Journal of Medical Sciences and Technical Health

Background: Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors. The accurate grading of gliomas is of primary importance in the development of treatment regimens and the prognosis of the disease.
Objective: The study aims to investigate the role of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the assessment of accurate brain glial tumor cells.
Methods: The study consisted of 25 patients, ranging in age from 6 to 77 years, based on the MRI requests for brain glial tumors in Baquba General Hospital in Diyala. In the study, a 1.5-Tesla MRI system with an 8-channel brain coil and a gadolinium-based contrast agent.
Results: The results of this study showed highly promising outcomes in the assessment of the potential growth of the tumor and differentiation of high-grade gliomas from brain abscesses by using DWI along with ADC values. The results of MRI using DWI and ADC sequences showed a grade II glioma with a T2-weighted image of highly intense tumor, and a T1-weighted image of hypointensity.
Conclusion: These results considered the potential value for the progression of non-invasive imaging approaches for the grading of glioma, improving diagnostic accuracy, and patient treatment planning in clinical practice for patients with brain glial tumor.

The rising cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections have necessitated the World Health Organization (WHO) to reiterate the need to find alternative antimicrobial measures. Bacteriophage therapy is one of such options that has gained popularity. This study evaluates the therapeutic capabilities of bacteriophages that have been directly obtained from the urine of patients with the clinical diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Two out of five positive cultures of urine samples that produced positive cultures of the bacteria were lysogenized to obtain lytic phages. The temperate bacteriophages were found to have a strong lytic capability against 13 out of 15 MDR Escherichia coli clinical isolates. The presence of resistance in two isolates highlights the interplay of forces that are complex to determine phage-bacterial interactions that may be mediated by genetic processes (CRISPR-Cas systems or mutations in receptors). Notably, the lytic spectrum was expanded by the use of phage cocktails. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis has shown that the phages that have been isolated are of Myoviridae and Podoviridae families. While purified phages exhibited specificity for Escherichia coli, raw urine samples contained phages capable of lysing other uropathogens, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., and Serratia spp. This indicates that the reservoir of human urine can be varied and individualized bacteriophages in extreme infection, hence highlighting the prospect of urine-derived phage to develop patient-specific targeted therapies, of special importance in areas where resistance to antibiotics is a major health concern on the part of the population.

This study deals with the identification and diagnosis of bacteria carried on the legs of screw flies of the genus Chrysomya using the VITEK 2 technique, due to its medical and veterinary importance as a mechanical vector for pathogens. The study was conducted in the field in agricultural areas (orchards and barns) in Diyala Governorate. Samples were collected from three species: Chrysomya megacephala, C. albiceps, and C. putoria. Fermented food traps, which have proven highly effective in attracting flies, were used. A total of 300 flies were collected, with 100 flies from each species. Bacteria were isolated from the flies’ legs after dissection and suspension of the samples in saline solution, and then cultured on different culture media, followed by identification using the VITEK 2 system, which is based on precise biochemical analysis. The results show the presence of three main groups of bacteria: Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Out of 104 bacterial isolates, Proteus spp. had the highest prevalence (43.27%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32.69%) and finally Staphylococcus aureus (24.04%). Regarding their capacity to act as bacterial reservoirs, C. megacephala had the highest capacity compared with other species studied; no statistically significant differences emerged between the various fly species concerning their ability to transmit bacteria. Therefore, the study provides confirmation that screw-flies can be potent vectors for pathogenic bacteria, especially in agricultural settings, thus making them important contributors to disease transmission and indicating the need for monitoring these insects in order to reduce public health hazards

Antimicrobial-resistant genes such as blaNDM, qnrA, and mcr-1 have emerged as a major global threat, with their prevalence increasing in many countries. International travel, hospital outbreaks, and the food chain have all contributed to their global dissemination. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant genes blaNDM, qnrA, and mcr-1, among E. coli, to compare these levels with the global estimates, and to identify risk factors associated with the carriage of these genes. Over seven months, clinical samples were collected from. Inpatients at Baqubh teaching hospital. E. coli isolates were identified by routine culture. Molecular diagnosis was performed by extracting genomic DNA and using validated primers for blaNDM, qnrA, and mcr-1 in a single Multiplex PCR reaction. Data management and prevalence estimation were performed with binomial exact Clopper–Pearson confidence intervals. The prevalence of blaNDM (6.9%) and qnrA (3.4%) appeared low relative to other countries’ reports. Clopper–Pearson upper bounds were 22.7% and 18.1%, respectively, reflecting considerable statistical uncertainty due to the limited sample size. Regarding the mcr-1 gene, the point prevalence was 0%.

Antibiotics are one of the most common drugs that are widely used globally. Irrational use of antibiotics is the main cause of the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms. Rational use of antibiotics is important to prevent antibiotic resistance and to preserve the efficacy acy of existing antibiotics. It was estimated that there is a high rate of antibiotics ntibioc prescription worldwide. The main threat in the treatment of infectious diseases is the irrational use of antibiotics, so it is important to use current antibiotics properly to ensure the long-term availability of effective treatment for all infectious diseases. All physicians should be careful about combination therapy, which causes antibiotic resistance. In addition to the awareness of adverse drug reactions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pattern of antibiotic prescription in private clinics in Baquba city. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Baquba city and a review of prescription papers in private clinics, which was done for the period from 15/2 to 3/3/ 2023. Data was collected by a special design questionnaire that included sex, age, diagnosis, doctor's specialty, type of antibiotic administration, number of antibiotics, duration, and history of previous antibiotic prescription. Results were expressed as numbers and percentages. The total number of prescriptions was 270. The number of female patients was 63.3% while male patients was 36.7%. The range of age groups involved in the study was 16-35 years old. Oral dosage form of antibiotic prescription was 55 5.9% while parenteral dosage form was 30.4%. The duration of use of antibiotics from 3 to 5 days was 54.4%, while from 6 to 10 days was 32.2%. The severity of clinical indications of antibiotics was 51.8% as moderate, 37.8% as mild, and 10.4% as mild. Most of the prescriptions was related to surgical cases as percent 51.8%, while others related to gynecological cases as percent 31.5%. Monotherapy antibiotic was the most commonly prescribed 74.8% while a combination of two antibiotics was 24.1%. Cephalosporin was the most commonly group which prescribed as 28.9%, followed by amoxicillin 16.7%.

The increased demand for skin-lightening products has drawn attention to glutathione, a tripeptide, an antioxidant, and a regulator of melanogenesis that could be a safer alternative to the conventional agents. Topical formulations offer good-level melanin depression and skin texture amelioration with different levels of sustainability. Though fast-acting, intravenous glutathione is linked with severe safety effects such as anaphylaxis and hepatotoxicity, which are further worsened by the absence of standard dosing guidelines. This is a narrative review of clinical evidence in Aspects of Glutathione Use in Skin Whitening and the influence of social media Trends.