensive epithelial cell necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The lung showed severe serofibrinous pneumonia with increased fibrous tissue, inflammatory cell infiltration, hyperemia, and blood vessel congestion, as demonstrated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. An immunohistochemistry study revealed intense expression of CD169+ macrophage cells and moderate expression of CD11c DCs in the lung sections of infected birds with CRD and moderate expression of CD169 macrophages and CD11c DCs in trachea sections of infected birds with CRD in comparison to lung sections of normal birds that revealed very weak to negative expression for each of them, respectively. It concluded that immunohistochemistry can be used to detect marker expression in dendritic cells (CD11c) and respiratory macrophages (CD169+), which determine the immunological state in birds infected with CRD.

Fish handling represents a significant stressor within aquaculture systems, frequently compromising the integrity of crucial mucosal barriers. This mechanical disturbance can lead to the development of wounds and skin injuries, thereby providing entry points for opportunistic bacterial pathogens and increasing the fish's susceptibility to disease. This study assessed the survival of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and channel catfish female × blue catfish (I. furcatus) male hybrids (CB hybrids) following Aeromonas hydrophila infection after passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag injection. The genotype of channel catfish and CB hybrids was identified using the PCR analysis of follistatin (fst) and hepcidin antimicrobial (hamp) gene polymorphisms. The findings demonstrated a noteworthy 15% increase in the overall survival rate in CB hybrid catfish compared with channel catfish. Furthermore, statistical analysis revealed a significantly prolonged (P=0.005) mean survival time in the CB hybrid group following A. hydrophila exposure. Beyond disease resistance, the study also assessed growth performance. Notably, CB hybrid catfish demonstrated significantly greater mean body weight compared to channel catfish in both dying (P= 0.016) and surviving individuals (P<0.0001). Collectively, these results provide evidence of faster growth of CB hybrid catfish in earthen ponds and higher survival rates following handling stress, skin injuries, and exposure to an infectious agent. These traits are of considerable economic importance for sustainable and efficient catfish farming and Aquaculture.

Strongyloidiasis, caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, is a globally distributed parasitic infection with significant public health concerns. Due to its ability to establish chronic autoreinfection, understanding its physiological impact on host biochemistry, immune response, and metabolic homeostasis is crucial. This study aims to assess the systemic effects of S. stercoralis infection in a murine model using a combination of biochemical, immunological, and metabolic analyses. Male Wistar rats (n=30) were divided into three groups: control (uninfected), low-intensity infection (500 larvae), and high-intensity infection (2000 larvae). Infection was established via oral administration of infective third-stage larvae (L3). After 30 days, blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected for biochemical assays, immune profiling, and metabolic analysis. Serum markers of inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ), as well as oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, catalase, glutathione peroxidase), were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and spectrophotometry. Renal and hepatic function was assessed via blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, ALT, and AST. The work was performed from November 1st to December 1st, 2024, in the Laboratory of Parasitology at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah. Infected rats displayed significant increases in IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels. Oxidative stress markers were elevated, with higher MDA levels and reduced catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity in infected groups. Kidney and liver function tests revealed increased BUN, creatinine, ALT, and AST levels, suggesting renal and hepatic dysfunction. This study provides a comprehensive biochemical and immunological characterization of S. stercoralis infection, demonstrating significant systemic alterations.

Fatty acids (FAs) and their metabolites may affect and improve mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that are responsible for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are implicated in cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle, reprogramming, aging, and apoptosis, with normal morphology required for cellular functions. Thus, mitochondrial morphology may change to meet the energy requirement. This study examines the impact of FAs, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and linoleic acid (LA), on mitochondrial biogenesis through a quantitative analysis of multiple parameters. Three-day-old mESCs under differentiation conditions were treated with 50 µM FAs for 48 hours, and the results were compared with untreated and vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO). Mitochondrial configurations in the two-dimensional (2D) projection were determined and quantified using ImageJ. Treatment with 50 µM of FAs significantly increased the quantity of mitochondria, including mitochondrial count, area, perimeter, form factor, the number of branches, the number of branch junctions, and the length of branches, when compared to the control and vehicle groups, hence signifying improved mitochondrial interconnectivity, suggesting the enhancement of mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings explain the role of FAs in promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and suggest potential therapeutic applications for controlling metabolic diseases associated with impaired mitochondrial function.

Adana Dewlap pigeons are a unique breed native to the Adana region of Turkey, recognized for their distinctive flight characteristics. The current study investigates the growth dynamics of these pigeons using both traditional and advanced modeling techniques, aiming to identify the most accurate approach. Due to their limited reproductive cycle (typically two or three clutches per year), only a few offspring can be reared annually from a single pair, and many hatchlings do not reach sexual maturity. A dataset comprising 43day body weight measurements from 88 pigeons collected over seven years was used. The average daily weight was modeled using well-established growth functions, including the Richards, Logistic, and Gompertz models. MATLAB scripts were developed for parameter estimation, and the reliability of model predictions was evaluated using metrics such as Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and R². In addition to static models, this study emphasizes the importance of capturing the temporal dynamics of growth in avian species like the Adana Dewlap pigeon. The Adaptive Kalman Filter (AKF) was employed to decompose the growth process into position, velocity, and acceleration for a more detailed analysis. The velocity curve shows a rapid increase in weight gain during the first two weeks, consistent with a critical post-hatch developmental phase. This is followed by gradual deceleration, suggesting that the pigeons reach a physiological threshold at which weight gain slows due to metabolic adaptation or genetic constraints. Acceleration analysis further substantiates this trend, with positive values during early development and negative values during later stages, characteristic of the asymptotic phase of sigmoidal growth curves, as described by the Logistic, Gompertz, and Richards models. These results demonstrate that AKF not only fits observed data accurately but also reveals latent transitions in growth behavior, offering a robust tool for real-time monitoring and analysis in biological development studies.

This work aimed to identify the morphological and histological structures of the spleen in the Cat (F. catus) and the Caucasian squirrel (S. anomalus). Eight adult animals of both sexes were used in this study. The weight of the animals was estimated to be between 2.574.37 kg in Cat F. catus and 190.3-225.7 g in Caucasian squirrel S. anomalus. The spleen in F. catus and S. anomalus appears dark reddish brown; the shape of F. catus is elongated, tongue-like, with one end widened and tri-rayed. While in the Caucasian squirrel S. anomalus, it appears as tongue-shaped and rounded at both ends, concave on one side, and smaller in size than the spleen of the Cat F. catus. The spleen was found in the abdominal cavity on the left side of the stomach in both studied animals. This work revealed that the spleen in Cat F. catus and the Caucasian squirrel S. anomalus is encased in a thick capsule of connective tissue containing collagen fibers, smooth muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerves, and Fibroblasts. In addition, an outer layer of mesothelial cells covers the capsule. This work also showed that the splenic tissue in the cat (Felis catus) and the Caucasian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) has white and red pulps. The former is composed of splenic nodules, the peripheral lymphatic sheath (PALS), and the marginal zone. Furthermore, the splenic nodules are distributed randomly throughout the splenic tissue, with many shapes (spherical, irregular, and oval), and appear singly or in clusters of 2-3 nodules. The results also detected the presence of central arterioles in splenic nodules.

This study aimed to evaluate the transovarial transmission efficiency of Babesia ovis in Rhipicephalus bursa. An 8-month-old pathogen-free (Babesia spp.) lamb was infected with the stabilate. Following parasite inoculation, the lamb was infested with 25 unfed adult R. bursa ticks (10 females, 15 males). When the ticks detached from the lamb, 8 engorged females were incubated at 27 ± 1 °C with 70-80% Relative Humidity to allow oviposition. Following oviposition, the adult female ticks were removed and aseptically bisected. Five egg pools, each consisting of 100 eggs, were prepared from each of 8 females and maintained in the incubator. Following larval hatching, the larval pools were utilized for DNA extraction and PCR. One larval batch confirmed positive for B. ovis was used to infest a New Zealand rabbit. A total of ~ 1,200 larvae were applied, and a total of 372 engorged nymphs were collected, incubated, and allowed to molt into unfed adults, yielding 370 ticks (173 females, 197 males). From these, 150 unfed adults (75 males, 75 females) were randomly selected and individually screened for evidence of B. ovis DNA. Following inoculation with the parasite, the lamb was euthanized on day 15 due to severe clinical symptoms. Molecular analysis confirmed B. ovis infection in the lamb. All ticks tested positive for B. ovis DNA, confirming transovarial transmission. Babesia ovis DNA was detected in 135 out of 150 adults (90%), with infection rates of 90.6% in females and 89.3% in males. These results demonstrate highly efficient transovarial transmission of B. ovis.

This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in 321 cattle heifers across 4 farms in Egypt, with risk factor assessment. Case history, clinical investigation, and blood samples were collected for molecular identification by a nested multiplex PCR using specific primers targeting the NS5B gene. While phylogenetic analysis was performed for genotyping. The obtained results indicated the presence of multiple clinical signs, with the most prominent being profuse, watery diarrhea (average 56%) and mucosal lesions in the form of erosions with varying degrees of severity and healing tissues (average 24.6%). Meanwhile, the most significant outcome was the presence of abortion in 17.7% of the infected cases. Molecular detection and genotyping of the obtained strains revealed the presence of 3 genetically related BVDV type 2 strains, with no genetic variance. The morbidity rate of BVDV infection in the investigated herds was 44/321 (13.7%). Meanwhile, the mortality rate was 6.8% (22/321). There is a positive relationship between morbidity rate and herd size in dairy herds compared to medium-sized and beef herds. This study provides valuable insights into the prevalence and genetic diversity of BVDV in the examined cattle population. These findings contribute to understanding and controlling BVDV infection in Egypt and highlight the importance of implementing effective management strategies and vaccination programs to prevent its spread.

This study explored albendazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus among naturally infected Egyptian sheep in Giza province. Three hundred sheep raised in a private farm were employed over a period extending from June 2024 to November 2024. Coprological examination was applied to whole animals. A fecal egg count reduction test was performed on two groups of heavily infected sheep: a control group and a treated group receiving 5 mg/kg albendazole 2.5%. Egg hatching inhibition test was conducted, using ten concentrations, 0.012 to 6.25 µg/ml of 2.5% albendazole. Allele-specific PCR was used to genotype H. contortus adults using an amplified fragment of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene containing residue 200. The results revealed that 57.7% of sheep were infected with gastrointestinal parasites, with 80%, 45%, and 8% infected with Eimeria spp., Strongyles, and Strongyloides papillosus, respectively. The most prevalent Strongyle was Haemonchus spp. 65%, followed by Trichostrongylus spp. 25% and Ostertagia spp. 10%. The fecal egg count reduction was less than 95% at 3, 7, 15, and 30 days post-treatment: 90%, 87.46%, 83%, and 70%, respectively. The LC50 was higher than 0.1 μg/mL for albendazole. The genotypic results showed that heterozygous alleles were present in 54% of the samples. In comparison, homozygous susceptible alleles were detected in 18 isolates (46%), and no homozygous resistant alleles were found. The susceptible (S) allele frequency was 73%, whereas the resistant (R) allele frequency was 27%. This study emphasized the importance of periodic monitoring of albendazole resistance and a better understanding of its molecular mechanisms to maintain drug efficacy.

Background: The Colombian Paso Horse develops different gaits and undergoes demanding training, being considered a high-performance athlete. Therefore, it is essential to implement specific training schemes. Aim: This study compared the changes in cortisol concentration, blood lactate levels, heart rate, and blood count induced by exercise performed on a hard surface versus in a pool in Colombian Paso Horses. Methods: A total of 10 Colombian Paso Horses, of both sexes (6 males and 4 females), with an average weight of 350±20 kg, a body condition score of 5-6/9, and an average age of 10±4 years, underwent high-intensity exercise on a hard surface and in a pool, with a 30-day interval between exercise modalities. This was a prospective and descriptive study. Venous blood samples were collected to measure cortisol, blood lactate concentrations, and blood count, and heart rate was recorded before and after exercise for each modality to facilitate comparisons. Results: The variables cortisol, lactate, heart rate, and blood count showed significant changes between pre- and post-exercise periods in both modalities, indicating higher exercise intensity on the hard surface. Conclusion: Pool exercise is a viable alternative for athletic training in the Colombian Paso Horse breed. However, individual responses should be considered, and the advantages and disadvantages of each training modality should be weighed.

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are essential for regulating gastrointestinal motility in equids, as they act as pacemakers that synchronize smooth muscle contractions of the digestive tract. This study aimed to determine and compare the distribution and population density of ICC in the gastric tissue of equids (horses, donkeys, and mules) with and without gastric ulcerative lesions to assess their role in the pathophysiology of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in these species. Sixty healthy and ulcerated stomachs whose lesions were identified in glandular and/or squamous mucosa were evaluated, and the ulcers were classified. In addition, histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to assess the lesions and to determine the ICC. The results indicate that the ICC subtypes showed similar distributions in healthy and ulcerated conditions, as did all the equids studied. However, a significant decrease in the total number of ICC was observed in stomachs with ulcers compared with healthy animals. The squamous mucosa showed less immunoreactivity for ICC than did the glandular mucosa of the fundus and pyloric antrum. However, the number of ICC in the squamous mucosa was generally lower. Despite evidence of alterations in gastric ICC density between healthy and ulcerated patients, additional studies are needed to determine the association with EGUS; however, this is the first report on the associations between gastric pathologies and ICC behavior in equids

This study aimed to investigate the effects of lactation stage and seasonal variation on milk yield, composition, blood biochemical parameters, and fatty acid profiles in dairy camels raised under the environmental conditions of Basrah Governorate. A total of 60 animals were monitored between August 2018 and April 2019. Milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and Fatty acid composition. Blood samples were collected to determine triglycerides, total cholesterol, and lipoprotein fractions, including low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein. The results revealed a significant decrease in milk yield from early lactation (2.69 ± 0.22 kg) to late lactation (2.50 ± 0.24 kg). Lactose content increased progressively, while fat and protein percentages declined as lactation advanced. Significant reductions were observed in blood triglycerides, total cholesterol, and all lipoprotein types across lactation stages. Fatty acid analysis showed specific changes: capric acid increased during mid-lactation, lauric acid fluctuated, and palmitic acid increased during late lactation. Seasonal analysis showed the highest milk yield in autumn and the lowest in spring. Lactose levels increased significantly across the seasons, while fat and protein contents declined. Total cholesterol was highest in summer and decreased significantly toward spring. A correlation analysis revealed strong relationships among milk components, particularly between protein and fat, and a notable negative association between lactose and low-density lipoprotein. In conclusion, the lactation stage and seasonal variation influence milk yield, composition, lipid metabolism, and fatty acid profiles, reflecting physiological adaptations in dairy camels.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in neonatal calves and its association with farm management practices. The research was conducted on 26 cattle farms located in Denizli Province, Türkiye, by collecting fecal samples from a total of 250 neonatal calves. The samples were examined using Kinyoun’s acid-fast staining, followed by nested PCR methods, and the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was determined to be 38.8% and 68.4%, respectively. Farm management data were collected and analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test. The infection rate was found to be higher in calves aged 1-10 days 84% and in female calves 87.4%. Additionally, a lower infection rate 46.2% was observed in calves administered with hyperimmune serum at birth. As a result, nested PCR methods demonstrated higher sensitivity compared to Kinyoun’s acid-fast staining. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in neonatal calves in Denizli was found to be remarkably high 68.4%, highlighting the necessity for improved farm management. The diversity of infection-associated factors complicates the planning of preventive veterinary practices. Due to the zoonotic nature of Cryptosporidium, a “One Health” strategy should be adopted, and more comprehensive and sustainably coordinated public health and biosecurity measures should be taken to minimize infection rates and protect both animal and human health.

While Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 (CB2R) is known to influence mammalian gastrointestinal function, its distribution in avian guts and associations with gga-miR-200a3p and oxidative stress remain understudied. This study aimed to immunohistochemically map the cellular distribution of CB2R in the ileum of healthy chickens and to explore its correlation with gga-miR-200a-3p expression. Ileal samples were collected from 32 male and female chickens. The tissues were analyzed to evaluate the localization and expression of CB2R and gga-miR-200a-3p. The findings revealed an age-related difference in the distribution of CB2R throughout the ileum. In the juvenile epithelial cells, components of the lamina propria, enteric neuronal plexus, ileal crypts, smooth muscle cells of the tunica muscularis, and serosal cells exhibited predominantly intense immunoreactivity for CB2R, in contrast to the older age group. While significant differences were observed between juveniles and adults, with higher distribution levels in juveniles, no significant differences were noted between males and females regarding CB2R distribution. Furthermore, in both age and gender groups, the CB2R levels correlated negatively with gga-miR-200a-3p and malondialdehyde, and positively with total antioxidant capacity levels. This study indicates that CB2R is strategically positioned to influence intestinal motility and immune functions, and is associated with gga-miR-200a-3p expression and markers of oxidative stress

This experiment examined the effects of substituting nano calcium phosphate (NCaP) for conventional dicalcium phosphate (DCP) on laying hen productivity, health, bone traits, gene expression of intestinal and kidney P co-transporters (NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIb), and gene expression of Ca calbindin in the duodenum and jejunum. At 27 weeks of age, 500 Lohmann Brown laying hens were divided into five equal groups and given different diets. One group received a diet that included 100% DCP (T1), while the other four groups received diets that replaced the DCP with 100, 75, 50, or 25% NCaP, respectively. The highest egg production, weight, and feed consumption were seen in birds fed 50% NCaP (P≤0.05). In contrast, adding NCaP at various amounts outperformed the control. Diet groups with NCaP at different doses exhibited thicker, heavier, and more proportional eggshells than the control group (P≤0.05). The best egg and eggshell calcium retention was in 50% NCaP-fed hens. More particularly, NCaP groups increased tibia breaking strength and weight, with 50%NCaP having the highest results. Although NCaP reduced phosphorus excretion by increasing NaPi-IIa expression in the kidney's proximal tubule epithelial cells at their most apical brush edge. The most significant (P≤0.05) gene expression of Calbindin and NaPi-IIb in the duodenum and jejunum was seen in the 50% NCaP group. The inclusion of NCaP improved egg quality and productivity. Gene expressions with calcium and phosphorus retention data show that NCaP-fed birds had higher bioavailability and lower environmental impact. The best was 50% NCaP.

Sarcocystosis in farm ruminants poses significant threats to animal health and causes economic losses. This study is the first to investigate the molecular diversity of Sarcocystis species in sheep, cattle, and dogs in Jordan. Samples from the diaphragm and esophagus of sheep and cattle in northern Jordan were examined by histomorphological and PCR. In contrast, dog fecal samples from central and northern Jordan were screened by PCR. PCR targeted the Cox1 and 18S rRNA genes for species identification. Histomorphology showed infection rates of 79.59% in sheep and 42.86% in cattle. PCR sequencing revealed higher infection rates: 97.41% in sheep and 91.84% in cattle. Among 266 dog samples, 48.12% tested positive. Cox1 gene sequencing identified multiple Sarcocystis species: S. tenella, S. capracanis, and S. arieticanis in sheep; S. cruzi, S. hirsuta, S. hominis, and S. capracanis in cattle; and S. tenella, S. cruzi, and S. arieticanis in dogs. The 18S rRNA gene sequencing was less effective at discriminating species. Infection rates were higher in stray dogs (54.25% and pet dogs 54.55% compared to breeding dogs 28.86%. The study reveals widespread and diverse Sarcocystis infections in Jordan’s ruminants and dogs, with grazing sheep exhibiting particularly high infection rates. PCR sequencing of the Cox1 gene is the preferred molecular method for identifying Sarcocystis species. Controlling sarcocystosis in Jordan is complicated by the prevalence of stray dogs, underscoring the need for effective preventive strategies.

Ovis aries is a vital livestock species in Iraq. The Arabi breed plays a significant role in the Iraqi national agricultural production. Despite their importance, genetic studies on Arabi sheep have remained limited. This study aimed to characterize, for the first time, the complete mitochondrial genome of the Arabi sheep breed in Basrah, Iraq. This is essential for understanding the species' genetic diversity and for improving their productivity and health. The findings will help enhance food security, reduce veterinary costs, and support the Iraqi rural economy. To clarify its genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships, blood samples were collected from 165 Arabian sheep. PCR amplified the mtDNA, which was sequenced and analyzed using DNASTAR SeqMan Ultra, BLAST, and MEGA12 software for genome assembly, mutation identification, and phylogenetic analysis. The complete mtDNA genome was 16,619 base pairs long, aligning closely with the lengths reported in other Ovis aries breeds. Three single-nucleotide variants were identified and deposited in GenBank under accession numbers LC649167, LC649168, and LC649169, showing over 99% similarity to the Hamdani breed, suggesting a close maternal lineage and a possible genetic admixture. The phylogenetic analysis, performed using the Neighbor-Joining method in MEGA12 with 1,000 bootstrap replications, revealed genetic affinity among the Arabi, Hamdani, and Lezgin breeds, supporting a common geographical origin. The mtDNA's slow mutation rate, functional constraints, and human-mediated breeding practices likely contributed to the observed genetic similarity among breeds. The identified mutations in various mitochondrial genes may influence energy metabolism, growth, and adaptation. This study provides valuable molecular data for the conservation and genetic improvement programs of Iraqi sheep. It highlights the importance of mtDNA analysis in understanding breed diversity and evolution.

The purpose of this study was to conduct serological and molecular genetic characterisation of avian metapneumovirus infection isolates identified in Kazakhstan to assess their genetic variability and the effectiveness of preventive measures against infection. Three big poultry farms in North Kazakhstan and Almaty districts provided 1,500 broiler and laying hen samples for the investigation. Polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of avian metapneumovirus RNA in the samples, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed significant avian antibody levels. Laying hens in North Kazakhstan exhibited the highest immunological response, suggesting that preventive measures are more effective in this region. Genetic sequencing of the isolates revealed modest viral variants, with more substantial alterations in the Almaty Region, indicating regional viral circulation. All farms tested had high antibody levels, with laying hens in the North Kazakhstan Region having the highest values (1.92 ± 0.10 OD) and broilers having a more balanced response (1.78-1.85 OD). North Kazakhstan isolates had five genome variants, with 97.2% similarity to reference strains, whereas Almaty isolates had up to 8 variants, with 94.5% similarity. Epizootological data showed lower incidence rates in North Kazakhstan (12.5% in broilers, 15.3% in laying hens) and higher rates on Almaty farms, particularly at higher housing density (20.1%). Hipraviar SHS vaccination boosted antibody levels by 67-85% in North Kazakhstan and 55-78% in Almaty farms and reduced clinical symptoms within 10-14 days. Vaccination and veterinary control are highly effective, as evidenced by regional variation in viral circulation.

This study examines the dynamic fluctuations in interleukin-1α (IL-1α) serum concentrations in pregnant versus non-pregnant Iraqi ewes during the early stages of gestation. Blood specimens were collected on Days 0, 10, 15, 25, and 30 after breeding, and IL-1α levels were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicated a statistically significant elevation (P<0.05) in IL-1α concentrations in pregnant ewes, with peak levels observed on Day 15 (96.675 ± 2.384 pg/mL) and a subsequent gradual decline. In contrast, non-pregnant ewes exhibited stable IL-1α levels throughout the observation period. These findings imply that IL-1α may play a crucial role in the initiation of pregnancy, potentially facilitating embryo implantation, immune system modulation, and placental development in Iraqi ewes. On Day 15 after mating, ultrasound examination revealed that the uterine horns contained distinct, anechoic, fluid-filled structures that resembled early gestational sacs. Echogenic uterine walls encircled these anechoic vesicles, suggesting early intrauterine fluid accumulation, which is typical of conceptus formation. A well-defined anechoic gestational sac with a core hyperechoic structure suggestive of an embryo was discovered on Day 25 of gestation. The internal features of the echogenic structure were organised and reflected embryonic development. A more pronounced, well-formed gestational sac with a clear internal structure was identified by further inspection around Day 30. The observed increase in the embryo's size and echogenicity was consistent with expected trends in fetal growth. This study provides essential insights into reproductive immunology in sheep and underscores the critical role of cytokine regulation during the early gestational period. Further research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and potential applications of these findings for enhancing fertility management in sheep populations.

This study was conducted in the Fish Nutrition Laboratory of the Animal Production Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, to investigate the bioaccumulation of zinc and lead in the environment, food, and carp bodies. To implement this study, three experiments were conducted to grow, produce, and feed Hydrilla plants, and to determine the concentrations of zinc and lead and trace their movement through the food chain. In the first experiment, Hydrilla plants were grown using three sources of organic and compound fertilizers (cow manure, sheep manure, and NPK fertilizer), and the yield of Hydrilla was determined. In the second experiment, Hydrilla plants were grown at two planting levels (2 and 4 grams of Hydrilla/liter of water), and subsequently planted at the optimal fertilizer level and density. Sheep manure was applied at a rate of 2 g of Hydrilla per liter of water; the resulting yield and heavy metal (Zn and Pb) levels were then determined and used in the carp feeding experiment. The results showed an increase in zinc concentrations as the plant grew in the medium. However, lead concentrations were unaffected across all growth periods (0-15 days). Conversely, higher lead concentrations were observed in carp diets containing 15 and 20% hydrilla compared with the control treatment, whereas zinc concentrations did not differ at the 0.05 significance level (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments. Zinc and lead concentrations in carp bodies differed from those in the diets. Zinc concentrations increased in fish fed diets containing 15% and 20% hydrilla. In contrast, lead levels in the fish remained unaffected despite variations in hydrilla content in the diets (within the permissible limits for fish feed, 20-150 mg/kg).

This study evaluated the effects of graded dietary inclusion of Beldiya ecotype hempseed (HS) on the meat quality of laying hens. A total of 120 Lohmann Brown hens (22 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% HS, with six replicates of five birds each, over a 12-week feeding trial. Meat physicochemical traits (pH, water-holding capacity, and color), intramuscular fat content, mineral composition, fatty acid profiles, and lipid health indices were analyzed in the breast and thigh muscles. HS inclusion had no significant effect (P>0.05) on pH, water-holding capacity, or muscle lightness (L*). However, significant changes (P≤0.05) were observed in muscle redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). Intramuscular fat decreased significantly (P≤0.05) in the thigh muscle, whereas minor alterations were detected in certain trace minerals. More importantly, HS supplementation improved the fatty acid composition and lipid health indices. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids decreased (P≤0.05), whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly the n-3 and n-6 series, increased (P≤0.05). These changes were accompanied by beneficial shifts in health-related lipid indices, including reduced n-6/n-3 PUFA and LA/ALA ratios, as well as lower atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indices (P≤0.05). Conversely, the PUFA/SFA and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratios were significantly elevated (P≤0.05), indicating improved nutritional quality. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of HS enhanced the fatty acid profile and health indices of hen meat without compromising significant physicochemical properties, highlighting its potential as a functional feed ingredient.

In this study, we conducted a survey to detect piroplasmid parasites in ticks from goats in Türkiye’s Mediterranean region. A total of 127 tick pools, comprising 661 individual ticks representing Rhipicephalus bursa, R. turanicus, R. sanguineus, Hyalomma marginatum, and Dermacentor raskamensis, were screened for common caprine piroplasm parasites. DNA was extracted from each pool and subjected to PCR to amplify the 18S rRNA genes of Babesia ovis, Babesia aktasi, and Theileria ovis. Infection rates in tick pools were estimated using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method with 95% confidence intervals. The Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method was used to calculate infection rates in pooled ticks of varying sizes. Overall, the infection rate for piroplasmid parasites was estimated at 67.15 per 1,000 ticks. The rates varied greatly by species, from 0.03% in D. raskamensis to 71.70% in R. bursa. The most commonly detected parasite was B. ovis, followed by T. ovis. Babesia aktasi was not identified in any of the tick pools. A total of 27 out of 127 tick pools (21.25%) tested positive for B. ovis, with an MLE of 46.86% (95% CI: 31.83-66.79). In contrast, T. ovis was detected in 7 out of 127 pools (5.51%) with an MLE of 7.67% (95% CI: 2.87-16.84). No piroplasm parasites were detected in R. sanguineus, and co-infection with B. ovis and T. ovis was found in 3 out of 127 pools (2.36%), with an MLE of 4.58% (95% CI: 1.21-12.33).

Zeolite is a naturally occurring, highly absorbent mineral primarily composed of aluminosilicate. It is commonly used in animal feed due to its beneficial properties. Jordan possesses abundant natural deposits of zeolite, particularly rich in phillipsite and chabazite. However, no previous studies have been conducted in Jordan to assess the pathological effects of the local zeolite as a feed additive in broilers. This study aimed to assess the safety and evaluate the health impacts of locally sourced Jordanian zeolite inclusion in poultry diets. A total of 200 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatment groups containing 0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, and 15% Jordanian zeolite. The feeding trial lasted for 32 days. At the end of the experiment, postmortem examinations, histopathological analyses, and different hematological parameters were performed. Neither the postmortem nor the histopathological examinations revealed any significant abnormalities in the organs examined across all dietary groups. Biochemical parameters showed no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). Similarly, all measured hematological parameters remained within normal physiological ranges. The findings demonstrate that Jordanian zeolite, rich in phillipsite and chabazite, is non-toxic under tested conditions and can be safely incorporated into broiler diets at levels up to 15%. Its use as feed additive shows promises as a functional and sustainable component in poultry nutrition without adverse effects on organ health or blood parameters.