Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

This paper explores selected samples of the various dialogues between the characters of the novel "Who Killed the Flamingo?" By the Iraqi writer Samir Al-Azzawi, according to the rules of the principle of cooperation and the theory of dialogical implication of Grace, in order to reveal the intentions that the writer wanted to communicate to the recipient through the words of the characters.

This research aims to study the structural styles in the collection of a poet from the second Abbasid era known for his loyalty to the Ahl al-Bayt. The poet in focus is Ali ibn Abdul Aziz Al-Khulai'i (d. 650 AH). The study seeks to identify these styles, explores their rhetorical features. Al-Khulai'i is a late Abbasid poet among the poets of Imam Hussein, exhibiting proficiency in writing. The study of Al-Khulai'i's collection, approached from a rhetorical perspective, is a successful attempt to unveil the rhetorical level reached by the poet. It also sheds light on the cultural context prevailing in his era, where poets of Imam Hussein proliferated excessively in the city of Al-Hillah
The study also aims to provide poetic examples that exemplify these purposes. Utilizing a descriptive analytical approach, this study represents the first academic contribution in rhetorical research, as no previous researcher, to the best of the researchers` knowledge, has specifically examined these styles in the diwan of Al-Khulai'i.

Within his poetic compositions, Ibn al-Hajjaj adeptly employs an array of rhetorical conventions, with particular prominence accorded to the thematic pattern of entreating through verse and leveraging it as a means of seeking refuge. This rhetorical strategy serves as a vehicle through which he presents two divergent facets of self-representation. The first is intricately intertwined with the act of begging, portraying the poet in a state of compromised dignity, perceived as trivial and possessing diminished status. Conversely, the second facet is associated with seeking refuge and employing the tactic of threat through satirical expression. In this alternative representation, his persona manifests as the epitome of masculinity, characterized by narcissism, disdain for others, and a propensity for denigration. This denigration is directed indiscriminately, whether towards individuals adhering to a different religious creed or dissenting sect, those obscured in societal recognition or those of prominent stature, individuals with impairments or those emanating from disparate socio-cultural backgrounds. Nonetheless, he consistently distinguishes himself from contemporaneous poets through an exaggerated fervor in both his supplication and recourse to satirical tactics.
The crux of significance lies in his distinctive rhetorical duality, which is notably pronounced. When addressing higher societal strata, he descends precipitously, potentially exhibiting a pathologically inclined self-deprecation. This manifests through the systematic dissipation of his own intrinsic worth, wherein he persistently articulates sentiments of profound insignificance, projecting an image entirely devoid of value, dignity, and human essence. Noteworthy instances involve a transcendence of self-portrayal as a human devoid of worth when addressing those esteemed, veering into comparisons with animals such as dogs, tigers, or even monkeys. Conversely, when engaging with the lower societal tiers, he reinforces his stance through the strategic deployment of poetic prowess and accrued popularity, concurrently diminishing others to the status of dogs and monkeys.

The research aims to demonstrate the ability of the poet Nazik Al-Malaika to employ mythical symbols and link them to her psychological motivations as a poet, and to explain the relationship of closeness between the mythical symbol and the psychological motivation through which this symbol was invoked and linked to the psychological impact and her motivation, as it expresses the state that the poet is in: whether it is love, hate or in anger...etc. It is known that each of the mythological symbols has its own side. Some of these symbols expressed love, as in the symbol of Cupid, the god of love or the child of love, and some of them expressed anger, as in the symbol of Zeus or Medusa, and for fertility and abundance, as in the symbols of Ishtar and Tammuz, and other symbols. The mythical symbols are among the important cultural references in contemporary poetry, which poets have benefited from, whether the poet is Arab or Western, due to its great ability to reveal the hidden aspects of the poet that he/she cannot express directly except through symbols, myth carries within itself vitality and vast worlds of imagination that prompt the poet to summon it and employ it in his/her poems. The reality in which the contemporary poet lives is a turbulent world full of anger and hatred. The poet expressed these phenomena through symbols, as is the case in the Oedipus myth, through which the poet explained a psychological complex, which is the son’s relationship with his mother.

Worrying is an important concept or a problem when it comes to the Arabic contemporary poetry. There are different aspects to this problem as a result to the various kinds of political, social and – without doubt – personal pressure which we face and struggle with constantly. This suffering is expressed by the modern Arab poets; considering the fact that they are parts and spokesmen of this issue. This research tackles issues like tension, hallucination, obsession and other mental issues through reasoning analysis. It is a very vital and dynamic topic that deserves research by focusing on the poetic symbols and images presented and written by contemporary Arab poets ة
The psychological factors are not considered minor or of secondary importance, on the contrary, they are regarded as the essence of the poet`s struggle to express his inner turmoil ; the turmoil that is part of his pursuit to prove his identity, fight his demons , heal his personal wounds, and leave an everlasting imprint . The mental problems – in all their types- are a very vital topic that needs constant discussion due to its attachment and association to all of our everyday wars and confrontations.
Key words: anxiety, semantic and psychological criticism, Iraqi poetry, Fraud Theories

The study seeks to reveal the current situation of the Yemeni manuscripts, to show the nature of the work of the institutions concerned with them, to know the methods of preserving and documenting them, indexing and classifying them, their maintenance and restoration, the risks and problems they face, methods of treatment, and making recommendations to contribute to the development of the work of those institutions. To achieve the objectives of the study the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, relying on the questionnaire and other tools to collect data and information. The study reached several conclusions, including the inadequacy of the building of the General Secretariat of the House of Manuscripts, the Western Library, and the Eastern Library in Sana’a, to preserve manuscripts, and the responsibility for preserving, organizing, maintaining and restoring manuscripts lies with all concerned institutions in Yemeni cities. Additionally, the training of workers in those institutions is the responsibility of the General Secretariat of the Manuscripts House. The manuscripts are indexed according to their titles, and they are classified thematically, by giving each subject a serial number of their own. The Yemeni manuscripts suffer from other problems, including: the lack of records for their preservation and documentation, which makes it difficult to identify their numbers. To identify these manuscripts, the incomplete indexes, the lack of devices, tools and materials required for their maintenance and restoration, the lack of laws or legislation to protect and preserve them. The study came out with several recommendations, including the establishment of a special building with a modern engineering design that includes all Yemeni manuscripts. It provides the appropriate environment for manuscripts, the preparation of a unified catalog of Yemeni manuscripts, to be the nucleus of a unified Arabic catalog. The study also emphasized the use of modern methods for preserving, indexing and maintaining manuscripts, the provision of all its needs and supplies of devices, materials and tools necessary for its maintenance and preservation, and the development of a law to protect Yemeni manuscripts, along with the employment of specialists and experienced heritage, training existing cadres and giving them bonuses and encouragement incentives, teaching manuscripts in universities, printing and publishing verified heritage books, producing them with artistic frameworks that reflect their value, issuing specialized periodicals to publish verified texts and studies related to Arab heritage, holding conferences, seminars and public awareness campaigns about the importance of Yemeni heritage protection, realization and dissemination.

The study belongs to the field of cultural studies, which is a critical approach in accordance with the theses of the Formative Structural approach.
The study consists of a theoretical entrance, three articles, conclusion, and appendix through which I a light is sned on the unknown revolutionary communist poet (Wafaieh Abu Aqlam), introduce her to the cultural and academic circles and her revolutionary poetry, and prove the hypothesis: that her revolutionary poetry is the product of a revolutionary vision in the revolutionary world, its quest for national liberation from subordination to colonialism and its semi-feudal regimes.

This study endeavors to provide insight into the intentionality embodied in the discourse between self and others in the literary work titled "The Baghdad Morgue", authored by Burhan Shawi. The author's objective is to elucidate the dynamics that unfold between these two entities amidst the profound transformations transpiring within the ruling authority in Iraq. The proclaimed relationship between self and other is purportedly centered on race and lineage; however, the novel presents a counter direction to this assertion. The prevailing perspective depicted in the narrative depicts the dominant other pitted against the vulnerable self. Consequently, the author immerses the reader in the conflict between the Iraqi self and others through various disturbances and events narrated in the novel. The present study relies on the dialogical approach, concentrating on the contextual background and the inherent value concealed beneath the language and meaning embedded within the narrative structure. Within this framework, the investigation of the underlying intentions emerges as one of the paramount issues and questions posed by the recipient of the literary work. Such an inquiry seeks to reevaluate the relationship between the narrative discourse and the contextual circumstances at hand.

The current research aimed to identify acceptance of disability and self-insight among people with acquired mobility disability and different relationships. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted the Yassin 2021 scale wich was a translation of the Groomes 2004 scale, built according to Dembo’s adopted theory. The scale consisted of 32 items distributed into four sections, in addition to discrimination and reliability, which reached 0.92 using the Alpha Krobach coefficient. Moreover, the 2017 Omran scale was adopted, which was built according to the adopted Bekker theory. The scale consisted of 32 items distributed over three periods, after the validity, discrimination, and reliability were conducted, which reached 0.89 using Alpha Krobach deal
The two research tools were applied to a sample of 200 people with acquired mobility disabilities who visited the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. The results showed a decline in acceptance of disability and self-insight among the research sample, and that the relationship between the two variables was significant and positive.

This research sheds light on the phenomenon of linguistic reasoning in Ibn Manzur’s Lisan al-Arab dictionary, which is one of the features of this great book, as Lisan al-Arab was not just a dictionary concerned with collecting linguistic vocabulary and explaining their meaning, but it went beyond that to examining phonetic issues and discussing grammatical opinions, rhetorical analyzes and morphological directions. Linguistic explanation is one of the prominent features of this book. Dictionaries are a receptacle for the heritage of nations, as they preserve the language and its literature. They are a reference for interrogating and interpreting linguistic texts and explaining their meanings. Lisan al-Arab is one of the most important of these dictionaries, as it is encyclopedic because it contained huge linguistic material, the basis of which was language. Arabs, with its materials and details, and with what it consists of dialects, proverbs, poems, sayings, and texts, in addition to the explanatory material, the Prophetic hadiths, and the Qur’anic readings. The purpose of linguistic reasoning is to explain linguistic phenomena, reach what is behind those phenomena, and explain the reasons that made them what they are. Researchers point out that the emergence of Linguistic reasoning coincided with the beginning of the emergence of linguistic studies, and it includes levels of language and is not specific to a specific type, even if it is clearer in grammar. Ibn Manzur was interested in linguistic reasoning in all its details, and was not limited to collecting linguistic material and explaining its vocabulary. Rather, we will prove it through this research. It is humble that attention has been paid to linguistic reasoning, whether it is in grammar, morphology, sound, or lexical meaning. In this research, we will shed light on the phenomenon of linguistic reasoning in the book (Lisan al-Arab) according to the levels of the language.

Deictic semantics is considered one of the most important pragmatic studies .it is concerned with the study of linguistic sign whose refence is known only in the context of its stable discourse in its deep structure .it has become a common field between semantics and pragmatics due to the inability of semantic theories to treat deictics linguistic signs in a text,which led to the emergence of spatial semantics ,which it depends on the context in its semantic interpretation, and personal deictics are the clearest linguisticDeictic elements for studying the linguistic activity of its users and linking it to the context and the status that is achieved in the discourse.pronouns have a semantic identity that is used in the literary text, which gives them effectiveness.

This research deals with the comments of Dr. Al
Waeli s on the interpreters, his replies
to them, and their sub sequent approval, for the reading of their texts and their use in
his lectures.
The research included two axes, the first of which was concerned with the tracing of
the two interpreters: on one particular interpreter, on the other, on the tracking of the
g eneral interpreter and, finally, on the outcome of the research.

Job stability is one of the topics that should remain an ongoing topic for research or study from time to time, because it is one of the effective topics in the field of education that reveals the existing relationship between the management of the educational institution and its employees, especially when the employees feel the stability that achieves satisfaction from their work and provides them with safety and loyalty to the institution in which they work. Therefore, the current research seeks to identify the job stability of principals of outstanding secondary schools from the point of view of the teaching staff. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher followed the descriptive survey method through a sample of the teaching staff in outstanding schools, which amounted to (246) individuals. In order to collect data and information, a questionnaire was designed to measure job stability, and its validity and reliability were verified. After applying it to the research sample, the study reached the following results:
1. The Directorate of High Schools for Outstanding Students, from the point of view of the teaching staff, provides job stability management at a (good) level.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in job stability from the point of view of secondary school teachers, according to the variable (age, educational qualification, specialization, job experience.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of an existing treatment program using audio-visual entrainment technology in improving self-regulation among children with high functioning autism spectrum disorder who were previously diagnosed in autism care centers in the Baghdad city, on both sides of Karkh and Rusafa. The pre-test was applied to the research sample. (14) children, (7) experimental group (5) males and (2) females, and (7) control group (6) males and (1) females, then applying the program to the experimental sample, which continued for three months. There are (36) sessions, each week (3) sessions, the session lasts for (21) days. The researcher prepared a self-regulation scale and verified the psychometric properties, validity and reliability. After the end of the program period, the post-test was applied to the experimental and control groups. The results of the research showed there are statistically significant differences between the scores of the pre-test and post-test on the self-regulation scale for the experimental and control groups and in favor of the experimental group. This indicates that the audio-visual entrainment technique has contributed to improving self-regulation among the research sample. Then the follow-up test was applied two months after the end of the test. The results showed the continued effectiveness of the technique, also a number of recommendations and suggestions about the research results are presented.

The research aims to identify psychological abuse and emotional security among middle school students, and to identify the correlation between psychological abuse and emotional security among middle school students.
To achieve the objectives of the research, a scale was built to measure psychological abuse, and a scale to measure emotional security among middle school students. Both have the psychometric properties that must be present in constructing psychological standards, such as honesty, consistency, and the ability to discriminate. The two scales were applied to the research sample of middle school students, which amounts to (300) students. After processing the data using appropriate statistical methods, the results showed the following:
1- Middle school students suffer from a high level of psychological abuse.
2- Preparatory stage students are characterized by the presence of emotional security.
3- The presence of a statistically significant and negative correlation indicating that the increase in the level of psychological abuse weakens the degree of emotional security of the student in the middle school stage.
In light of the results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

When a person is exposed to any problem related to his life, he often "resorts to a behavior of seeking help that will get rid of that problem, When the subject is related to his mental health, he often "resort to psychological counseling and mental health centers that will enable him to overcome this problem through the information that will form his awareness of mental health and his mental health literacy.On this basis, the current research started from the hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between the variable of counseling help- Seek and mental health literacy, which required translating Help- Seek Scale and developing Mental Health Literacy Scale, then their psychometric properties were verified and applied to a sample of University students and came out with the results that supported the validity of this hypothesis, and then a set of recommendations and suggestions were developed in light of that.

Information services are directly concerned with helping the user to obtain the required information, by checking the information sources' websites that he is looking for, providing clear and correct answers to the beneficiary who needs a solution to a problem or an answer to a question in one of the areas. This is an information service, in addition to providing assistance to the beneficiaries In identifying some basic and sober references to a topic or defining it with a means of using a specific reference to reach an answer to an inquiry or solutions to a research problem.
In large and small cities, and due to the Corona pandemic, isolation measures have become easy and comfortable due to to technological developments and available programs such as the Zoom program, which enhances the possibility of working from home.
The research aims to highlight the role of modern software and communication technologies in general and the Zoom platform in particular in providing information services in light of the Corona pandemic and to enhance the knowledge deficiency in this subject by adopting the descriptive and analytical approach, by investigating and analyzing the researches and studies published in the Arab and foreign countries in this field and clarifying the field of relationship between the Zoom platform and information services in light of the Corona pandemic to solve the cognitive research problem and prove the research hypothesis which states that modern communication technologies in general and the Zoom platform, especially due to Corona virus and quarantine, have a positive role in providing activities, "meetings" and information services, even working and studying remotely. The study reached some conclusions that that enhance the research hypothesis.

The research aims to identify the impact of innovative marketing on knowledge management among employees in university libraries. The descriptive analytical statistical approach was used. The study produced several results, as the reality of applying innovative marketing and knowledge management in university libraries was to a moderate degree according to the opinion of its employees, and there is also a statistically significant effect of marketing. Innovative knowledge management among university library employees, and there are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members on the innovative marketing axis according to the academic qualification variable, in favor of a master’s degree and a doctorate, and according to years of service in favor of more than (10) years. There are also statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample. On the knowledge management axis according to the academic qualification variable, in favor of (Master’s and Doctorate). Depending on the variable

The current research, titled (News of the Family and House of Baqi Bin Mukhlid Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Qurtubi, in spreading religious sciences in Andalusia through biographies and biographies until the end of the year 650 AH/1252 AD) aims to identify one of the families that contributed to the spread of religious sciences with all that it includes of jurisprudence, hadith, and reading the Qur’an in Andalusia. By transferring these sciences from parents to children and grandchildren and passing them down through the generations to be a flame in the Islamic countries of Andalusia, the researcher relied on biographical books and biographies to extract information.

Many academic studies have examined the history of a number of the Iraqi cities and included several political, economic and social topics. However, there are still some cities and districts that need studies to shed light on. In light of this, the research came to unveil one of the administrative aspects in the Baghdad District, which is Karrada district.
. The research is divided into four axes, the first of which included a historical overview of the Karrada district, while the second axis dealt with the administrative conditions in it, while the third axis shed light on the most prominent service departments in which they were found, while the last axis focused on the district`s social conditions.

This research deals with the travels of the scholars of Ilberté. These trips are considered one of the most important aspects of intellectual life, as they contribute greatly to providing the city in particular and Andalusia in general with a number of sciences that were not widespread there or developing the widespread sciences. When scholars travel and wander, it is in order to acquire new knowledge. Through the seminars that scholars attended, whether in the East or the West, especially those held in Mecca and Baghdad, which were considered among the most famous scientific centers at that time.

The chosen companions of the Messenger of God were the best of this nation in terms of knowledge and action, and the most righteous of hearts.
The Prophet's School was the greatest school and university for education known to humanity, and it included a group of honorable companions. So these people achieved the trust that they enjoyed with the prophet in all circumstances and at any value, and they proved that they are in every invasion and in every danger, whether they were from the Ansar or from the immigrants. So the Companions endured the great calamity that the lofty mountains endured, so they sacrificed in the way of God life and precious things, children and wealth, and they were patient with the alienation and enmity of the near and far, and their effort reached what God wished it to reach.
In view of the expansion of the Islamic state and the conquests made by the Companions and the dissemination of the Islamic call in the Levant, Iran and Azerbaijan, they wanted to protect the borders of this state from the enemies and secure its borders. Because the Muslims' control over this protective shield, which is: Armenia, will make it easier for the Muslims to dismember the Byzantine Empire and penetrate its depths. Therefore, it was necessary to annex Armenia to the young Islamic state, so the Muslims realized what they had planned for, and it was annexed to the Islamic state.
The process of conquest of Armenia was not an easy and accessible process for the Companions, as it cost them a lot of sacrifices, time, trouble, and money, so they invaded and prevailed, and after that they were condemned to the Persian princes and the Caesars.

The development of the Islamic systems of the Arab Islamic State is regarded as an evidence for the culture of the Islamic society and the splendor of its civilization. Among the systems which were developed in the Islamic State is the system of hejaba (chamberlainship). The hajeb (chamberlain) is the man who stands at the door leading to the sultan or the caliph or the judge. He represents the secretary in our present time in the East; but in the Maghreb, the role of the chamberlain has become very important. The chamberlain has rendered one of the top posts in the state, immediately below the post of the caliph or the prince and is similar to the post of the Prime Minister in our present time.
As per the most important characteristics of the chamberlain, it is essential that he should have a strong body and he must be just; he should have an effective voice and a great proficiency in the Arabic language; he should be honest and familiar with the limits set by Allah; he should keep up the secrets of the caliph and the state.

This research explores the expenditures spent by the Umayyad caliphs in Andalusia, and the two caliphs are, Al-Nasir Li Din Allah and Al-Mustansir Billah, when building the city of Al-Zahra to be the capital of their state, and the amount of money that was taken from the treasury in order to build a city to be the seat of Islamic rule. This city was described as very beautiful and splendid. The king built in it palaces of princes and houses of ministers and members of the ruling class, then he began to attract the common people by constructing houses in order to live in this city. The caliphs gave money to build houses, settle in them, and place all the defensive means in order to achieve safety.

The relationship between "Israel" and the United States of America was built on a solid foundation since its declaration of the state in 1947, and it is still advancing. Hence, we find that the reality of the alliance reflects the results of half a century of special relations between them, which led to the conviction of the American administration to allow "Israel to implement what it sees because it knows best." With its interests in the Middle East region, just as the United States of America realizes that its interests in the region are preserved and achieved when "Israel" enjoys complete freedom and the ability to threaten and deter the Arabs, led by Iraq, and from here we aim to clarify that support since the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli war 1948 until the end of the US President Richard Nixon's term in office in 1974.
Israel remained the first and most important supporter of the United States of America in the Middle East, and in the event of a threat to its interests, especially oil, it takes its role in standing against it, as this relationship was manifested in forms of cooperation in the various economic, military and diplomatic fields.
The interests of the United States of America in Iraq were represented in controlling its oil, so it always interfered in Iraq's internal affairs and created arguments to control it and penetrate the components of its society to be used as a pressure card on successive Iraqi governments to stir up disputes and chaos.

The university mosques have had a great impact on the history of the Islamic State, including the Jami’ Mosque of Baratha, which was founded during the caliphate of Imam Ali, peace be upon him, after his return from the Nahrawan War in (38 AH/658 AD) with the Kharijites. Its status rose until it became the religious and scientific center for the followers of the Shiite sect of Ahl al-Bayt. The Imami in Baghdad towards the Shiite Karkh, who were subjected to a lot of injustice and persecution from the Hanbalis and the Abbasid authority, the results of which were the loss of many lives and money in exchange for clear bias with their enemies, which resulted in a state of sectarian discrimination in the capital of the Caliphate, which was the first result of the Abbasid authority adopting one sect and abolishing all other sects. Forcedly, this was from the encouragement of the Seljuk Ghaznavids for the Abbasid Caliphate. Baghdad wore the Hanbali robe during the caliphate of Al-Qadir Billah and declared mourning for all Islamic sects and took repentance from them on one sect, which is the policy of the official sect of the state. This policy had a great impact on the masses of the city, which were colored in colors that did not resemble the colors of the solar spectrum. She wears the clothes of every ruler who rules her, regardless of the color of that dress.

The issue of religion has occupied great importance in philosophy in general and contemporary philosophy in particular, especially among the founders of the pragmatist approach, and in particular William James. He believes that religion is a personal
The concept of religion in the philosophy of William Games ;A study in Pragmatic Religion religion and not a metaphysical religion as is commonly known. When he talks about religion from a pragmatic, utilitarian perspective, we find it different from religion as perceived by the philosophers who preceded him, because religion, according to James, is a religion of belief, will, and psychology, and the reason for his study of religion is that he is exposed to a psychological crisis. The religious experience helped him recover from that crisis. The religious experience was of great importance to him, so he devoted a book entitled The Diversity of Religious Experience, in which he presented his religious ideas, holiness, and its characteristics.

The present study is based on the premise of an ancient Islamic philosophical debate about self-consciousness in Islamic philosophy and in a period prior to modernity and pre-modernity, which challenges the idea that these concepts are modern European concepts with pure privilege. It also tries to emphasize the premise that some of Avicenna's philosophical ideas represent a turning point for entering a new concept in the Islamic philosophical landscape of self _consciousness .This research focused on demonstrating the most important foundations and references of philosophical ideas about it in the Islamic philosophical space. So it was the beginning with a quick and intense display tracking the march of the concept of self-consciousness and then the concept of self-consciousness of philosophers before Avicenna, and then we moved to identify the most important self-consciousness pillars of Avicenna which are psychology and theory of knowledge as well as a fictional and unprecedented hypothesis is that of the flying man, from which Avicenna has moved to emphasizing the unity of ego and thought and establishing fully and consistently the concept of self-consciousness

study is concerned with presenting a new reading of the Augustinian text in accordance with the phenomenological principle, as it assumes that it is possible to re-read the concept of self according to saint Augustine from the phenomenological perspective as philosophical pattern or method of the major sects, since the first attempts of philosophizing. Accordingly, this study has dealt with the phenomenological dimension of self according to Augustine. It came in three basic pillars, the first pillar was represented by self proving its existence by appearing in reality as a conscious self contemplating its existence (the cogito) as self has moved from doubt to certainty, and every authentic self-awareness towards reality is a phenomenological practice. As for the second pillar , it focuses on the phenomenology of self- love, which is the ideal way for the self to appear in life, because love is a means and an end at the same time. It is love that achieves awareness of God, which represents the third and most important pillar . According to Augustine, memory is the link between the basic phenomenological foundations of the self.

The international field of public relations is considered one of the crucial domains, where communication practices are vital for achieving its objectives. Digital diplomacy is recognized as one of the most important international practices, integrating interactive approaches into public relations management. This study examines the use of communication methods and practices in digital diplomacy by addressing the central research question, which aims to understand the concepts involved. The study reveals several key findings, with a primary focus on the global dimension of the United States Department of State's public relations. This emphasis is particularly evident in its international interests and, most importantly, within the realm of diplomatic roles and tasks, such as its international presence in these functions. As a result, the researcher offers a set of recommendations, including the utilization of studies related to international cultures, as this reflects communication and journalism techniques in public relations messaging.

The present study aims at knowing the most effective and governing factors in the work of the war correspondents in the Iraqi satellite channels. It attempts to define aspects of this governing and reveals the basics adopted in handling the most important issues and their relevance to the administrative, political and professional authority. The research is descriptive in kind as the researcher used the survey and questionnaire to collect data and information. Speciem was selected intentionally with a number of 96 War correspondents who work in the Iraqi satellite channels. The research has come out with the following conclusions the most important of which are
1. Clear emphasis by majority of speciem, %56.8, that reason for the war correspondent's choice of the satellite channel is professional. This reflects the positive cause enjoyed to choose this profession. It might be related to the correspondant's disposition and the political agreement between the media and political discourse of the channel and the correspondant working for it. This may be reflected positively on the professional conduct in covering and handling military events.
2. Majority of speciem, %67.4, pointed out that their choice of work is a personal wish, which reflects the individual desire for work to present war reports from battlefields which are highly effective despite risks the correspondent might be subject to.
3. Results showed that a War correspondent owns experience of %57.8 in handling new technologies despite weakness witnessed by the training side of the TV channels. The War correspondent attempts to develop his potentials which urge him to learn and own skills to contain modern techniques.
4. Research results showed that %38.9 of speciem believe that the most important source of threat comes from Admin where he might be dismissed of his job. This might be conducive to tension between the Admin and the correspondent.
5. Research results also showed that %48.4 of speciem believe that dissatisfaction of the TV channel with the work done by the correspondent stems from curtsey shown to officials and magnifying their image. This might be done to win personal benefits away from the channels they work for. It certainly weakens the correspondent' image in the eyes of the audience.

Intonation plays a crucial role in understanding the intended and attitudinal meaning of speech since neglecting the study of intonation in motivational discourse leads to misunderstanding some pragmatic meanings. In "How to Make Stress Your Friend," McGonigal uses intonation to serve different purposes. Thus, the present paper aims to investigate the role of intonation in conveying Kelly's intentions, attitudes and her organization of the information as being new or given. The paper is based on a mixed approach utilizing Brazil's (1997), Roach's (2009), Carr's (2013), and Cruttenden's (2014) models to account for the phono-pragmatic analysis of intonation in the selected talk. The findings revealed that Kelly used all the intonation patterns to convey her message clearly. However, the most frequently used patterns were falling, rise-fall, and falling-rising due to the nature of the talk, which is motivational. The falling and rise-falling were used to assert a strong feeling of excitement, conviction, and conclusion The falling-rising is employed to convey emphasis and contrast. Furthermore, the falling and rising-falling are associated with the new information she introduces to her audience based on scientific studies. On the other hand, the fall-rise pattern is used to introduce information that Kelly assumes to be part of the common ground.

The descriptive sentence plays a very important role in teaching French as a foreign language. This sentence has been considered an effective tool that helps students master writing the French language. The purpose of this work is to study the structure of the descriptive sentence based on a descriptive and analytical approach. To achieve this objective, the researcher first talked about the descriptive sentence and the sentence in general and its constituents. Then, this work approached the analysis in immediate constituents on which the study is based. Finally, the researcher chose the novels: “Le Père Goriot” and “Eugénie Grandet” by Balzac as a sample for analysis. In the context of this study, we observe that the structure of the descriptive sentence is more variant and richer than other types of sentences.Keywords: situation, story, dialogue, narrative, language

This research is about reflecting on the sources of the mythological and literary inspiration of the romantic drama in the two plays “Lorenzaccio” and “No trifling with love”, of Alfred du Musset. Musset evokes the sources of the mythological and literary aspects of his two plays. He offers a man who represents the evil of the century, through which he is unable to adapt to society, suffering hard to live. He seeks to understand himself from his society in order toprove his identity. Thus, in these plays Musset succeeded in evoking his sensitivity towards all his internal problems and his defeat against his political and social environment.