Damo Journal of Sports Sciences

The importance of this research lies in its aim to link the physical and technical aspects of young football players by introducing a modern and effective training method such as kettlebell exercises into training programs. Research Problem: Based on his experience in youth football training, the researcher observed that most adopted programs still focus on traditional exercises to increase general strength, such as static weights or resistance running, without sufficient attention to exercises that mimic the nature of the game's movement and develop explosive power in a functional way that directly serves technical skill. The aim of this research was to identify the effect of kettlebell exercises on developing leg explosive power and passing and shooting skills in youth football. An experimental approach was used, and the research sample consisted of young football players. After implementing the exercises, the most important conclusions were reached: kettlebell exercises are considered an important tool for improving leg explosive power and passing and shooting skills in youth football. Therefore, the recommendation is to adopt kettlebell exercises as they are considered an important tool for improving leg explosive power and passing and shooting skills in youth football.

This research aims to develop Zumba Cold Toning training and its effect on some components of physical and motor fitness in female fitness practitioners aged 25-35.
It also aims to identify the impact of Zumba Cold Toning training on these components. To achieve the objective, the researcher used a pre-test/post-test experimental approach, deemed suitable for the research problem. Ten female fitness practitioners, aged 30-40, were selected from among the trainees at Queen Gym in Al-Waziriyah. These women had expressed their willingness to commit to the fitness training program after an explanation of its nature. The researcher administered pre-tests and post-tests to the participants and performed appropriate statistical analyses. The researcher concluded that the Zumba Cold Toning program, developed by the researcher, effectively improved the physical fitness and motor skills of the female trainees in gyms. Furthermore, the use of Zumba Cold Toning training methods accompanied by musical rhythms increased the trainees' desire, enthusiasm, and excitement for the training sessions. Additionally, the use of music in Zumba Cold Toning training improved the trainees' ability to comprehend the various movements performed.

The research aims to develop combined (physical-skill) exercises to improve the shooting skills of futsal students and to identify the effect of these combined exercises on this skill development. The research methodology employed an experimental approach using equivalent groups (experimental group and control group). The research population consisted of 22 players from the Ahlulbayt University futsal team, divided equally into two groups of 11 players each. Homogeneity and equivalence were ensured before the start of the combined (physical-skill) training program. A pre-test consisting of 27 training units was administered, followed by a post-test. The data were then presented, analyzed, discussed, and processed. Statistically, using the SPSS statistical package, the researcher reached several conclusions based on the results. Most importantly, the combined (physical-skill) exercises employed by the researcher had a significant positive impact on developing certain physical abilities in futsal players, particularly explosive power and speed-strength, in accordance with the demands of physical performance during matches. The research results also demonstrated the effectiveness of combined (physical-skill) exercises in improving the scoring skill of futsal players. The study recommends relying on combined (physical-skill) exercises and giving them significant importance within training units during the specific preparation phase for futsal players, given their active role in developing physical and functional abilities and improving the performance of basic skills.

The research aims to develop an educational curriculum based on the practical demonstration strategy and to determine its impact on the resilience of female students in fast-paced individual attacks and the accuracy of their shooting skills in handball. The researcher employed an experimental approach using a pre-test and post-test system with equivalent groups (experimental and control groups). The research population consisted of 60 second-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Ahlulbayt University. Homogeneity and equivalence were ensured through a pre-test before the curriculum was implemented. The practical demonstration strategy curriculum, comprising 10 educational units, was then presented. The results indicate that the application of the curriculum components, based on the practical demonstration strategy, contributed to the development of the students' attacking abilities. The development in fast individual attacks and shooting accuracy in female handball: The clear difference in the post-test results of the experimental group confirms the effectiveness of the independent variable and the experimental control.

The importance of this research lies in developing Sakiyo training exercises that rely heavily on speed and agility related to the forehand smash skill, which contributes to the players' improvement. Through her participation in tournaments organized by the Central Badminton Federation, the researcher observed weaknesses among players in certain motor skills related to the execution of the smash, negatively impacting the quality of their movement and speed of transition on the court. Therefore, the researcher decided to develop a training program based on Sakiyo exercises aimed at improving performance and raising the competitive level of badminton players. The sample consisted of (14) junior players from the Badminton Training Center for the 2025 sports season. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. (7) Players. The researcher concluded that the Sakiyo training had a positive effect on developing motor skills and the forehand smash skill in badminton players.

The present study aims to evaluate the fundamental motor skills of kindergarten children aged five years at Al-Amal Kindergarten in the center of Babylon Governorate, through identifying their performance level and establishing criteria applicable for assessing this age group. The descriptive method was adopted due to its suitability for the nature of the problem. The research population consisted of 100 children, while the sample included 30 children selected randomly using the simple random method.
A validated questionnaire was employed to identify the essential motor skills, followed by administering field tests for walking, running, jumping, hopping, and throwing. The collected raw scores were converted into standardized scores based on the normal distribution curve, in addition to using the median, standard deviation, standard error, and skewness coefficient.
The results indicated that all members of the sample achieved a medium standardized level in all fundamental motor skills, with no representation of good or poor levels. The statistical values also demonstrated low standard error across skills, indicating appropriate sample representation.
The study concludes that developing fundamental motor skills during the preschool stage is educationally essential. It further recommends conducting periodic assessments to identify strengths and weaknesses and preparing qualified specialists to work in kindergarten settings.

This research aimed to identify the impact of using learning units based on the associative learning model on developing students' performance in some basic volleyball skills. It also aimed to determine the greater impact of learning units based on the associative learning model compared to other learning units. The researcher used the experimental method with a pre-test/post-test design for equivalent groups, as it was suitable for the nature of the research problem. The researcher then defined the research population as (151) fourth-year secondary school students at Talib Al-Suhail High School for Gifted Students in the Baghdad-Karkh Third Education Directorate.
The researcher then proceeded to identify the basic skills and tests for volleyball skills. The homogeneity and equivalence of the sample were ensured, and the research experiment was conducted over eight weeks, with two units per week for a total of (16) students. Each unit lasted 45 minutes, according to a specific model. Among the most important research conclusions is that using the educational curriculum based on learning units, according to the dissociative learning model, achieved a noticeable improvement in basic volleyball skills. The application of the stages and steps of the learning units, according to the learning model, along with the nature of the basic skills and the level of the sample, led to the theoretical and practical learning of the basic research skills.

This study investigated the effectiveness of a proposed training program focused on developing relative muscular strength in the arms and legs on the performance level of third-year intermediate school students in the discus throw. This was achieved through the design of a specific training program that focuses on developing this important physical attribute. The importance of this research stems from the fact that strength, particularly relative strength, is a fundamental attribute influencing the technical performance of throwing events. It plays a direct role in generating and optimally directing kinetic power during the various phases of the discus throw.
The study adopted an experimental design in which a training program was implemented with a sample of third-year intermediate students, divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The sample consisted of 16 third-year intermediate students from Al-Rawad Intermediate School for Boys in the Holy Karbala Governorate during the academic year (2024–2025). They were randomly divided into two groups of eight students each. The experimental group underwent a proposed training program to develop relative arm and leg strength, while the control group continued with the traditional physical education curriculum. The training program was implemented for two months, with two training sessions per week.
Physical variables and performance levels were measured using tests appropriate to the nature of the study. After statistical analysis of the data, the results showed a significant improvement in the performance level of the discus throw event among the experimental group compared to the control group. This improvement is attributed to the effectiveness of the proposed training program and its exercises, which contributed to developing relative muscular strength in the arms and legs. In light of this, the study emphasizes the importance of employing training programs based on developing relative muscular strength to improve performance levels in throwing events among third-year middle school students.

The research aimed to identify the relationship between certain types of intelligence in students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and their performance in futsal scoring. The researcher used a descriptive approach, employing both descriptive and correlational methods, as these were suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Ahlulbayt University (PBUH) for the academic year 2025-2026, totaling (75) students. The results led the researcher to several conclusions, the most important of which is that the research indicates that higher levels of certain types of intelligence among futsal players contribute positively to improving their skill performance. Scoring is a skill directly linked to the development of players' multiple intelligence. Results show that different types of intelligence play a vital role in achieving a football team's goals at both skill and tactical levels, in addition to contributing to positive social interaction and interpersonal relationships between players both on and off the field.

This research aims to develop and define a standard framework for dynamic balance performance levels among female intermediate school students in Baghdad. The researcher used the descriptive approach, as it is suitable for the nature of the research. The research population consisted of intermediate school students, with a sample of 206 students distributed across three groups: a pilot group, a scale development group, and a group to determine the standard levels. The dynamic balance test was adopted after being modified to suit the age group, gender, and the nature of the Iraqi environment. The results showed variation in the students' dynamic balance of performance levels, distributed across five standard levels: weak, acceptable, average, good, and very good. The results contribute to providing objective criteria that can be relied upon in evaluating motor performance. The standard framework provides a scientific tool that helps in accurately diagnosing the dynamic balance level of the students. The research also supports the development of educational and training programs in physical education. It concludes that it is possible to construct a scientific and objective standard framework for dynamic balance performance levels among middle school students, which contributes to the accurate assessment of motor abilities and reflects individual differences among students. The researcher recommends adopting the proposed standard framework for evaluating dynamic balance performance among middle school students and employing it in preparing educational and training programs to improve students' motor and physical abilities.

The importance of this research lies in the use of modern and advanced devices to directly measure physiological indicators for standardizing training to develop specific speed endurance and achieve the 100m backstroke. This serves as a foundation for training swimmers by applying scientifically based training methods, in line with the latest training techniques developed in advanced countries. The research problem lies in the fact that standardizing training using modern and advanced devices that measure physiological indicators is not previously used in swimming training in Iraq. The research aims to identify the standardization of training based on pulse rate in developing specific speed endurance, some physiological indicators, and performance in the 100m backstroke. The researcher chose the experimental method with a single-group design. The research sample consisted of eight swimmers representing the University of Basra's Olympic swimming team, who were selected purposively. The researcher concluded that standardizing specific speed endurance training by measuring pulse in the field using pulse rate monitoring watches led to an improvement in pulse rate indicators during specific speed endurance tests and performance in the 100m backstroke. Furthermore, standardizing specific speed endurance training by measuring blood lactate concentration in the field resulted in an increase in blood lactate concentration levels after specific speed endurance tests and performance in the 100m backstroke. The recommendations were to adopt the standardized training program developed by the researcher to develop speed endurance in swimming and to rely on physiological indicators in standardizing training, as they provide This is a true indicator of the impact of training on internal load and the necessity of using modern devices and technologies that measure physiological indicators in the field, instead of traditional training methods and techniques. It also highlights the importance of developing specific speed endurance, given its direct impact on performance in short-distance swimming events.

Chapter One includes the introduction and the importance of the research. This work examines the organizational commitment of handball players in the Iraqi Elite League and its importance in promoting belonging, stability, and improving athletic performance. The research aims to develop and apply an organizational commitment scale from the players\' perspective, as well as to identify the level of organizational commitment among handball players from their perspective. The research problem arose from the lack of clear scientific standards for measuring organizational commitment among handball players in the Iraqi Premier League. Chapter Three outlines the research methodology and field procedures. The researchers employed a descriptive survey approach, deemed most suitable for the research objectives and the nature of the problem. The research population consisted of 207 handball players from 15 clubs participating in the 2024/2025 Iraqi Premier League season. Field research procedures involved constructing the scale, establishing standard scores, and identifying the standard levels. Chapter Four presents and discusses the research findings. Chapter Five presents the conclusions and recommendations, concluding with the development of a scale for organizational commitment among handball players and determining the players\' perceived level of organizational commitment.

This study aims to investigate the effect of gradually increasing the intensity of mini-playing, when employed within diverse tactical situations, on developing cognitive effort and decision-making skills among fifth-grade primary school students in futsal. The researchers used an experimental design with two groups (control and experimental) and pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of 20 students randomly divided into two equal groups. The experimental group participated in a training program based on mini-playing with gradually increasing intensities (number of players, area, time) within tactical situations that simulated a real-life playing environment, while the control group received traditional lessons. Cognitive effort was measured using the NASA-TLX scale, and decision-making skills were assessed using a field test based on illustrated scenarios. The results showed statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group in both variables. The study recommends integrating progressive mini-games into physical education curricula as a stimulating teaching method that fosters strategic thinking and action among students.

The research aims to prepare special exercises using the (vertimax) device to develop muscular strength and some basic skills for football players under (20) years old, and to identify the effect of exercises, especially using the (vertimax) device, to develop muscular strength and some basic skills for the research sample.
To achieve the goal, the researcher used the experimental approach with a pre- and post-test to suit it with the research problem. The research community consisted of Baghdad clubs for players under (20 years old) and Iraqi youth clubs, numbering (16) clubs, The total number of players is (430), which represents (100%) of the number of players. As for the research sample, the players of the Al-Sinaa Sports Club for the youth category were (24) players, with a percentage of (5.58%), The research sample was chosen randomly by lottery, and the goalkeepers (4) were excluded, as were (6) players due to injury and non-compliance with the training units, The researcher conducted the pre- and post-test for the members of the research sample, and conducted the appropriate statistical treatments. The researcher concluded that exercises using the Vertimax device led to the development of muscle strength and some basic football skills for the members of the research sample, The success of performing exercises is based on regulating the training load (intensity, volume, and rest), which has had a positive impact on developing muscle strength and some basic football skills for players.

The researcher observed that mental abilities were not given sufficient attention in specialized basketball schools, and these abilities were not developed or utilized to support the motor learning process of basic skills. This was due to a lack of awareness regarding the importance of selective attention. One of the research objectives was to develop educational units focused on improving selective attention and learning some basic mini-basketball skills, and to determine the impact of these educational units on this development. The researcher hypothesized that these educational units would have a positive effect on improving selective attention and learning basic mini-basketball skills. To achieve these objectives and test the hypotheses, the researcher conducted a comprehensive survey of selective attention and then administered tests to a group of 54 novice players from the basketball schools affiliated with the Ministry of Youth and Sports in Baghdad. The researcher then represented the percentages of these abilities with timescales and incorporated them into educational units, along with some basic basketball skills (dribbling, passing, and shooting) from this study. The researcher employed an experimental method and selected a sample for the purpose of implementing the educational units. The experimental sample, consisting of (22) beginner players at the specialized center in the Ministry of Youth for basketball in Baghdad, who are located in the basketball school, was divided into two groups, one experimental and the other control, with (11) players for each group. The researcher conducted pre-tests for the two groups and made them equal. The educational units continued to be implemented for two months, with (3) educational units per week. After the educational units were completed, the researcher conducted post-tests and obtained results that she statistically processed.

This study aimed to explore the impact of integrating smart code on developing the digital methodology for teaching physical education and to evaluate its effect on student learning outcomes. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with two groups: an experimental group (n=80-100 students) that learned using smart code, and a control group (n=80-100 students) that learned using traditional methods. Data were collected using a combination of quantitative (skills tests, questionnaires) and qualitative (interviews, focus groups) instruments. The results showed a highly statistically significant positive effect (p < 0.05, t(148)) in favor of the experimental group, with significant improvements in motor skills (84.5 vs. 72.3), motivation (4.3 vs. 3.4), classroom interaction, knowledge retention, and overall satisfaction. Path analysis confirmed that the smart code influences outcomes by developing the digital methodology as a medium. The study concluded that the smart code is an effective tool for transforming physical education education towards personalized and interactive learning, recommending teacher training and the provision of necessary infrastructure.

This research aims to identify the effect of bio motor abilities (speed, agility, and coordination) and their interaction on dribbling in football. To achieve this goal, the researchers used a descriptive approach, employing both survey and correlational methods.
The research population consisted of young football players in Najaf Governorate during the 2025-2026 sports season, totaling 122 players distributed across five clubs. The research sample comprised 50 players selected using stratified random sampling with equal selection of 10 players from each club.
The researchers then developed and administered tests to the research sample. After obtaining the results, they used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The researchers concluded that each selected bio motor ability has an impact on dribbling, and that the interaction of bio motor abilities (agility, speed, and coordination) has a positive and statistically significant correlation with dribbling in football. The results also showed that coordination has the greatest impact on dribbling in football, followed by agility, and then speed.

This research aims to identify the navigational approach within visual intelligence for teaching basketball dribbling and shooting skills to students through a collaborative visual observation method. Visual intelligence enhances focus and visual tracking in basketball players, significantly improving dribbling and shooting skills. It enables players to understand the movement of the ball and opponents, track them, and apply correct shooting techniques through effective observation and experimentation. Collaboration plays an additional role in developing teamwork and skill mastery. Visual reinforcement, ball tracking, and observation help the eye scan the court and follow the ball's trajectory in flight, which is essential for good positioning and shooting. Visual focus improves the ability to concentrate on the goal (basket) or the ball and ignore distractions, a vital skill in shooting. Learning through observation allows players to observe professional players demonstrating ball control, direction changes, and weight distribution. The body then mimics these movements, improving shooting skills and visual-motor coordination. Accurate observation of the shooting angle, force, and ball trajectory develops hand-eye coordination and an understanding of shooting angles. Visual intelligence helps players accurately estimate distances and shooting angles from various positions on the court. The researcher used an experimental method with experimental and control groups to suit the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of 20 students. The researcher used statistical analysis to process the data. The study concluded that observational learning (learning by watching) enhances visual intelligence in basketball. It allows players to grasp the complex kinematic details of dribbling and shooting by observing good models, thus improving visual-motor coordination, developing mental images of correct techniques (shooting angle, body movement, dribbling rhythm), and reducing the need for trial and error, leading to faster and more accurate skill learning.

Sports are an important means of developing children's abilities, regardless of their differences. They are not limited to providing physical exercises but are also used as a tool for modifying behavior and boosting self-confidence. Through group sports activities, opportunities are created for integration between healthy children and children with autism, thus creating a safe and encouraging learning environment. The research problem focused on the need to find new and innovative methods to support these children and help them develop their various abilities, as this stage forms the cornerstone of their mental, physical, and behavioral development. Based on the above, the research problem can be summarized by the following question:
Does using educational exercises based on a movement-based storytelling method have a positive effect on some gymnastics skills in modifying the random behavior of children with autism?
The research aimed to identify the effect of educational exercises based on a movement-based storytelling method using some gymnastics skills in reducing random behavior in children with autism.
The researchers chose the experimental method with an experimental and control group approach, as it is suitable for the research problem. The research population was defined as the Hamaim Al-Salam Center in Najaf Governorate – Kufa, for the year (2025-2026), and it consisted of (20) children with autism.
The most important conclusion of the researchers is that educational exercises based on a movement-based storytelling method using some gymnastics skills had a significant positive effect on modifying the random behavior of children with autism.

It has become essential to develop a training program to ensure the continued optimal performance of athletes and to monitor certain physiological variables resulting from physical exertion. This program aims to reduce stress caused by a lack of experience and skills among specialized athletes.
This research aims to identify the effect of using specific training methods with weights on improving the performance of certain technical skills in weightlifters. Specific training methods have a positive impact on weightlifters. Therefore, the importance of this study lies in its investigation of the effect of training on certain variables in weightlifters. It attempts to identify a set of specific exercises that contribute to improving the athletes' performance levels, enabling them to overcome their shortcomings in the snatch and clean and jerk lifts and reach the highest international standards.
The researchers employed the experimental method deemed most suitable for the nature of the research. The study population consisted of (12) weightlifters from the Al-Madhatiya Club, representing both the research population and sample. After analyzing and discussing the results, the researchers concluded:
- The research findings demonstrated a significant improvement in certain physiological variables among the weightlifters, such as increased muscle strength and endurance

This research aims to design a psychological counseling program based on muscular and psychological relaxation strategies to reduce competitive tension among handball players. This was achieved through (developing a competitive tension scale for handball players and implementing a psychological counseling program based on muscular and psychological relaxation strategies). The researcher used the experimental method, as it was suitable for the nature of the research, and employed a pre-test/post-test experimental design with a single experimental group. The researcher selected a random sample of (60) handball players in Iraq. Data was collected using the competitive tension scale (developed by the researcher) and the psychological counseling program based on muscular and psychological relaxation strategies (developed by the researcher). The researcher concluded that one of the most important findings was the development of a competitive stress scale for handball players, which includes five dimensions: physiological stress, emotional stress, mental stress, family stress, and control of competitive pressures. The proposed psychological counseling program, based on muscular and psychological relaxation strategies, has a positive effect on reducing stress levels among handball players.

This research aims to develop combined exercises for special abilities to pass the Dynamic Yo-Yo test on the field for football referees, and to determine the effect of these combined exercises on passing the Dynamic Yo-Yo test on the field for football referees. To achieve the objective, the researchers used the experimental method, as it was suitable for the nature of the problem to be solved. A single-group pre-test/post-test design was used, as it was appropriate for the research problem. The research population consisted of 30 first-division football referees in Baghdad Governorate who were accredited for the 2024-2025 football season. The research sample consisted of 25 first-division football referees in Baghdad Governorate. The research sample was selected purposively and represents 83.33% of the research population. After determining the Dynamic Yo-Yo test, pilot tests were conducted to confirm the validity of the tests and their scientific properties. The researcher concluded that there were statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results for the research sample. Thus, the research hypothesis was confirmed.

The importance of this research lies in designing educational units for learning the volley shot skill, which is considered one of the advanced skills in tennis that beginner learners should learn using the direct kinesthetic learning method. This method relies on the teacher's subjective opinions and ideas in guiding the learner and providing them with the educational experiences and skills that they deem appropriate. The researcher chose to study this skill and delve into this research for several reasons, including the scarcity of research addressing its teaching, as it is considered an advanced skill. There is also a lack of focus on teaching this skill effectively to beginner students to enable them to perform it with good coordination. Based on the above, the researcher was motivated to prepare educational units using a direct learning method to teach this skill, thereby contributing to the development of the technical performance of some important game skills, including volleyball skills. The research aimed to design educational units using a direct learning method to teach volleyball skills and to identify the impact of these educational units on third-year students. The research population and sample consisted of male third-year students (evening studies) at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Wasit, totaling (23) students. The researcher randomly selected a sample of (8) students from section (B), designated for male students only, representing (34.7%) of the original population. The field research procedures included the application of the educational units prepared by the researcher, which comprised (4) educational units for teaching volleyball skills. The study employed a direct learning approach, with one training unit per week, along with pre- and post-tests of the participants' skill performance. Based on the results obtained, the researcher concluded that the exercises used in the direct learning units for teaching the flying stroke skill had a positive impact on improving the skill performance level of the research sample, as demonstrated by the post-test results.

This research aims to develop a multimedia-based learning method and implement it with third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, to determine its impact on learning some foil defensive skills. To achieve the goal, the researchers used the experimental method of designing two equivalent groups. The research population was represented by the third-year students in the College of Physical Education / Al-Muthanna University for the academic year (2024-2025), whose number was (150) students distributed over (5) sections, with (30) students for each section, which are (B-C-D-E-F). The sample was randomly selected (by lottery), with section (C) chosen as the control group and section (E) as the experimental group. The researchers then developed a multimedia-based teaching method and implemented it for four weeks, consisting of one learning unit per week. Skills were presented using a data projector, after which students were asked to visualize and apply the skill. The researchers simultaneously corrected the students' performance. Following post-tests, the students were assessed, and the results, analyzed using statistical methods, showed that the multimedia method was more effective in enhancing the retention and understanding of information and the learning of fencing skills among third-year students than the traditional teaching method.

The cognitive apprenticeship strategy and numbered heads are among the teaching strategies that may be suitable and have a positive impact on teaching football skills. The research problem stems from the multiplicity and diversity of teaching strategies without knowing the appropriate strategy for the age group and how to study and apply it to students and benefit from it in learning and applying skills. The aim of the research is to conduct a comparative study of the cognitive apprenticeship strategy and numbered heads in teaching the dribbling and shooting skills in futsal to first-year female students. The research population consisted of 60 first-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. (60) students were randomly selected from them as the research sample, which consisted of two experimental groups, each consisting of 30 students. The researcher used a group experimental design. The study used a pre-test and post-test as equivalents. After homogenizing the sample, each group implemented its own educational program. The first experimental group applied the cognitive apprenticeship strategy, while the second introductory group applied the numbered heads strategy (30 students per group). The educational program lasted six weeks and included two learning units per week for each group.
The researcher concluded that the application of the cognitive apprenticeship and numbered heads strategies proved effective in teaching the first-year female students in the experimental group the skills of dribbling and shooting in futsal.