Journal of The Iraqi University

Abstract
Human nature is inherently drawn to the love of long, eternal life and everlasting dominion. Satan exploited this instinct in Adam when he whispered to him to eat from the tree that God had forbidden. Satan stirred in Adam two traits that have since characterized his descendants: the first being the love of dominion, honor, and exaltation; the second being the love of immortality, continuity, and persistence. Adam lost his chance to remain in Paradise due to his desire for immortality. However, human life is finite, destined to perish, just as this worldly life is transient.

Abstract
Virtuous qualities are considered an essential part of the morals and values that the Holy Quran aims to instill in Muslims. Among these qualities, "diligence" stands out as a commendable trait that calls for commitment and effort in work, worship, and ethics. This study aims to shed light on the Quranic verses that address the attribute of diligence and analyze their impact on spreading virtuous qualities among Muslims through an extensive objective study. The research problem lies in examining the extent to which the Quranic verses that address the attribute of diligence affect the behavior of individuals and society, and how these verses can be used to promote virtuous qualities and moral values in daily life. The significance of the research stems from the need to strengthen moral values in contemporary society, where the Holy Quran can serve as a fundamental reference in promoting and reinforcing virtuous qualities. Understanding the impact of the verses on diligence can contribute to improving individual behaviors and increasing their commitment to Islamic values. The research aims to: analyze the Quranic verses that address the attribute of diligence, study the impact of these verses on spreading virtuous qualities among Muslims, and provide recommendations to enhance the benefit from the teachings of the Holy Quran in promoting virtuous morals. The research relies on the descriptive-analytical method through: analyzing the Quranic texts related to the attribute of diligence and studying them objectively.

Summary
He made it obligatory for the nation to form a sect that enjoins the people to do what is right and forbids them to do what is wrong, because in upholding that pillar is its unity and strength, and in missing it is its permanent decline and constant misery. It is what protects the nation from its decline and protects it from the danger of disunity and the omen of dissolution. God Almighty has made that clear by saying Since the people most worthy of establishing that pillar are the scholars who are the heirs of the prophets, they were created to be a key to the happiness of their people and a path to the lives of their people. They were created to straighten out the crooked parts of the nation. And they correct what is corrupted, so that they may be part of the nation in place of the head in the body. They were created to be a good role model in establishing the religion and honoring morals.

Research Summary
This research discusses interpretative position of the unseen in the Holy Quran A comparative study between the Salafi school and the modern mental school, descent of Jesus model The research aims to To prove the difference between the position of the advances of the unseen in the Koran and the position of the modern mental school - Statement of the correct interpretation of the gospels contained in the Holy Quran Openin

Research Summary
In the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, responsiveness emerged as a means of maintaining good morals, resolving conflicts, and promoting harmony within society. The Prophet himself was a role model in responding to others with kindness, patience, and wisdom, regardless of the nature of the interaction. This demonstrates the importance of responsiveness not only in verbal communication but also in actions and behavior.Knowing the ethics of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, the policy of the art of responding, and applying his various methods in daily life is extremely important for achieving effective communication with others and positive interaction in various situations. Based on the Sunnah of the Prophet, these methods are a means of promoting tolerance and peaceful coexistence, and achieving reform and solidarity in society. By applying these methods, the ultimate goal of human communication in general can be achieved, and happiness and tranquility can be achieved in the life of the individual and society.In the noble prophetic thought, the response is a means of clarifying the truth and refuting falsehood, but it is also an opportunity to embody lofty moral values. A devout Muslim must be an example of honesty and honesty in his dealings with others. Based on the above, this study took care to draw attention to the importance of the ethics of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, in responses and how to use them practically to interact with others in an ethical manner. In this section, we will provide conclusions and guidance that will enable readers to integrate these ethics into daily life to face various situations that require measured responses.

Abstract:
Isra'iliyyat refers to a collection of stories and interpretations related to the narratives and rulings of the Qur'an, with characters originating from the Old Testament who are also mentioned in the Qur'an. The reason behind this name, although it might seem to indicate a Jewish influence, could be due to several factors: it could be because of the origin, as the origin of Christians traces back to the Children of Israel, or it could be due to predominance, since most of these stories are transmitted from Jewish sources, or for another reason. Many of these Isra'iliyyat entered Islamic books of interpretation through Jews who converted to Islam in the early stages, such as Ka'ab al-Ahbar and Wahb ibn Munabbih. However, over time, Jewish converts were no longer the sole source of these stories; many Muslim interpreters themselves began to refer to Jewish religious texts to interpret these narratives.

Abstract
Grammatical and jurisprudential studies have not neglected to study and analyze the verse of ablution (Wudu) from different aspects, but in this research we have sought to monitor new angles - which we believe have not been seen by researchers before - that reveal the aspects of parallelism whose standards God Almighty has established in a fixed manner in all the linguistic details of the text. This research attempts to shed light on the contextual structure of the two parts of the verse and to reveal the precise agreement and contrast between its sounds, syllabic formations, words and structures, and certainly such a comprehensive approach in studying the text leads us to results that may contribute to understanding the precise legislation of the verse of ablution (Wudu).

Abstract
I have conducted a critical study of the manuscript titled "Attaching the Heels during Bowing: A Sunnah or Not?" by Mahmoud Shukri bin Ismail al-Naqshbandi, famously known as the Custodian of the Sacred Mosque Manuscripts, who passed away in 1304 AH. This study and verification pertain to Hanafi jurisprudence.
The manuscript consists of two copies; I designated one as the primary version and cross-referenced it with the other. I extracted the issues from their sources, identified the books mentioned in the manuscript, and clarified the obscure terms and figures. Additionally, I provided commentary on some matters that I deemed required a brief explanation. Furthermore, I included a brief biography of the author and incorporated images of the manuscript. The final version was printed following modern orthographic standards.

Abstract
This study addressed an aspect of the service of Sahih Imam al-Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on him) by clarifying misconceptions and refuting issues raised by scholars regarding the hadith that relates to identifying the first husbands of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) after his death. It explains the scientific significance of the hadith and provides a comprehensive answer based on the arguments and evidence used by scholars to address these issues, leaving no room for doubt or challenge.Additionally, this study discussed the status of Sahih Al-Bukhari among scholars and the esteemed position it holds within the scholarly community, highlighting its acceptance by the nation. It distinguishes between criticisms made by scholars based on rigorous scientific foundations and a clear methodology that aligns with the principles and established norms developed by hadith scholars in the past. It also recognizes the validity of his hadiths in general and the necessity of adhering to them in worship of Allah Almighty, contrasting this with the critiques from contemporary rationalists and others who differ in methodology, intention, and approach. These critiques often seek to delegitimize the authentic hadiths, making them seem permissible for criticism and denial.

Summary
of the research: This research deals with the methods adopted by the fundamentalist, to deduce the reason for the legal ruling, by listing the descriptions that he thinks are suitable for the ruling, using one of the methods of inventory that I mentioned during the research, and then invalidating what is not suitable for explanation, using one of the methods of investigation mentioned in the research. Also, this research contributes to reducing the chaos that exists in fatwas related to matters of jurisprudence, as the observer actually notices randomness in issuing rulings, due to failure to take into account the methods of fundamentalists in deduction Keywords: sounding, division, expulsion, blocking, description.

Summary of the research
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the most honorable of messengers, Muhammad, and upon his family and companions.
God Almighty has bestowed many blessings upon His creation and has subjected everything to them so that they may worship God Almighty as He has commanded them and populate the earth. One of God Almighty’s blessings is the wind. The life of everything on earth, from humans, animals, and plants, is through the wind. If God Almighty had not subjected the wind, crops and fruits would have been spoiled and man would not have been able to live on the surface of the earth. It is one of God Almighty’s soldiers, sent as a mercy to the believers and a punishment to those who disbelieved and disobeyed. If it were not for it, the earth would be afflicted with deficiency and imbalance and the interests of mankind would have been disrupted.
The wind is a sign of God’s signs, with which God bestows blessings upon whomever He wills and punishes whomever He wills. Since its command is in God’s hands, no creature can stand in front of it or prevent it.
And among the signs of Allah is that He made these light, supernatural particles that uproot trees and demolish homes, and are now used to lift heavy objects and break stones. They are also the gentle winds that carry beautiful scents and the fragrance of flowers, carry pollen, and drive the clouds, by the permission of Allah Almighty. Since this is the case, I decided to research this topic and named it: (Wind and Winds in the Holy Quran).

الملخص
Summary
The research is a serious attempt to find a scientific treatment to accommodate the issues of disagreement in matters of belief regarding what is permissible for disagreement, because among the issues of belief are those that do not tolerate disagreement, such as disagreement in its principles and pillars, which were mentioned in the Noble Qur’an and on the tongue of the Noble Prophet, may the best prayers and peace be upon him, and what scholars have unanimously agreed upon. Without disagreement, this is one of the things in which disagreement is not justified. The purpose of this research is two important matters: the first: defining the sound logical method in presenting disagreement without fanaticism and intransigence for an opinion over another, and the second: bringing the presentation of disagreement to a point that is as close as possible to a place of agreement and consensus, and this is the goal. A sublime that researchers seek and hope to achieve.The issue of (being obligated to do what is intolerable) is an issue related to a branch of the issues of faith. It is a hypothetical mental issue linked to the issue of ability and the creation of the actions of people related to the issue of belief in predestination and destiny. Scholars have differed as to whether it is possible rationally, although they all agree that it does not occur according to Islamic law. God Almighty has not made it obligatory. He legislated for one of the servants what was beyond his power and ability, and this is the point of agreement, and they differed as to whether it was permissible to happen rationally, so the Ash’aris permitted it, and the Maturidis and Mu’tazilites forbade it, and the point of agreement in this matter is assumption and lack of verification in reality.

ABSTRACT
This research included a study and investigation of the manuscript (Zad Al-Beneficiary in the Science of Tajweed), by Imam Yusuf bin Abi Al-Fath bin Mansour bin Abdul Rahman) 1056AH( in which the author mentioned an answer to a question addressed to him. The research has been divided into an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, and then indexes. As for the introduction, it dealt with the reasons for choosing the topic and its importance, previous studies, research plan, and methodology, and the first chapter is the study and it has two sections: The first section is the study of the workbook Imam Yusuf Ibn Abi Al-Fath, and includes his name, proportion, surname, scientific status, His death, and the second section is the study of the message of Imam Yusuf Ibn Abi Al-Fath, and includes the investigation of the name of the message and documentation of its attribution to the author, and its sources and scientific value, and its methodology, and the description of written copies and models of them, and the second chapter came in which the achievement of the message a scientific investigation with a comparison between the written copies, and comment on what needs to be commented, and appended the research with a conclusion and then indexes, and includes the index of sources and references, and the index of Quranic verses, and the index of poetic verses. Keywords: Tajweed, reciters, Al-Suqaifi, Yusuf, Ibn Abi Al-Fath.

Research Summary:
The research titled (Critical Sayings of Imam Abu al-Qasim al-Baghawi, who died in the year 318 AH in al-Jarh wa al-Ta’deel - collection and critical study) adopted a statement of his name, surname, and lineage, mentioning his birth, writing of the hadith, some of his works, and scholars’ praise of him. We also mentioned some of the names of his sheikhs and students, and mentioned the year of his death. All of this is in the first section of the research, while the second section was about the words of Imam Abu al-Qasim al-Baghawi in al-Jarh, as the study included (7) narrated by him, and the nature of the study was that we cite The imam’s statement about the narrator who insulted him, then we study that statement by comparing it with the sayings of the imams of injury and amendment in the study, and then we give preference to what is more likely in his case. As for the third topic, it was in the words of Imam Abu al-Qasim al-Baghawi regarding amendment, as he included (9) narrators, and the study was in it. As is the case in the study of narrators in the second section, I concluded the study by mentioning the results I reached, concluding the research with the sources and references that I used in this research, asking God Almighty for success and guidance.

Abstract
The phenomenon of deletion is one of the linguistic phenomena that human languages share for multiple purposes in the souls of their users, but in the Arabic language it is more stable and clear. Because one of its inherent characteristics is the tendency toward brevity and brevity in the Arabic language. Deletion and abbreviation are prominent features in the Arabic language. Arab speech is often metaphorical and refers to many meanings. Deletion has many facets among grammarians, which made them creative in using a number of terms to develop a specific concept of deletionThe phenomenon of deletion in the Arabic language took on multiple manifestations. It was not limited to the structure of a single word only, but also included the structure of the Arabic sentence and grammatical structures.Its different types and meanings.

Summary
The idea of the research inspired by this book is to place Abdul Qaher al-Jurjani in the circle of grammatical thought, away from rhetorical thought for which he is so famous.The topic of substitution has been studied previously in many researches in terms of it being a related topicOr it was mentioned within the topic of minions.
But my research is to present the topic of substitution and the opinion of grammarians, especially Al-JurjaniIn terms of his being alone in his opinion or agreeing with the opinion of his sheikh, Abu Ali Al-Farsi.It relied mainly on the book Al-Muqtasid and the Book of Clarification, and relied on several dictionaries, the most important of which were Al-Ayn dictionary by Al-Khalil, and Lisan Al-Arab by Ibn Manzur. After that, it moved to grammar books to search for the opinions of grammarians on substitution and its types

The image in poetry does not result from the influence of one sense, but rather from the influence of all the senses and all the faculties and senses accept what is connected to them from what they were created for, if its arrival to them was a gentle arrival with moderation, without reward, and with its positions, without benefit, so the eye is accustomed to the beautiful sight and is repelled by the ugly sight, and the nose accepts the pleasant smell and is harmed by the foul, malicious, and the mouth enjoys the sweet taste and rejects the ugly, bitter, and the ear longs for the quiet, low voice and is harmed by the loud, tremendous, and the hand enjoys the soft texture and is harmed by the rough, and accordingly we notice that the poets in the Andalusian era were interested in the sensory image until it prevailed in their poetry due to the beauty of Andalusian nature.

by Ibn Al-Qutayb. He addressed the words that Al-Jawhari neglected by saying: "This is what Al-Jawhari neglected." He aimed to simplify the dictionary to make it more accessible for students to reach their objectives with ease. In this way, it is akin to a lexicon text; he extracted the two books he abridged from their contexts, verses, and hadiths, except for what is rare and kept only a little of it.In his dictionary, he mentioned the dialects, and we sometimes find him attributing words to their tribes and sometimes just mentioning the word "language" or "what has another word for it," indicating it is the language of a tribe, but without attributing it specifically. The aim of this research is to attribute the dialects to their respective tribes.The study is divided into two sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion and a list of sources

Abstract
Interpretation is one of the theories that preoccupied critics, ancient and modern, as it exercised its authority over the text to a great extent in order to access the implicit meaning and attempt to interrogate it, moving away from superficial studies that attempt to touch upon the general meaning, and not the ambiguous or immanent meaning, and for this reason our research came as an attempt to interrogate the poem Autumn Leaves. By the poet Adonis; This is for several justifications, including that the text as a whole is suitable for interpretive reading, and the presence of implicit patterns whose hidden meanings he tried to uncover, and that Adonis completely believed in poetic ambiguity and the great importance it carries in modernist poetics. All that we have mentioned are sufficient reasons to read this poem as an interpretive reading, making the recipient In the midst of reading actions. The study included two sections, the first of which related to the terminological and procedural concepts of interpretation and hermeneutics. The second was an analytical and interpretive reading of the intentionality of the wind leaves, then the results reached by the study were presented in the Sources and References newspaper. Finally, we do not claim perfection in this critical space, as much as we see it as another reading that may touch the truth, sidestep it, reveal the author’s intentions hidden behind the mask, or may move away from them. In all cases, it is an intellectual, literary, and critical effort, and an attempt to uncover the hidden intention hidden behind the symbols in Indonesian discourse. It can be considered a new reading, whether it is written for success or not. It is nothing more than an attempt. And from God, success

Research Summary:
Reference by pronouns is one of the most important forms of textual cohesion, as it has the ability to organize texts and link them together, as it works to determine the reference to which the pronoun returns, so the previous meaning is connected to the subsequent one, and thus continuity in meaning is achieved and the structural unity of the text is strengthened. Sometimes the reference is not mentioned in the text, so it is... The pronoun is ambiguous and refers to a reference not explicitly mentioned in the text, but it is hinted at in the interpretation of the speech and is perceived by the mind’s appreciation of it. Once the mind realizes the pronoun’s reference, the reference achieves textual consistency. In this context, we monitor the precise problem of this research. The textual approach does not look at one side rather than the other. The structural unit of the text is generally looked at in terms of context, location, and situational environment, and determining the relationships between the linguistic elements and the entire texts, and this is what is appropriate for the Qur’anic text system. Because it is one compact structure, one unique system, and one spirit flows through it all.

Summary:
The research represented a study based on the pronoun as it is the main focus upon which the meaning is based, especially since this meaning is included in the method of opposition. Thus, we called this type of opposition (the opposition of pronouns), as it is an innovative type of opposition that has not been mentioned before by anyone. The study of this type came from Contradiction in the poetry of Ibn Hamdis the Sicilian Andalusian, which we previously mentioned by revealing other types of opposition in his poetry. Indeed, most of his poetry is based on opposition, and this becomes clear through analyzing the poetic texts of Ibn Hamdis in the light of opposition or what is called (opposition of pronouns), and in Contradiction comes in the role of the pronoun to precede the movement of the text and the deviation from the context of the normal text to a different context through the pronoun to another.

Abstract
Rosa Luxemburg, she represents the mainstream of democratic socialism with a firm international focus. The institution considers itself committed to a radical view of the Enlightenment and social criticism. It stands with the norms of the labor and women's movements, as well as against fascism and against racism.The Rosa Luxemburg Foundation is a registered non-profit organization, the General Assembly is one of its most important components, and its work is supported by the dedication and commitment of a large number of volunteers throughout Germany.Through its work, the Foundation encourages critical analysis of society and nurtures networks of liberating, political, social and cultural initiatives. It is internationally active in the field of development cooperation and advocates equal dialogue between the countries of the North and the South. At the same time, with the help of the Archives of Democratic Socialism, it documents important events and results of left-wing politics. Within the framework of its Scholarships Department, the Foundation also provides some scholarships to young academics.Like other political institutions, the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation seeks to further develop the classic concept of political education. Nevertheless, she stresses a critical analysis of society and regards this as her main task, a requirement that she stresses through her name.Based on the assumption that social change requires a contemplative confrontation with the current capitalist society as a whole, the institution strives to develop alternative approaches and concepts that are capable of bringing about a comprehensive transformation process that would enable it to create a more united and just society

Abstract:
The world is witnessing rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), significantly impacting various economic and social sectors. AI is a cornerstone of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, contributing to improved efficiency, the development of new products and services, and enhanced economic competitiveness. This research focuses on the role of AI in promoting innovation in Saudi Arabia, highlighting five key beneficiary sectors: education, government, healthcare, energy, and transportation, as well as other sectors like agriculture and financial services. The findings underscore the importance of AI in economic and social development, with challenges that require investments in infrastructure and skill development. The research includes recommendations to enhance AI adoption, such as fostering partnerships, developing training programs, and increasing public awareness of its benefits to achieve the goals of Vision 2030

Extract
he current research aims to know (the degree of availability of communication skills in body language among history teachers in middle schools from the point of view of students and supervisors) and to achieve the research objectives, follow The researcher took the descriptive approach procedures represented by selecting the research sample, which included (463) male and female students, male and female supervisors, distributed among the six directorates of Baghdad Governorate. Then the researcher prepared a questionnaire Especially for students and supervisors, it consisted of (53) items, and the researcher confirmed its validity by presenting it to a number of specialists in teaching methods, measurement and evaluation. The researcher applied the questionnaire to the research sample Its reliability was extracted by finding the Pearson coefficient, then corrected with the Spearman equation. To analyze the data, the researcher used (Chi-square, weighted mean, and percentage weight) in order to reach the results.

Abstract
This research aims at identifying the effect of Wind Carpet Strategy and Cooperative Discussion Strategy in Achievement of Natural Geography Subject and Developing Some of Life Skills for Fifth Preparatory Grade Students. The study sample consists of (94) students divided into two experimental groups, the first one studied the Natural Geography based on wind carpet strategy. The first group includes (31) students. The second group includes (32) students who studied the same subject according to cooperative discussion strategy while the control group consists of (31) students, the control group studied the said subject pursuant to the traditional method, the researcher compare between variables of the three groups regarding (the chronological age, intelligence test, previous knowledge and life skills). The researcher depends on two tools to measure the variables regarding the research, the first tool has established an achievement test includes (32) items, while the researcher prepared a second tool which was represented in a test of life skills including (32) items, the researcher verified their reliability, validity and psychometric Characteristics. The study`s findings that the two experimental groups are outperformed the control group.

Abstract
The research aims to know the effect of teaching natural geography subjects by the methods of Web Quest and geographical atlases electronically on the achievement of the fourth grade literary students. geography in the Web Quest electronically, the second experimental group that studies geographical atlases electronically, and the control group that studies the same material in the usual way in the post-achievement test. The researcher followed the experimental research method, and the research sample reached (90) students for three groups. The number of its paragraphs (40) after extracting the validity and reliability of the tool, and through the statistical bag, the results of the research showed the superiority of the students of the two experimental groups over the students of the control group. The usual method that has long been forgotten after a period of time has passed, in light of the findings of A A researcher recommends adopting the Web Quest and geographical atlases electronically in teaching the subject of geographic foundations and its techniques for the fourth grade of literature, and as a complement to the current research, the researcher suggests conducting a study similar to the current study on female gender,

Summary
The research aims to identify the views of computer teachers in the preparatory stage on the use of e-learning in the teaching of the subject, and the researcher adopted the analytical descriptive approach and to achieve the goal of the research The researcher prepared his research tool, represented in a questionnaire consisting of: (15) Paragraph, truthfulness and consistency were calculated, and then applied to the adult research sample (60) Teachers and teachers of computer subjects in schools in Salahuddin governorate. After appropriate statistical treatment of the results of the application, the results showed the views of computer teachers in the preparatory stage on the use of e-learning in the teaching of computer subjects, as follows:
A. The field of (how effective e-learning) showed that the phrase (1) came first with a numerical average (3.08), which indicates that computer teachers in the preparatory stage helped them to improve the level of achievement of their students
B. The field (use of educational techniques) results showed phrase No. (1) has come first with a mathematical average (2.90) This indicates that computer teachers in the middle school use some teaching techniques in the teaching of computer subject.

Abstract
The current study aims at measuring the benefits of internet integration among university students and verifying the indications of validity and reliability by adopting constructive validity, discriminatory validity, and factor analysis of the items of the tool. The research sample consists of (600) male and female students, and the scale and its domains were built depending on the classification of (Helsper and Inon, 2013). The results shows that the measure of integration with the Internet has good psychometric characteristics, and that university students obtained benefits from using the Internet in the field of economic, cultural, social and personal use. No significant differences appeared according to the stage variable and in favour of the fourth stage. In the light of the results achieved, the researcher sets number of recommendations and proposals

Abstract:
This research aims to investigate the impact of an experiential learning-based training program on improving chemistry teachers' critical thinking and developing students' interactive thinking. The study sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group that underwent the training program and a control group that did not. The research employed a post-test only experimental design with a control group, where the independent variable was the application of the training program, and the dependent variables were teachers' critical thinking and students' interactive thinking, measured using the Critical Thinking Skills Test for Teachers (CSTT) and the Students' Interactive Thinking Scale (SITS). The results, using repeated measures ANOVA, showed a significant difference in the improvement of critical thinking among teachers in the experimental group (p-value = 0.001) and no significant difference in the control group (p-value = 0.800). The results also showed a significant difference in the improvement of interactive thinking among students in the experimental group (p-value = 0.001) and no significant difference in the control group (p-value = 0.700). The findings indicate the effectiveness of the training program in enhancing teachers' critical thinking and students' interactive thinking, emphasizing the importance of implementing experiential learning-based training programs to develop cognitive abilities in the educational setting.

Abstract
This research addresses an aspect of the important question about the concept of sovereignty and authority in the contemporary Islamic political system and the secular political system, especially after the spread of the concepts of Western political thought, and the overlap of its concepts related to sovereignty and authority in the Islamic political system, and because this topic touches the life of the contemporary Muslim person, this study came The study titled (Power and Sovereignty “A Comparison between the Islamic Political System and Contemporary Political Systems”) compares these two systems and their impact on the future of the Islamic political system.1- Authority. 2- Sovereignty. 3- Politics. 4- The political system

Abstract:
The United States of America began to adopt many strategies to try to control Iraq or even limit its progress and superiority in the region, and it did not leave any small or large effort but invested in increasing pressure on Iraq locally and internationally. We see it at times accusing it of dictatorship, at other times marketing it as a point of threat to the security of the region and its neighbors, and at other times declaring That he possesses internationally banned weapons of mass destruction.After the events of September 11, 2001, the United States continued its media and military pressure, trying to link Iraq to those events. It claimed that there was evidence indicating its involvement, even though that evidence was refuted by senior American officials, and it began to practice its strategies on the ground on the ground until it began to implement them one by one. The other ended with the control and occupation of Iraq on 9/4/2003.

Abstract
The aim of the research is to identify the level of social empathy among middle school students and its relationship to positive thinking. The research community included middle school students in middle and secondary schools affiliated with the Salah al-Din Education Directorate - Tikrit Education Department. The research sample included (40) male and female students. The researcher adopted the scale (Mahrabian and Epstein, 1972) translated by (Al-Rubaie 2001) to measure social empathy, which consisted of (32) paragraphs with four alternatives. He also prepared a scale for positive thinking, which in its final form consisted of (40) paragraphs. The results of the research showed that the level of social empathy among the sample individuals is high and that the level of positive thinking among the sample individuals is high and there is a positive and significant relationship between social empathy and positive behavior. In light of this, the researcher developed a set of conclusions and recommendations.

Abstract
This research focuses on the Battle of Badr, which took place on the 17th of Ramadan in the second year of Hijra (March 13, 624 AD). It is considered one of the most significant battles in Islamic history. This battle was the first major confrontation between Muslims and the polytheists of Mecca, playing a crucial role in establishing the strength of the Muslims and proving their ability to defend their faith and land. The importance of studying the military maneuvers in the Battle of Badr lies in understanding the factors that contributed to the Muslims' success in this decisive battle. This study helps highlight the strategic and tactical lessons that can be utilized to understand how to achieve victories in challenging circumstances. It also sheds light on the wise leadership of Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, and its impact on achieving victory. The research problem is to analyze and study the military maneuvers and strategic plans followed by the Muslims in the Battle of Badr, and their impact on achieving victory over the Quraysh army, which outnumbered them in both number and equipment. This research relies on the descriptive analytical method to study the military maneuvers in the Battle of Badr. Data is collected from reliable historical sources, such as the prophetic biography and authoritative Islamic history books. Historical texts will be analyzed to identify the strategic plans and military tactics employed, and then assess their impact on the battle's outcome. Additionally, these military maneuvers will be compared with modern warfare principles to extract useful lessons.

الملخص
لقد استقطبت مواضيع نقد الحداثة وما بعد الحداثة اهتمام المفكر العربي (عبد الوهاب المسيري) الذي يعد أول من أشار ونبه إلى خطر مرحلة ما بعد الحداثة بطابعها السائل الذي يفكك الدول والمجتمعات والحضارات، فإذا كانت الحداثة معبرة عن التراث الغربي التنوير والعقلانية والتقدم فإن ما بعد الحداثة أظهرت حقيقة ما كان يخفيه خطاب التراث الغربي بطابعه المتعالي المضاد للعقلانية والإنسانية فمرحلة الحداثة السائلة تعد مرحلة ينتشر فيها التدمير والتفكيك وفقدان القيم الإنسانية والاجتماعية سواء أفي العالم الغربي أم في العالم العربي الذي يشهد صعود حركات الإسلام السياسي وتنظيمات إرهابية متطرفة تسعى لتدمير التراث الحضاري العربي الإسلامي، مما جعل المفكر(عبد الوهاب المسيري) يقدم أفكار ومفاهيم ومصطلحات وحلول تبرز موقف الفكر السياسي العربي المعاصر في نقد ما بعد الحداثة بطابعها السائل بواسطة توظيف المنهج التفكيكي الغربي نفسه .

Abstract:
The completed research investigated the problems facing learning the Arabic language from the point of view of fourth-year middle school students, where a random sample of male and female Arabic language teachers in middle schools was selected, numbering (253) male and female students The descriptive approach was used and a questionnaire was used, which included (30) statements distributed over three axes. From implementing the tool and examining its outputs, it became clear that the average values of the axes of the questionnaire on the problems of learning the Arabic language in middle schools as a whole amounted to (2.28) with a main problem, and the differences found between the average values of the responses of male and female Arabic language teachers are apparent differences due to male teachers.

Abstract
The Faisal rule (1918-1920 AD) represented an important period in Arab history in general, and Syrian history in particular. Although it lasted only two years, it had a wide resonance in the modern history of Arab countries. It was the first attempt to form a unified Arab league, and the formation of the first Arab nationalism to establish an Arab political entity independent of the Ottoman Empire and the colonial countries. It was an Arab military nucleus that was formed for the first time in modern Arab history from Syria, Iraq, and the Hijaz, and the establishment of the first independent Arab government. The study aimed to identify the characteristics of the period of the rule of Prince Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali in Syria (1918-1920 AD), in addition to identifying the nature of the international position during his rule, especially after the end of World War I in 1918 AD, by answering the main question: What was the international position on the Faisal rule 1918-1920 AD

Conclusion
Foreign education spread in the Levant before the nineteenth century, but to a very limited extent compared to the activity that began to rise during the nineteenth century, especially among the various Christian sects, as Christianization competition began to appear in this century between the three main Christian sects, Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox Since the United States of America was one of the countries that followed the Protestant Church, it entered into missionary activity in the Levant alongside Britain and began to open schools throughout the Levant and had a major role in Syria in establishing schools. Therefore, we chose this topic in order to We show when and how American cultural activity began in Syria and how it spread through Ottoman documents and sources during the period between 1841-1914.
The research was divided into several topics, starting with American activity in the Levant, then American education in Syria through various sources, then American educational activity through the Salmanat, and finally educational activity in Syria through Ottoman documents.
The research relied on a group of sources, the first of which was the book American Christianization in the Levant in 1814 - 1914, by Abd al-Razzaq Abd al-Razzaq Issa, which gave the research extensive information regarding education in a lengthy manner. The master’s thesis was written by Zahra Hamid Khalil al-Bahrani, Foreign Privileges in the Levant in The Ottoman era from the mid-eighteenth century until the outbreak of the First World War in 1750-1914, which enriched the research with the important information that led to the research in this way .
The study of the beginning of American Christianization in the Levant, by Professor Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani Ibrahim, published in the College of Social Sciences at Imam Muhammad bin Saud University, came to give information about the beginning of American activity in the regions of the Levant and how it spread, in addition to many other sources that had a role in Enriching the research with information: As for the Ottoman sources, the Ottoman documents came, which give us a more detailed picture than the information that preceded them on how education spread in the Levant in general and in Syria in particular. Then the Salamanat came to give a clearer detail about these schools, especially the Salnamah of General Knowledge of the Ottoman State for the year 1321 AH - 1903 AD to give a clear table about the diversity of these schools and their spread in the state of Damascus (Syria).

Oil has strategic and economic importance that cannot be neglected or ignored. It is the engine for sustaining life in all countries of the world and is the main source of hard currency in third-world countries, especially those that export it. Sudan is one of the most prominent countries suffering from a deteriorating economic situation and aspires to have its lands be the focus of major oil companies. To search and explore for oil, especially after discovering oil in the Arabian Gulf and some African countries. Oil companies were always demanding and invited to work and explore their lands. Although some geological surveys took place and oil exploration began in August 1959, no announcement was made of the discovery of oil in the Basin. Heglig was established only in 1981 by the American company Chevron, announcing that it would begin producing and exporting oil in 1986. Still, the civil war between the North and the South prevented this.

Abstract:
In the history of outer space exploration for a new world by man, India's space endeavors have become a special place because of the richness and quality of its contribution. This is because space has continued as quickly as human thought, allowing unlimited exploration, discovery, and diverse uses required by modern society. Space technology can... To be largely a tool for promoting human well-being, warning of disasters, and causes of human knowledge, and also used to mitigate the amplifying consequences of conflicts, wars, and deprivations that ~ human survival, space management has thus become anxious to activate the international in recent times, amid new concealments such as the growth after the emergence Terrorism, space Moreover, a number of figures abroad began significantly, and private beverage entities now play mainly in the environment became built and contested began in some part, more involved through the demand in the technology field of space electronics construction and operation, and constitute experts Enlightened Worldwide includes details relevant to high-level management in the Estonian National Services.

Summary
It is an accepted principle that the state performs three functions: legislative, executive, and judicial. These functions are exercised by three authorities: the legislative authority, the executive authority, and the judicial authority. Within the framework of the executive function, the state exercises two types of activity: the first: the establishment and management of public facilities, and the second: which appears in administrative control. Administrative control work is specializations and functions aimed at maintaining public order in the three branches: public security, public health, and public tranquility without disturbing it through legal means and tools that the legislator recognized for legally defined bodies to carry out and placed them with a set of privileges restricting the principle of legality.

Abstract:
The banking sector is considered a source of strength in the country's economy because of its impact on the flow of money and attracting savings and directing them towards investment areas. The interest rate plays a major role in monetary policy and economic construction. It is one of the indicators used to analyze the country's economy and the degree of development or progress. Any change in the interest rate affects the country's investment activity and affects individuals' decision to invest their money, spend or save. Therefore, the interest rate is given great attention by countries. The decision to determine the interest rate is of great importance as a direct monetary tool to determine the size of future investments and increase the size of future borrowing. Therefore, it requires management to give importance to studying the revenue and cost achieved as a result of choosing an alternative in the interest rate instead of the other alternative (the other price). Therefore, the research aims to show the relationship between the appropriate interest rate and the opportunity cost by choosing the most appropriate alternative.

Asummary
Mrs. Alamtaj Qaim Maqami, known as (Hala), is one of the poets of the late Qajar era and the beginning of the Pahlavi rule. In light of the social conditions after the Constitutional Revolution, in which she expresses her liberal beliefs about women’s freedom and their lost rights in society, her suffering in being away from her child, her feelings towards her parents, and... It addresses various issues such as the treatment of men and women, the issue of the hijab, divorce, and polygamy. Wives, the condition of women and widows, and the position of women in society in general. These ideas have taken a major step forward in the service of women's literature. She dealt with the grammatical and linguistic aspects in her collection in terms of morphology, grammar, nouns, verbs, restrictions, adjectives Keywords: grammatical factors, morphology, syntax, noun, verb, constraint, adjective, Banu Almataj Qaim Maqamy

A summary
There is no doubt that the poetry of the revolution was the result of the efforts of a large group of the nation’s poets. Reviewing memories of those years brings to mind many personalities who were working continuously and actively in the present field. There is always a two-way relationship between social developments and literature. Literary texts are affected by the context of their era and mutually influence the events of that era. Accordingly, it can be said that just as social movements and developments are always formed on the basis of literary developments, they influence the culture and literature of their era. Given the necessity of studying and evaluating the linguistic characteristics of the poetry of revolutionary poets, in this research, after defining and learning about the poetry of the Islamic Revolution, we studied the linguistic characteristics of the poetry of this periodKeywords : Linguistic characteristics . Revolution poetry . Literature of revolution . Foreign words . Renewal in poetry. Slang vocabulary

Abstract
The aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of the visual thinking strategy in the achievement of fourth-year scientific students in Arabic grammar and the development of their coordination thinking. The experimental research method was adopted and applied to a sample of (64) students who were distributed equally between two groups: an experimental group that studied using the visual thinking strategy, and a control group that studied in the traditional way. The group was rewarded with some variables and an achievement test consisting of 40 paragraphs was prepared. A coordination thinking test consisting of 30 paragraphs was also prepared, both of which were multiple-choice. Validity, reliability, and some psychometric properties were tested. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the achievement and coordination thinking tests.

Abstract
Iraqi EFL university learners are often observed to fail in producing pragmatic utterances, among which are utterances related to the speech act of urging. Their responses to situations implying urging are expected to be awkward and clumsy. A production test consisting of 8 items is administered to a sample of 50 EFL fourth year students of the Department of English, College of Education, Al-Farahidi University to detect their pragmatic use of the illocutionary speech act of urging. The data is gathered out of the students’ responses to the test items. The paper infers that EFL students have tendency towards employing LI pragmatic features in producing utterances of urging in L2. The main reasons of their failure are attributed to their lack of the proper and accurate pragmatic, sociocultural, linguistic (syntactic and semantic) knowledge utilized in producing the illocutionary act of urging.

Introduction:
Abstract
The 2003 invasion of Iraq ignited deep social, political, and economic changes, which gave rise to a host of social problems that are vividly documented in contemporary Iraqi literature. This article compares how novels such as Warid Al-Salem's "Kidnapped" and Ahmed Saadawi's "Frankenstein in Baghdad" address the social changes in Iraq post-invasion. The goal of this research is to look at the narrative techniques and thematic preoccupations defining these two fictions, especially with respect to how they reflect and respond to the social issues from post-2003 Iraq. This is important as it places emphasis on the significance of contemporary Iraqi literature in providing insights into the socio-political challenges that Iraq has faced after the 2003 invasion. The outcome of the paper shows Iraqi novelists employ symbolic and realistic narratives to sharply involve and express complex social realities characteristic of post invasion Iraq.Keywords: post-2003, social problems , war.

Abstract
This study expects to investigate the specialty of humor in English writing through a far reaching examination of the science fiction novel "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" (1979) by Douglas Adams. The essential focal point of this examination is to unwind the different artistic gadgets, like satire, puns, and wit, that add to the novel's uncommon comedic bid. The motivation behind this examination is to reveal insight into the meaning of humor in writing, especially in the class of science fiction. The method utilized for this study is a blend of subjective printed investigation and scholarly analysis. Through close perusing and careful assessment of key entries, we recognize examples of spoofs, puns, and pleasantry in the book. Furthermore, we draw from important optional sources and academic works to contextualize the humor inside the more extensive extent of English writing and the science fiction classification. The consequences of this study encourage conversations about the job of humor in writing and its importance as a device for cultural evaluate and reflection. The review features the creative brightness of Douglas Adams in making a silly story that rises above time and keeps on reverberating with readers across ages. In addition, the conversations envelop the more extensive ramifications of humor in molding the readers' viewpoint, cultivating sympathy, and testing customary standards. All in all, "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" remains as a demonstration of the getting through force of humor in writing. Through its proficient utilization of farce, jokes, and pleasantry, the original remaining parts a foundation of entertaining English writing and a perfect representation of how humor can be an intense vehicle for smart discourse. This study highlights the significance of humor in writing and stresses its job in encouraging decisive reasoning and addressing cultural standards. At last, this exploration adds to a more profound enthusiasm for the craft of humor and its capacity to enhance the scholarly scene.Keywords: Parody, Puns, Wordplay, Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Abstract
It is the first time; the expression “heart” has been studied as metaphor in Glorious Quran. This study includes the definitions of metaphor in English and Arabic language and its classifications. As well as translation of Al-Hilali and Khan (2020) is taken. The carful studying of word “heart” which has been found in Quranic verses with its translation version lead us to notice that the word “heart” carries different meanings according to its context and carries one of the aspect of metaphor. In addition, the translator’s ability to transfer the image from Arabic language into English language by following certain strategies of translation. Keywords: metaphor, Al-tasrihia metaphor, Al-Makania metaphor, heart, translation.

ABSTRACT:
The present study tackles the phenomenon of linguistic indeterminacy. Linguistic indeterminacy is a term used to describe the lack of linguistic semantics to give the meaning of certain linguistic construction, a word, a phrase, and a sentence when they are used in certain contexts. As opposed to linguistic determinacy, linguistic indeterminacy is said to have a pragmatic meaning as intended by the speaker in certain contexts. The study shows that there are certain pragmatic subfields that can give account and fill the gap of the linguistic semantic shortage in figuring out the meaning intended in specific contexts. The study will also try to pragmatically analyze linguistic indeterminacy in Arabic and will be specified in the conversational implicature violations. Further, lots of deictic expressions can show up such linguistic indeterminacy as well as some indirect speech act verbs and implicatures. The study will present these pragmatic issues in what concerns linguistic indeterminacy respectively. The study will analyze three Arabic utterances based on the conversational implicature of Grice.