Dijlah Journal of Humanities

This study examines the concept of information technology, its importance, characteristics, and applications, including the conclusion of contracts through modern technological means and crimes related to information technology. It also explores the Islamic legal rulings concerning contemporary issues arising from the use of computers and electronic technologies, as well as the jurisprudential and methodological developments that have emerged as a result of the widespread use of such technologies in the modern era. Furthermore, the study addresses the legal principles related to the change of rulings according to changing circumstances in electronic transactions.
The research highlights the impact of the diversity of styles and indications found in the Holy Qur’an on the formulation of Islamic legal guidelines and principles. It emphasizes the role of ijtihād (independent legal reasoning) in determining rulings for contemporary issues by linking them to their practical realities while taking into account the surrounding conditions and circumstances. The researcher argues that a qualified jurist must possess comprehensive knowledge of linguistic and legal principles, methodological rules, and their relationship to understanding and regulating reality.
The study further stresses the importance of understanding reality, investigating the facts of events through evidence, indications, signs, and contextual clues until they are fully comprehended. It also emphasizes understanding what is obligatory and prohibited in a given context according to the rulings established by Allah in the Qur’an and by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). The proper application of these rulings to contemporary realities requires diligent effort, for which a scholar is rewarded whether his judgment is correct or mistaken. Thus, true scholarship lies in deriving knowledge of Allah’s rulings through an accurate understanding of reality.
The study concludes that the principle of changing legal rulings according to changes in time and place is widely accepted among Islamic scholars. Jurists and legal theorists agree that such changes apply only to rulings based on ijtihād, public interest (maslahah), custom (‘urf), and the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah). However, definitive rulings established by clear and conclusive texts remain immutable, such as those related to inheritance, prohibited foods, and the protection of honor and lineage.

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This research aims to identify and analyze the aesthetic indicators of the Iraqi environment as reflected in contemporary art, and to reveal the role these indicators play in enhancing individuals' artistic appreciation. The research problem revolves around the main question: "How do aesthetic elements inspired by the Iraqi environment (natural, built, and cultural) influence the formation of artistic expression, and what are their indicators that contribute to enhancing the viewer's artistic appreciation?" The study adopted the experimental method to reveal the impact of employing the aesthetics of the Iraqi environment on developing aesthetic appreciation and artistic expression among a sample of students in the Department of Fine Arts at the Institute of Fine Arts – Al-Mansour / Baghdad. A set of artistic activities based on drawing inspiration from elements of the Iraqi environment were implemented, and then the resulting artworks were analyzed to reveal the level of development of aesthetic appreciation among the students. The analysis yielded results confirming that the environment is the primary source for shaping visual expression, as artists transform its elements into abstract symbols that serve to express aesthetic sensibility. The results also showed that aesthetic indicators derived from the environment contribute effectively to the process of artistic appreciation by achieving visual stability for the viewer through organized rhythm, activating collective visual memory through the use of familiar cultural symbols, and enhancing aesthetic sensitivity by focusing on the emotional details of the surroundings. Based on these results, the research hypothesis was confirmed, which affirmed the existence of a direct causal relationship between the aesthetic features of the Iraqi environment and their reflection in contemporary art, and that this reflection positively enhances the process of artistic appreciation.

Criminal pardon is one of the most important legal tools that the state resorts to in dealing with criminal cases with a political or social dimension, as it represents an exception to the principle of legitimacy and punishment, as the rate of victims of crimes of all types and forms increases, and the emotional, social and economic damages that they usually leave behind increases, which has led to a shift in focus towards these victims and those affected by them. Therefore, the objectives behind this interest varied, as they ranged from one side to another between academic interest that aims to understand this social phenomenon, and an effort to find mechanisms that guarantee the protection of victims. We hope that this knowledge will contribute to providing recommendations that enable decision-makers to put in place. Effective solutions to protect victims' rights. Iraq has adopted criminal amnesty at various stages of its modern history, with the aim of settling disputes, relieving pressure on penal institutions, or achieving national reconciliation. However, the application of this amnesty raises problems related to the balance between the requirements of criminal justice, which is based on the principle of non-impunity and the protection of public order. It also highlights the rights of victims, which require justice, compensation, and ensuring their voices are not marginalized in the criminal process.

The research conducted deep probing into cross-cultural pragmatics and speech act analysis yet failed to establish complete pragmatic failure patterns which emerge across diverse cultural contexts in English as a lingua franca (ELF) communication. Linguists study speech acts through two approaches which include their examination as separate entities and their study with particular cultural groups while overlooking the connection between shared miscommunication behavior and educational needs. The research examines the existing gap by presenting a systematic narrative review which evaluates empirical studies from 2000 to 2025 about pragmatic failure in English communication between different cultures.
The study analyzes request and refusal and disagreement and compliment and turn-taking interaction patterns observed in East Asian and Arab and European and Latin American cultural contexts to identify common breakdown sources which include L1 sociopragmatic transfer and culturally embedded politeness norms and indirectness levels and face-management strategies and contextual misalignment. The research introduces a three-level framework which outlines three types of pragmatic failure marking (1) which involves pragma-linguistic misselection and (2) which entails divergence from socio-pragmatic norms and (3) which describes interactional mis-coordination in ELF environments.
The analysis assesses mitigation techniques documented in research through cross-regional evidence which includes assessment of explicit speech-act instruction and metapragmatic awareness training and role-play simulation and reflective digital communication tasks among other methods. The findings demonstrate that to achieve pragmatic competence students must develop intercultural tolerance skills which should be taught through structured learning methods instead of assessing their ability to use native speaker language.
The study developed an analytical framework for understanding pragmatic failure through ELF studies and cross-cultural pragmatics research while providing educational recommendations for language teaching and communication skill development and intercultural competence training in global English-speaking environments.

The research addressed the concepts, schools, and trends of semiotics in general, and in design, and product design in particular, as well as its mechanisms and design applications, based on specific cognitive concepts to represent scientific representations of semiotics in the field of industrial product design. These cognitive visions of semiotics were addressed based on the cognitive schools that addressed the concept and essence of semiotics, starting with structural, Peircean, cultural, mythological, and post-structural intellectual concepts, passing through the discourse and visual design propositions and contemporary semiotics. The matter was, in general, to prepare for these intellectual concepts and their application in the field of contemporary product design. These applied concepts of semiotics were represented through narrative semiotics, semiotics of the Gestalt School, the Ulm School, semiotics of modernity and postmodernity, and the semiotic turn. When discussing these semiotic concepts and their application in design according to the orientations of each of these types, a number of results and conclusions were reached, which served as an objective analysis of how the theoretical visions of semiotics were transformed into functional and aesthetic applications in industrial product

The present study aims to explore the nature of the relationship between productive self and psychological and social support among educational counselors by identifying the level of each variable. The researcher employed the descriptive correlational method. The study sample consisted of 90 educational counselors (male and female) for the academic year 2025–2026, who were randomly selected from 90 secondary schools affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Nineveh Governorate. For the purposes of the research, the researcher prepared two scales: the Productive Self Scale, consisting of 40 items, and the Psychological and Social Support Scale, consisting of 30 items. The statistical tools used included the Pearson correlation coefficient, the one-sample t-test, and the two-sample t-test. The results indicated that the level of productive self among the participants was higher than the average, as was the level of psychological and social support. The findings also revealed a positive and statistically significant correlation between productive self and psychological and social support. In light of these results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions aimed at fostering a supportive work environment for educational counselors and enhancing their personal capabilities.

This study aims to examine the relationship between industrial activity in Iraq, represented by the Al-Dora oil refinery, and the environmental and health impacts on nearby populations. The first chapter discusses the concept, sources, and types of environmental pollution, supported by statistical data on gaseous emissions and solid waste in Iraq. The second chapter focuses on the early history of Iraq’s oil wealth and the development of refineries as a major contributor to the national economy and employment generation, with emphasis on the location and production capacity of the Al-Dora refinery during the period 2020–2024. The third chapter is based on a survey conducted among residents over the age of 18 In three zones at varying distances from the refinery (near, medium, far), aiming to analyze the link between location and disease prevalence, measure environmental pollution levels, and review proposed solutions and governmental strategies. Survey results indicate that respiratory and dermatological diseases are most prevalent among residents living close to the refinery, while pollution levels decline with distance. The study concludes that the refinery’s location within Baghdad’s urban fabric intensifies environmental and health impacts, underscoring the urgent need for governmental interventions through legislation, improved treatment technologies, and the establishment of protective green belts. These findings highlight the necessity of balancing the economic role of oil refineries with the protection of public health and the environment.

This research focuses on the aesthetic dimension of the night scene in modernist paintings. It comprises four chapters. The first chapter addresses the research problem, posed as the question: How is the aesthetic dimension of the night scene embodied in modernist paintings? It also discusses the importance of the research and its objective: to reveal the aesthetic dimension of the night scene in modernist paintings. The scope of the research is limited to studying the concept of the aesthetic dimension of the night scene in modernist paintings found in Europe during the period 1878-1945. This is followed by defining and clarifying key terms. The second chapter, the theoretical framework, includes two sections. The first section examines the aesthetic vision in modernist paintings, while the second explores the representations of the night scene in modern European painting movements. Chapter Three outlines the research procedures, including the framework of the research community, the research sample of three selected models drawn and executed by the modernist artist, the research instrument, and the analysis of the sample models.
Chapter Four presents the research results and conclusions, along with recommendations and suggestions. Among the most prominent findings are the following:
1. The aesthetic discourse in modernist paintings has become a clear example of redefining night through the nocturnal scene, not as an absence of light, but as a presence of meaning and an opening to psychological and symbolic realms. Night is embodied in modernist creative works not merely as an aesthetically pleasing background, but as a silent presence that participates in the performance, reshapes perception, and stimulates contemplation. 2. The creative achievement in modernist drawings has gone beyond the idea of realistic representation, as it has begun to elevate the importance of impression and the fleeting moment, to transform the night scene into a more emotional than visual experience. The city that has settled on the pictorial surface is not drawn, but rather felt, lived, and dreamed aesthetically and artistically.

This study aims to demonstrate the close relationship between humans and the environment and the strong Connection between them, as On the environment. It also seek to promote effective environmental awareness in order to build a civilized society that ensures human Safety and its relationship with the environment, while preserving the natural environment and maintaining the balance of its active elements them, as well as to highlight the impact of human
The researcher relied on the target research community for the students of the Media and Law Departments for the academic year (2024-2025) at Al-Salam University College, and a random sample of (400) male and female students for both departments was determined with a number of (200) for each department and for all academic stages to treat the large number of students, and the research reached a number of results, conclusions and recommendations.

The contemporary world has witnessed a remarkable increase in a variety of weapons and military diversity, creating alliance and solidarity across national borders. In light of this reality, the need for joint cooperation between countries emerged in the face of this phenomenon and became greater through building a common military legal framework. This study aims to analyze successful global experiences in the field of regional cooperation to combat cybercrime, and to extract lessons that can be used in formulating a unified Arab or regional model. The study relies on a comparative analytical approach, based on relevant regional and international agreements such as the European Budapest Agreement, and Asian and African experiences in this field. The results found that the presence of a unified legal framework contributes to enhancing coordination between judicial and security agencies, facilitates the exchange of information and digital evidence, and reduces jurisdictional gaps, which enhances the effectiveness of the legal confrontation of cybercrimes.

This research aims to analyse the role of modern technology in influencing population growth and spatial distribution in Iraq during the period from 2009 to 2024. The research is based on a spatial analysis methodology using geographic information systems (GIS) and official statistical data. A sample size of 18 governorates was used to explore the relationship between technological development and demographic shifts. The analysis includes digital infrastructure indicators, the spread of telecommunications services, and levels of internet access, comparing them with patterns of population growth and internal migration between governorates. The results showed a clear correlation between technological progress and changes in population distribution patterns. It was found that governorates that experienced expansion in technology services and digital infrastructure recorded higher population growth rates and attracted economically active groups, compared to less developed areas. Technology has also contributed to improving health, education and economic opportunity indicators, which has been reflected in fertility rates and population mobility. The research concluded that technology is a decisive variable in reshaping Iraq's demographic map and recommended that technological considerations be integrated into population planning and sustainable development policies to ensure a more balanced distribution of the population and reduce development gaps between governorates.

The period between 1975 and 1995 was characterized by profound regional and international transformations that directly impacted the nature of political interactions between Egypt and Turkey. The 1970s witnessed a degree of caution and relative coolness in bilateral relations due to differing political orientations, particularly following Egypt's signing of the peace treaty with Israel in 1979, and the resulting divergence in regional positions within the Arab and Islamic worlds. With the onset of the 1980s, political relations between the two countries began to improve, driven by changes in the internal political situations of both nations. These included the Turkish military coup of 1980 and the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1981, as well as a number of regional developments, most notably the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War and the escalation of security challenges in the Middle East. This contributed to the exchange of high-level official visits and the expansion of political dialogue channels, which helped rebuild mutual trust. This became evident following the Egyptian President's visit to Ankara on February 5, 1988. In the late 1980s and until the mid-1990s, Egyptian-Turkish political relations entered a more stable and balanced phase characterized by rapprochement and coordination on a number of regional issues. This was manifested in the signing of a set of agreements, particularly regarding developments in the Palestinian issue and the security of the Arabian Gulf in 1990 and the repercussions of the Second Gulf War. Both sides were keen to avoid direct disputes and maintain a level of balanced political cooperation, which addressed areas of joint cooperation, especially military aspects, reflecting a qualitative development in military cooperation between the two countries.

Affective factors, such as writing anxiety and self-efficacy are significant factors to consider in L2 writing, especially for secondary schools’ high-stakes-examination-driven environment. This investigation aims to explore EWA and writing self-efficacy of Iraqi secondary school students and how it relates to one another. The methodology used was a quantitative design based on Social Cognitive Theory, the participants were 90 )6th-grade (students of secondary schools from Iraq in the academic year 2023 to whom structured questionnaire was applied; and 84 assessments were valid for further analysis. The scale measured three dimensions of writing anxiety (somatic, avoidant and cognitive) and two dimensions of writing self-efficacy (task and skill). Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients were used for data analysis. The results show that the writing anxiety and self-efficacy perceptions of participants are middling. There were strong inverse relationships of somatic and cognitive anxiety with writing self-efficacy, but not for avoidance behavior. The findings underscore the significance of enhancing students' writing self-efficacy in alleviating anxious feelings in written English.

This research aims to analyze the housing situation in the Abu Ghraib district from a spatial geography perspective, revealing the types of housing and the factors influencing their distribution or dispersal. The study employs a spatial analysis process, collecting both quantitative and qualitative demographic and urban data, to clarify the relationship between population, urban expansion, and basic services. A clear disparity exists in population distribution between areas of the district center and outlying regions, resulting from differences in services, job opportunities, and infrastructure. Furthermore, unintended and unforeseen population growth impacts the availability of essential services. The quantitative and qualitative deficiencies are not solely attributable to inadequate urban planning focused on purchasing building materials and land. The study concludes that spatial development, followed by variations in housing distribution, necessitates effective services, including contributing to a more balanced approach to urban growth and population increase in the Abu Ghraib district.

Sculpture is a social necessity in various human eras. Sculptural monuments remain an aspect of the relationship that determines the place they occupy within the space, as the place is chosen in a way that is consistent with the idea of the monument. The visual arts, especially sculpture, have witnessed great interest from cultural institutions, through the localization of the relationship between space and sculptural monuments. Therefore, the researcher poses the problem of her research by asking the following question: What is the semantic awareness of students in the Art Education Department in creating a sculptural monument suitable for display in public squares?
The aim of the research was to: revealing the semantic awareness of the spaces occupied by sculptural monuments among students of the Art Education Department. (3) intentional samples were selected from the products of fourth-year students for the years 2022-2024 AD. In analyzing the samples, I relied on the descriptive analytical approach and reached several results, including:
1. Samples (1) and (3) gave the space a visual richness, semantic depth and philosophical dimension at the same time with the use of marginalized materials that were collected using multiple techniques.
2. A fundamental importance was achieved in operating the space for sample (1), as it worked to achieve profound effects that enhanced the delivery of cultural messages to the recipients, "students".
The most important conclusions are:
- Building sculptural monuments with semantic awareness highlighted the creative role of students in facing difficulties and transforming them into creative works and sculptural aesthetics. It also contributed to attracting attention and added depth to the sculptural space.
The aesthetic functional value is highlighted by dealing with the idea of the work to attract the recipient's attention to the movement and dynamism of that work with the surrounding space.
Recommendations: The researcher recommended:
- Holding training courses that include various programs to teach techniques for exploiting and dealing with spaces and voids.

This research seeks to study and explain the position of modern scholars and professors of Arabic language on a topic that is considered the first step in the history of Arabic grammar, namely the schools of grammar, their existence, and how they are presented and classified by modern scholars. The research attempts to reveal the methodology they followed in writing about the subject of schools of grammar. This topic has occupied many scholars and has been the subject of much writing and research, but no books have been written that compile the discussion of schools of grammar as was previously written about (schools of grammar). Therefore, the subject of this research is to examine the orientation of schools of grammar in the books of modern scholars of language, and it is directed towards the great professor of literature and language, Dr. Shawqi Daif, the great Dr. Ibrahim Al-Samarrai, and the professor of grammar and morphology, the scholar Dr. Khadija Al-Hadithi, because their books are of great importance in the discussion of schools of grammar, as they have gathered in them all the scattered discussions about the schools and trends of Arabic grammar, to the point that they have become a curriculum for teaching the subject of schools of grammar in universities.

This paper discusses the influence of Iran and Turkey in the Middle East and compares the foreign policies of the two countries. It focuses on the political changes that took place in the region and how these changes made the rivalry between Tehran and Ankara more visible. The main idea of the study is that the overlap of Iranian and Turkish interests, together with a relative balance in capabilities and a clear ideological difference, has produced a form of strategic competition. This competition appears in different regional policies and has affected the security and stability of the Middle East. The paper therefore asks: what is the nature of the Iranian-Turkish rivalry in the Middle East, what are its main drivers, and how does it affect the region? To answer this question, the study uses a descriptive-analytical approach, while drawing on realism and game theory to understand the behavior of the two states and their calculations of power and interest. The study ends with a number of findings and recommendations.

This study examines the role of strategic thinking in political decision-making within Iraq’s regional relations during the period (2003–2024), in light of the profound political and security transformations that Iraq has undergone following the fall of the former regime. Strategic thinking has constituted a central instrument in directing Iraqi foreign policy and has contributed to the reconstruction of its regional relationships on the basis of national interest and political balance after years of conflict and isolation.
Iraqi strategic thinking has evolved through its impact on managing security challenges and reformulating relations with key regional actors such as Iran, Turkey, the Gulf states, and Syria, in addition to responding to international developments. The study further demonstrates that Iraqi decision-makers, despite the complexity of the regional environment and the interconnection of internal crises, have been able to employ strategic thinking in a flexible and balanced manner, thereby improving Iraq’s regional standing and expanding avenues for political and economic cooperation.
The study concludes that institutionalizing strategic thinking within the political decision-making process constitutes a fundamental prerequisite for strengthening Iraq’s regional role and ensuring the sustainability of its national interests within a dynamic and evolving regional environment.

This study examines the voice in the context of trauma theory and narrative ethics and draws on the story of Hind Rajab as a type of ethical witness. Cathy Caruth (1996) and Shoshana Felman and Dori Laub (1992) have theorized how recorded speech displaces personal suffering into shared ethical experience, which is the principal focus of this study.
This qualitative analysis uses key elements of story voice, silence, fragmentation, and emotion as lenses through which to examine these five autobiographical narratives. It argues that the voice of Hind Rajab is the generating experience for which trauma theory posits deviation for a more direct representation (Caruth, 1996). In this way, her story also raises the relational aspect of witnessing, where the listener is no longer a bystander (the witness as creative artist), but an ethical co-witness (Felman & Laub, 1992). The results show that the story returns to the individuality of the victims in the process of restoring their representation. It also emphasizes the moral weight of eyewitness testimony while revealing the inadequacy of institutional conflict responses. The research was published under the following title, "Witnessing: Moving beyond narrative into ethical hermeneutics of trauma," and ultimately argues that witnessing is an ethical act rather than just a story act. Possible future studies could extend this analysis to explore the scope for comparative study of credentials stories.

philosophy of Media is concerned with studying the foundational principles of media message and uncovering the methods used to direct it.Today , media is no longer merely a tool for news transmission rather it has come to play aprimary role in shaping public opinion within society and guiding individuals . Given that philosophy is recognized as the mother of all sciences there is an inherent interconnectedness between the Philosophical and media dimensions philosophy illuminates the analytical aspect of media and its impact on society and public opinion . By employing its analytical tools to understand media philosophy reveals how this influence is clearly manifested in the capacity of digital and political platforms to frame the truth and direct public consciousness .

Proverbs are maxims of wisdom that describe human everyday experience in a society. Accordingly, the study aims to determine whether the representation of gender roles and power in Arabic languages manifests and disseminates with this cultural treasure trove. The strategy in this research is qualitative. Analysis of the data was conducted in line with theoretical frameworks drawn from sociolinguistics, textual and discourse analysis, and cultural studies. Findings show that there exist gendered power systems that are often patriarchal in nature. In various languages and cultures, women are portrayed as inferior to men or have some dependency on men; has one ever heard of a “weakling” in the family? They are objectified and considered objects of sexual desire or simply servants. By highlighting these practices, this study highlights the role of rhetoric in the normalization of gender inequality and calls for a reevaluation of its use in contemporary discourse. This study aims to fill the gap in culturally specific analyses of gender representation in Arabic proverbial texts and highlights the need for a discourse that promotes gender equality in Arab societies. The research shows how proverbs also extend male dominance in terms of male power, domination over women, and leadership of the household. Although some commentaries offer a more nuanced view of women\'s roles, the overall picture reflects a consolidated social model in which men wield strength and power, while women are largely relegated to subordinate professions. It is therefore important to understand how discourses both reflect and construct notions of gender and power in Arabic-speaking societies.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of special exercises accompanied by external mental imagery on learning the snatch skill among first-year students in weightlifting. The researcher employed an experimental design using two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The sample consisted of 20 first-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Dijlah University, with 10 students assigned to each group. The educational program lasted for 10 weeks, with two instructional sessions per week. The experimental group performed special exercises supported by external mental imagery, whereas the control group followed the traditional teaching method.
The results revealed significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the control group. The mean score of the pulling test increased from 35.00 to 43.00 (t = 6.000), while the experts' evaluation score increased from 3.10 to 4.10 (t = 3.354). Greater improvements were observed in the experimental group, where the mean score of the pulling test increased from 33.00 to 51.50 (t = 17.335), and the experts' evaluation score improved from 4.00 to 6.10 (t = 13.286). Furthermore, post-test comparisons showed significant differences in favor of the experimental group, with t-values of 5.667 for the pulling test and 6.000 for the experts' evaluation.
The researcher concluded that special exercises combined with external mental imagery are more effective than the traditional method in learning the snatch skill, as they contribute to improving technical performance, developing specific physical abilities, reducing movement errors, and accelerating the learning process among beginners.

This study examined the level of information technostrategy and the quality of sports services in the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports, and tested the relationship and effect between them. A descriptive–analytical (survey) design was adopted. Two context-specific scales were developed and validated: Information Technostrategy (18 items) and Sports Service Quality (16 items) using a five-point Likert format. The total sample comprised 283 employees, distributed into a pilot sample (n=8), a scale-construction/analysis sample (n=165), and a final application sample (n=110), collected from 15 September 2025 to mid-February 2026. Reliability was acceptable for both scales. The overall mean indicated a moderate level of information technostrategy and a moderate level of sports service quality. Pearson correlation revealed a significant positive association between the two variables, with an explained variance of R²=0.344. These findings suggest that enhancing information technostrategy can improve sports service quality by strengthening reliability, accelerating responsiveness, and improving the efficiency and consistency of service procedures.

This research examines the role of the audience in Arab experimental theatre in light of the transformations in contemporary theatrical discourse and the influences of postmodern philosophy, which have reshaped the relationship between theatrical performance and the audience. The audience is no longer merely a passive consumer of meaning, but has become an active partner in its production and interpretation. The research begins with reception theory approaches as developed by Hans Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser, employing concepts such as the horizon of expectation, aesthetic distance, gaps or indeterminacy, and the implied audience as analytical tools for understanding the mechanisms of reception in contemporary theatrical performance.
The research aims to reveal how the role of the audience is activated in Arab experimental theatre through an analysis of the play "Women" by writer and director Dr. Omar Farouk Mohammed. Awatif Naeem's research, presented at the 15th Arab Theatre Festival in Muscat in 2025, employs a critical analytical approach to examine the aesthetic structure of the performance. It explores the mechanisms for deconstructing the original texts inspired by Federico García Lorca's trilogy: *Blood Wedding*, *Yerma*, and *The House of Bernarda Alba*, and how the performance reconstructs them within a dramatic structure based on fragmentation and symbolic multiplicity.
The research arrives at several key findings, most notably that contemporary experimental theatre contributes to broadening the horizons of reception by breaking the audience's expectations and creating an aesthetic distance that encourages the viewer to participate in constructing meaning. The analysis also reveals that the performance's reliance on dramatic deconstruction, symbolic repetition, and multiple levels of theatrical sign allows the audience to fill interpretive gaps and reconstruct meaning according to their cultural and aesthetic experience. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the different types of audience members, from the average viewer to the knowledgeable one, lead to multiple readings and interpretations of the performance, thus giving the theatrical experience a dynamic and ever-evolving character. The research concludes that Arab experimental theater, within the postmodern context, no longer seeks to present a ready-made intellectual message, but rather to create an open aesthetic space based on interaction and participation in the production of meaning. Thus, reception becomes a creative act parallel to performance, participating in the reconstruction of the theatrical experience within the audience's consciousness, and granting the theatrical work a constant capacity for renewal and interpretation across different eras and audiences.

The occurrence of disasters and crises is a natural part of human life that cannot be always avoided despite taking possible precautions. The contemporary world witnesses a variety of crises and disasters, which necessitates the availability of tools, models, steps, and scientifically studied and organized strategies that can be resorted to tackling them. Social work plays a crucial role in responding to crises and disasters through prompt intervention to provide immediate services and address the problems resulting from the occurrence of crises and disasters, with the aim of helping to restore balance in communities. This highlights the need to activate the role of professional social work practice, and the intervention of social workers to provide support, assistance, and rapid interventions to help community members cope with such crises and disasters and support them in overcoming the consequences that may arise from these disasters. This study aims to clarify and analyses `the importance and effectiveness of professional social work practice in dealing with crises through a field study in the Nineveh area, which has been affected by the repercussions of armed conflict. The study, which focuses on clarifying the techniques and methodologies that can be adopted by social workers to achieve psychological and social support and adaptability in conflict or disaster-affected environments, is based on the wide-scale destruction and displacement of thousands of residents, as well as the emergence of significant social and economic challenges. The research methodology involves collecting opinions and data through questionnaires and interviews with social work practitioners, in addition to drawing on previous experiences of professional intervention in crises, with the aim of forming a practical framework that contributes to improving the quality and efficiency of the social services provided and enhancing the role of professional interventions in unstable environments affected by crises and This will enhance sustainable community response and develop effective institutional coordination mechanisms.

Lorenzo Valla was born in Rome in 1407. He received a distinguished education in rhetoric and the Latin language and became known as an Italian humanist thinker who advocated a return to the classical Latin style. He was influenced by the writings of the Roman orator, politician, and writer Cicero (106-43 BCE). Valla believed that an accurate understanding of language was the key to understanding history and ancient thought.
His book On the True and False Good (De voluptate), in which he discussed ethical and philosophical issues, and his work Elegances of the Latin Language (Elegantiae linguae Latinae), which became an important reference in the methodology of studying the grammar and style of classical Latin, left a lasting mark on European scholarly circles.
On the other hand, one of his most important achievements was his treatise in which he proved the falsity of the document known as the Donation of Constantine, attributed to the Roman emperor Constantine I (305-337 CE). Valla relied on linguistic and historical analysis to demonstrate that the style and terminology of the document did not belong to the fourth century CE, but rather to the medieval period.
Despite his boldness in criticizing some ecclesiastical practices, he was later appointed as an apostolic secretary in the service of Pope Nicholas V (1447-1455), which confirmed his scholarly status. His importance lies in being a figure who contributed to establishing the method of scholarly criticism of texts. His ideas paved the way for the emergence of the Reformation movement and the later development of humanistic studies in Europe.