Madarat Al-Hikma Journal for Humanities

This research addresses civil liability arising from the dissolution of commercial and civil companies through a comprehensive comparative study examining legal legislation, jurisprudential opinions, and judicial applications in Iraq, Egypt, France, and England. The significance of this topic stems from the complex legal positions of affected parties upon company dissolution, whether creditors, shareholders, employees, or consumers, as well as from the profound economic and social consequences of such dissolution in the context of the growing global phenomenon of corporate insolvency.
The study reveals tangible legislative gaps in the Iraqi and Egyptian legal systems compared to the more mature and developed French and English experiences, and proposes a set of legislative and judicial recommendations to address these shortcomings. The study adopts a comparative analytical-critical methodology and reaches fundamental conclusions regarding the adequacy of civil protection mechanisms in each legal system to safeguard the rights of those adversely affected by company dissolution.

The research examines Ted Hughes' poems that depict nature's relationship to animals, characterized by the raw and visceral portrayal of the violent, instinctual, and at times violent, elements of the natural world. Thus, the study depends on a qualitative content analysis approach as well as descriptive and analytical techniques, in order to elucidate the deeper meaning of Hughes' use of nature and animals in his poetry. The findings, which are based on selected poems as well as concepts from previous scholarly papers, demonstrate Hughes' dynamic view of animals, emphasizing the vitality and vigor of life in nature. This research paper is intended to enhance the understanding of Hughes' work through an exploration of Hughes' symbolic richness and representation of man's complicated relationship with nature.

The Iraqi legislator addressed the crime of antiquities theft in special penal provisions within criminal legislation enacted for this purpose. The Iraqi legislator did not suffice with the general principles contained in the Penal Code No. (111) of 1969. Accordingly, the Iraqi legislator wanted to provide special protection for the protection of antiquities and to address the crime of antiquities theft by means of special legislation, which is the Antiquities and Heritage Law No. 55 of 2002 in force, where Article (40) emphasized the particularity and independence of the elements of the crime of antiquities theft, whether represented in the material element of the crime by the act of embezzlement and the moral element represented by the general and specific criminal intent.

The right to use force is a restricted right under international law and according to the United Nations Charter, because any threat to international peace and security arises even if violence is not actually used, since limiting it to use leads to a present danger that disrupts peace. This can also occur even if the conflict is internal within a state's territory, particularly if the scale of this conflict is large and its duration is long, and if the warring parties are recognized as combatants by a large group of states. Therefore, the rules governing the use of force must be respected and upheld by the international community.

This study examines the fundamental shifts in international power dynamics within the Middle East, focusing on the escalating strategic rivalry between the United States and China and its implications for regional stability. The research highlights the transformation in U.S. foreign policy following the events of 2025 toward "Zero-Sum Competition" and economic protectionism. It analyzes how these shifts prompted major Arab powers to adopt "Strategic Hedging" to diversify their global partnerships. Furthermore, the study explores the mechanisms of growing Chinese influence through the "Belt and Road Initiative" and its transition from a purely economic actor to a more proactive political and security player. The study concludes that the region's future depends on the ability of regional actors to manage the balance between the two superpowers, transforming the arena of competition into opportunities for sustainable development and technological sovereignty.

This study aims to elucidate the educational foundations and teaching Etiquettes derived from the Noble Prophetic Sunnah and to highlight their role in shaping the character of both teachers and learners while guiding the educational process toward achieving its noble objectives. The significance of this study stems from the central position of the Prophetic Sunnah as a primary source of educational and ethical guidance, containing principles and values that contribute to the development of righteous individuals and the advancement of society.
The study adopts an analytical and deductive approach through the examination of a selection of noble Prophetic hadiths and the analysis of their educational implications in order to identify the most important principles and etiquettes that teachers and educators should embody in their educational practice. The research addresses five major themes: encouraging the pursuit of knowledge, promoting gentleness and gradual learning, cultivating patience and deliberation in speech, employing effective methods to engage learners, and utilizing successful educational techniques and tools.
The findings reveal that the Prophetic educational methodology is based on comprehensive foundations that integrate knowledge acquisition with moral refinement. The study further demonstrates that the success of the educational process is closely linked to the commitment of teachers and educators to Prophetic etiquettes, which foster positive educational relationships with learners. Moreover, the study confirms that incorporating Prophetic guidance into contemporary educational institutions contributes to strengthening moral values, enhancing educational performance, and achieving benefits for both individuals and society.

The discussion revolves around the concept of Zionism and its connection to racism. Zionists have constructed a collective memory, which they then brought to the fore by establishing a Jewish state in Palestine. This state is based on activating this memory and playing on Jewish emotions by instilling the dream of a state through claims of racial purity and the superiority of the Jewish race over other human beings. They have arbitrarily linked nationalism and religion, exploiting a sense of victimhood and asserting the historical right of the Jews, who, according to these thinkers, are a people lost in the wilderness and suffering in the diaspora, despite the fact that international law does not endorse the idea of a historical right.
On the other hand, Arab thinkers tried to find what would strengthen their existence as a nation. Nationalists adopted the idea of nationalism, and despite the fact that some of the statements of Arab nationalists converge with those who advocate racism in terms of emphasizing shared history, language, land, destiny, and blood ties statements that are generally difficult to accept because they suggest that there is a chosen group distinct from the rest of humanity, what negates the claim that Arab nationalism converges with racism, as a theoretical vision rather than a practical one, is that it did not adopt this view out of luxury, but rather because of the colonial challenge that tore apart the Arab lands after the Sykes-Picot Agreement and what followed it (the Balfour Declaration). Therefore, the nationalist call was defensive, not offensive, and its purpose, in theory and practice, was not to displace a people and occupy their land, as did the advocates of racism and their supporters from Western countries and America, the self-proclaimed champions of democracy.

This study aims to shed light on one of the most important topics in modern narrative theory: narrative time. Its significance is evident in the attention it has received from leading contemporary researchers in the field of narrative, as well as the interest shown in it by earlier scholars dating back to the time of Plato and Aristotle. Perhaps the most significant studies in this field are those of the formalists and structuralists, who developed and enriched narrative research and contributed important theories to it; among these theories are temporal paradoxes in the novel; these are paradoxes caused by a discrepancy between the time of the narrative and the time of the story; they are manifested in the transition from the present to the past, known as flashback; and the transition from the present to the future, known as foreshadowing. Both flashback and foreshadowing have their own types and sub-categories; each is subdivided into: internal; external; singular; repetitive; partial; and complete. Each serves specific functions that support the narrative structure and contribute to the cohesion of the novel’s overall structure

This research examines the legal challenges facing the protection of intellectual property in the digital environment under Iraqi legislation, given the increasing use of the internet and the growing number of intellectual property rights violations via electronic media. It aims to clarify the concept of intellectual property in the digital environment, the legal basis for its protection in Iraqi legislation, and to analyze the most prominent legal and technical challenges that limit the effectiveness of this protection.

The research tries to explore the one of most common narrative technique; the Omniscient Narrator as it was often used by the great novelists of the Victorian Age. The main assumption is that this technique widely appeared in most of the Victorian classics. In this research, there is an introduction which deals with the Victorian novelistic scene and the novelist Thomas Hardy, his age and contribution in the English novel. The first section chooses The Return of the Native to show the elements of the most common narrative technique: The Omniscient Narrator as it is used skillfully by the novelist, Thomas Hardy. The second section, analyzes the major events in the narration based on the actual structure of the story telling. The third section asserts the hypothesis of the study and the conclusion shows that the English, late Victorian novelist, Thomas Hardy had managed in achieving a narrative technique, superior to his contemporaries, presenting a wide panoramic view of the rural community of England.