Al-Rafidain University College For Sciences

The optimal decision-making process in drug warehouse management relies on a set of practical methods to address the logistical challenges of drug distribution at the lowest possible cost. Transporting drugs from production centers or warehouses to marketing and distribution locations is one of the main challenges facing warehouses. Therefore, transportation models come as necessary analytical tools to support the optimal decision-making process.

Decision-makers sometimes face challenges related to determining the exact quantities of drugs available in warehouse stock and the quantities required by different distribution points, in addition to variable transportation costs. This type of ambiguity in quantities and demands complicates the decision-making process. Therefore, the 3D fuzzy transportation model was used to provide more accurate and effective solutions. This model is characterized by its ability to process ambiguous and uncertain data by applying advanced techniques to determine optimal drug- distribution scenarios and reduce costs.

This research aims to conduct a comprehensive study and provide an integrated analysis of the project for the Mosul railway station. It utilizes quantitative tools that combine financial, temporal, and risk aspects that the project might face. The Net Present Value (NPV) method was used to prove the economic feasibility and financial planning of the project. The results indicated that the net present value was IQD 76,691,409,817 from the transportation of oil, wheat, and passengers over a period of 5 years. The profitability index showed a value greater than one, at 9.71, indicating that every dinar invested will generate a profit of approximately 10 dinars, even with a discount rate of 20%. The payback period was very short, reaching 0.515 years, which is about half a year, demonstrating the project's ability to recover its cost quickly. These positive findings reduce the project's financial risks.

Additionally, the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) method was used for scheduling, planning, execution, and estimating the project's duration by identifying critical activities. By inputting the three-point estimates (optimistic, normal, and pessimistic times) for each activity into the Win Q.S.B software, the application showed that the project's completion time is 1240.33 days with a 50% probability. One critical path consisting of 16 critical activities was identified, and any delay in these activities will lead to a delay in the entire project. There are also non-critical activities with time margins (slack) that can be utilized if needed. The study's results demonstrated that combining the NPV method for economic feasibility and financial planning with the PERT method for planning, scheduling, and estimating the expected completion time provides strong support for investment decisions, such as establishing an integrated railway station project
Additionally, the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) method was used for scheduling, planning, execution, and estimating the project's duration by identifying critical activities. By inputting the three-point estimates (optimistic, normal, and pessimistic times) for each activity into the Win Q.S.B software, the application showed that the project's completion time is 1240.33 days with a 50% probability. One critical path consisting of 16 critical activities was identified, and any delay in these activities will lead to a delay in the entire project. There are also non-critical activities with time margins (slack) that can be utilized if needed. The study's results demonstrated that combining the NPV method for economic feasibility and financial planning with the PERT method for planning, scheduling, and estimating the expected completion time provides strong support for investment decisions, such as establishing an integrated railway station project

The main objective of the current study is to determine the nature of the relationship between SWOT analysis as an independent variable and effective performance as a dependent variable in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. The aim is to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses within the ministry’s internal and external environment to provide recommendations that contribute to enhancing its effective performance. The current study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach by analyzing the opinions of a sample of employees working at the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. A total of 73 questionnaires were distributed among directors general, deputy directors general, heads of departments, and division managers, of which 64 valid responses were retrieved. A set of statistical tools was used, including validity and reliability coefficients, correlation coefficients, and standard deviation, in order to test the study’s hypotheses. Through the practical statistical analysis, the researchers reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the strength dimension ranked highest among the SWOT analysis dimensions. This indicates that the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research utilizes modern technological means as a key source of strength in addressing work disruptions by employing high-efficiency technical programs. Among the main recommendations is the need to enhance the role of modern technological tools used in SWOT analysis within the ministry, as they represent a fundamental resource for improving employee efficiency and achieving effective performance, thereby contributing to the realization of the ministry’s strategic goals within the specified time frame.

This research aims to analyze the relationship between internal marketing dimensions and brand loyalty in the hotel sector through an applied study at the Palestine International Hotel in Baghdad. The research problem stems from a primary question: What is the nature of the relationship between internal marketing dimensions and the level of brand loyalty among hotel employees? The importance of this research lies in highlighting the role of implementing internal marketing practices as a strategic tool for enhancing brand belonging and loyalty not only among customers but also among employees themselves. The research relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and data were collected using a questionnaire prepared for this purpose and distributed to a random sample of 68 employees from various levels and workers in the hotel. The data was analyzed using a set of appropriate statistical methods using the SPSS V.26 statistical program to verify the validity of the hypotheses. The results revealed a significant correlation and influence between the dimensions of internal marketing (marketing information dissemination, internal marketing training, incentives, service culture) and brand loyalty. This confirms that improving the internal work environment and addressing employee needs contributes to raising their level of commitment and support for the brand's image and reputation. The study recommended adopting comprehensive and sustainable internal marketing strategies to enhance hotel loyalty and competitiveness in the market.

The research aims to determine the relationship of influence between organizational immunity and organizational integrity. The descriptive analytical method was adopted in completing the research, which was conducted on a random stratified sample of branch heads, department managers, and division managers in several branches of Al-Rafidain Bank in Baghdad Governorate, which amounted to 101 respondents, by adopting the questionnaire as the main tool for data collection and many statistical methods such as standard deviation, arithmetic mean, reliability test, coefficient of variation, coefficient of determination (R²), and the outputs of the SPSS V.25 program, etc.

The results showed a statistically significant relationship between organizational immunity and achieving organizational integrity. The most prominent conclusions were the availability of both the organizational immunity variable and organizational excellence in the research community and sample, albeit to varying degrees.

Artificial intelligence is a tool that helps interpret and analyze global events, both in terms of information and law. Today, it has become part of the landscape that influences local and international affairs in various fields, such as health and security. On the legal level, artificial intelligence is embodied through the balanced regulation of this field and its non-conflict with public international law. Artificial intelligence is closely related to computer science, which has become the backbone of various aspects of contemporary life. This application is characterized by its ability to perform assigned tasks optimally, despite the difficulties that hinder its use. Artificial intelligence is defined as “a branch of computer science that deals with tasks that require human intelligence.” Artificial intelligence has important features that enable it to simulate human mental abilities, and its ability to learn continuously and its speed and accuracy surpass the human mind. It is also closely related to the legal system, both in terms of the rights and obligations of natural and legal persons and in relation to the robot system as an application of artificial intelligence. Its application does not stray far from interaction with the internal and external sovereignty of the state, especially in areas where technology companies are granted the desire to operate within the framework of the state, while enjoying a degree of independence..

This research aims to examine the effect of sustainable supply chain management practices on the sustainable performance of an organization, mediated by supplier relationship management. The researcher adopted an exploratory study method, relying on a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The sample consisted of 134 individuals, including department heads, division heads, engineers, and technicians who interact with suppliers at the Iraqi General Company for Cement Industry. Several research hypotheses were formulated and tested using descriptive and analytical statistical methods, employing the SPSS version 23 and AMOS version 23 statistical software. One of the key findings is that adopting a supplier relationship management approach effectively strengthens the relationship between sustainable supply chain management practices and the company’s sustainable performance. A major recommendation of the research is the necessity of utilizing the mediating role of supplier relationship management to enhance the positive impact of sustainable supply chain management practices on improving sustainable organizational performance in the industrial sector.

This study aims to examine the role of corporate governance in enhancing the transparency of financial reporting in Iraqi commercial banks, in light of the growing importance of the banking sector in supporting financial stability and economic growth. The significance of this topic stems from the fact that transparency in financial reporting represents a fundamental factor in strengthening the confidence of depositors, investors, and regulatory authorities, as well as improving the quality of economic decision-making and reducing unsound financial practices. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach, combining a theoretical framework that addresses the concept of corporate governance, its principles and mechanisms, and the concept of financial reporting transparency and disclosure standards, with an applied framework based on field data. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of employees in selected Iraqi commercial banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software, employing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including correlation analysis and linear regression, to test the research hypotheses. The findings of the study reveal the existence of a positive and statistically significant relationship between the application of corporate governance mechanisms and the transparency of financial reporting. This indicates that effective implementation of corporate governance contributes directly to improving the level of financial disclosure. The results also show that governance mechanisms such as the board of directors, audit committees, and disclosure practices have the strongest impact on enhancing financial reporting transparency, while internal control systems exhibit a moderate effect, highlighting the need to further develop and strengthen these systems. The study concludes that corporate governance represents an effective tool for improving the quality of financial reporting and enhancing confidence in the Iraqi banking sector. Accordingly, it recommends strengthening the independence of boards of directors, activating the role of audit committees, developing internal control systems, and ensuring strict compliance with disclosure and transparency standards in order to promote financial stability and support sustainable economic development.

The sovereign funds are legal and financial entities that emerged a few decades ago. They appeared in countries around the world that have surplus sources of income in their general budgets, but they remained unknown and mysterious for a long time, until the situation suddenly changed at the beginning of the current century, when the mystery and ambiguity of the subject of sovereign funds disappeared, and their number increased and sovereign funds grew as a result of the increasing rise in international financial markets, which made them a subject of widespread interest, especially in countries that have oil surpluses. It aims to transfer part of the revenues it obtains for the benefit of future generations after the depletion of natural resources. Among those countries is Iraq, which has established several sovereign funds based on constitutional foundations and legislative texts regulating the work of those funds. This study aims to shed light on the weaknesses and shortcomings in the Iraqi legislation regulating them and the flaws that surround them and to analyze the legal texts and articles related to these funds and the extent of their suitability with the current situation in Iraq in light of the economic fluctuations

Contract theory has occupied a pivotal position in the traditional structure of civil law as the basic legal instrument for regulating economic exchanges.

However, rapid economic transformations and the accompanying development in contracting patterns and the emergence of new forms of contractual relations have created a contractual reality different from that under which the traditional rules of contract arose. In light of this reality, the need arises to reconsider the foundations on which this theory is based in a way that is consistent with the requirements of the contemporary economic environment and enhances the achievement of balance in contractual relations.

The contract establishes many legal effects, including both fundamental and non-fundamental obligations. This fundamental obligation is referred to as the essence of the contract, or its nature. It is what realizes that essence and nature. Various theories explain the essence of the contract. Some believe that form represents the nature of the contract, while others argue that the underlying will is the true expression of the contract's essence. Meanwhile, a third perspective holds that the essence of the contract lies in the outward expression or manifestation of intent, while a final view argues that the essence of the contract is found in its inherent nature. The fundamental obligation that defines the identity of the contract is something intrinsic to it; it embodies its identity and essence. This study examines the concept of essence in its general origin and then attempts to apply this concept to contracts.

This research examines the vital role of public contracts as legal instruments used by the state to manage public facilities, implement economic and service projects, and meet the basic needs of society. A public contract is not merely a contractual relationship between the administration and the contractor; rather, it is a tool for achieving the public interest, protecting public funds, and ensuring the regular and continuous operation of public facilities. This research also clarifies that breaches of public contracts affect the contracting parties and impact public trust in the administration, the efficiency of public spending, and the principles of transparency and equality among competitors. Furthermore, it points out that civil and administrative rules provide the administration with various means to address contractor breaches, such as contract termination, imposing late penalties, withdrawing work, and blacklisting. However, these penalties may not be sufficient when the breach takes on a criminal character, such as fraud, bribery, manipulation of specifications, and deliberate damage to public funds. Thus, the importance of criminal law intervention becomes apparent as an exceptional deterrent aimed at protecting the higher interests associated with public contracts, maintaining public order, and promoting integrity and transparency in the management of these contracts.

The research aims to identify the impact of artificial intelligence on the green supply chain and its role in promoting digital transformation in universities. The research problem focuses on the need for digital transformation in universities and the search for strategic tools that contribute to this area, particularly emphasizing sustainable business practices, with the green supply chain being the most significant. The researchers employed a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the questionnaire distributed to a sample of professors from Iraqi universities in Baghdad. For the purpose of analyzing and processing the data, a set of statistical programs, SPSS V.26 and SmartPLS4, was used, and the hypotheses were tested through correlation analysis, regression, and structural modeling. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the green supply chain plays a positive mediating role between artificial intelligence and digital transformation, as artificial intelligence contributes to enhancing the efficiency of green processes, which in turn supports digital transformation.

The allocation of funds in commercial banks is one of the fundamental issues that directly affects financial performance efficiency and banking stability, especially in a banking environment characterized by increasing competition, multiple regulatory constraints, and rising financial risks. Fund allocation refers to the distribution of available financial resources among various credit and investment activities, such as loans, investments in securities, and liquidity reserves, in a manner that achieves a balance between profitability, liquidity, and safety. However, reliance on traditional methods in making allocation decisions may lead to inefficient utilization of financial resources. This study aims to examine the allocation of funds in commercial banks using linear programming as one of the operations research techniques capable of supporting financial decision-making on a quantitative and scientific basis. The research adopts a descriptive–analytical quantitative approach by reviewing the theoretical framework of fund allocation and linear programming and by developing a mathematical model that reflects actual banking activities while taking into account regulatory constraints such as liquidity requirements, capital adequacy, and risk limits. The findings indicate that the use of linear programming contributes to the optimal utilization of available financial resources and helps commercial banks maximize returns while minimizing risks. Moreover, the applied model demonstrates that mathematical programming models based on linear programming provide an effective tool for supporting decision-makers, improving fund allocation efficiency, and enhancing the financial sustainability of commercial banks. The study recommends that commercial banks adopt modern quantitative techniques in their financial decision-making processes and enhance the capabilities of banking personnel in the application of these methods.

Digital electronic marketing is a vital requirement for customer satisfaction in banks in the new environment. This study examines electronic marketing strategies and their relationship with customer satisfaction in the banking sector. Using an extensive literature review, this study seeks to identify key electronic marketing channels and strategies that banks use, as well as their influence on customer satisfaction outcomes. Despite the increasing recognition of the importance of electronic marketing in achieving customer satisfaction, only a limited number of detailed studies investigating this association have been conducted in the banking context. While previous studies have focused on different aspects of electronic marketing and customer satisfaction in isolation, there is a pressing need for empirical studies that integrate these variables to provide a holistic understanding of their relationship.

This research aims to answer the central question of the impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) soft practices on customer service while also examining the mediating role of cooperative supply chains in strengthening this relationship within the Iraqi Ministry of Communications. The study stems from the importance of government organizations adopting TQM concepts as a modern approach to improving the level of services provided to citizens. The Iraqi Ministry of Communications was chosen as the case study because of its vital role in direct interaction with a wide range of beneficiaries. The research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology, collecting data from a population of 85 employees and analyzing it using appropriate statistical methods to test the proposed hypotheses. The analysis aims to produce results that can enhance service performance and shape administrative policies.

Strategic leadership (SL) is one of the important factors influencing organizational excellence, particularly in academic organizations. The research aims to demonstrate the extent to which strategic leadership, with its dimensions (human capital development, organizational culture, strategic orientation, and ethical practices), influences organizational excellence at the University of Information Technology and Communications. The problem is evident in the neglect of the impact of strategic leadership on organizational excellence and the lack of awareness of its effective role in enhancing it. The research community comprised the faculty at the University of Information Technology and Communications. A sample of 114 respondents was selected. A questionnaire was the primary tool of collecting data, and several statistical methods included in the SPSS statistical program were adopted. Among the most important findings is that strategic leadership practices have an effect on organizational excellence at the overall level.

Ensuring image security in digital communication is paramount, particularly in resource-constrained environments. Conventional encryption methods often struggle with balancing computational efficiency and security robustness for large multimedia files. This paper introduces a partial encryption framework that utilizes the Data Encryption Standard (DES) to selectively encrypt critical image regions while leaving non-sensitive areas intact, employing a new method based on specific frequencies of DCT coefficients. This approach significantly reduces processing overhead while maintaining a strong security layer over essential data. The suggested method uses DCT for image coding and then uses the accreditation approach that implements partial image encoding based on JPEG. This procedure is based on a technique that aims to keep the value of the public bit and to keep agreeing with the JPEG format; this includes multiple coding, enforceability, self-sufficiency, spatial selectivity, and coordination compliance, and how the application needs are met in real-time. The dataset of 10 images has been used to evaluate the suggested method. The results indicate that PSNR=31.05, coefficient correlation=0.96, entropy value is 7.71, and SSIM=0.97. These results, besides the histogram analysis, indicate a high level of randomness in encrypted images, good encryption, and low distortion in the decrypted images, uniform pixel intensity distribution across all encrypted images, ensuring resistance to statistical attacks, and demonstrating a strong disruption of pixel patterns post-encryption.c

Early health crises, such as sepsis, cardiac decompensation, and respiratory failure, kill patients who might otherwise survive, and the problem is worse in resource-limited settings like Iraq, where data infrastructure is fragile, and populations are routinely underrepresented in predictive models. The study built FedFairMine to address this directly. It is a federated data mining framework that keeps raw patient records on local hospital servers while still training a shared predictive model. Three design choices drive it: gradient-based feature extraction runs entirely on-device, so no raw data leaves the hospital; a fairness-weighted aggregation step explicitly corrects for performance gaps across age, gender, and socioeconomic groups; and a differential privacy layer tuned specifically for Iraqi electronic health records. The study tested the system across six Baghdad teaching hospitals — Al-Kindi, Ghazi Al-Hariri, Ibn Sina, Medical City, Al-Yarmouk, and Al-Kadhimiya — using 47,312 de-identified patient episodes from 2021 to 2024. FedFairMine reached an F1-score of 0.912, beating FedAvg, FedProx, and Scaffold by 8.3%, 5.1%, and 3.7%. Demographic disparity dropped to an equalized odds difference of 0.021, a 76% improvement over centralized baselines. The results show that predictive accuracy, demographic fairness, and patient privacy are not competing goals; they can be achieved together.