Journal of Physical Education

The project of inquiry employed a narrative approach to examine the relationship between the inadequate jumping abilities of female college those studying mathematics and their lack of durability for quicker acceleration. Thirty female students, ages 14–16, with an average training duration of 5.77 years, made up the sample. The Sargent has test, the leap of height test, and the status broad vertical jump were used to measure explosive power. Four dance jumps—the cat leap, scissor jump, side kick, and large jump—were used to evaluate the students\\\\' performance, and their cumulative jump score was calculated. Descriptive stats the Shapiro-Wilk test to confirm normality, and the Pearson correlation coefficient, which to evaluate how it relates between variables were used to examine the data. Increased electrical production a capacity always corresponds to better performance on every single scrutinized skills, according to the results, which showed strong and considered statistically significant beneficial association (p < 0.01) between gauges for powerful force and individual\\\\'s measurement of even total jumping athletic achievement scores. The findings indicate that lower-extremities explosive strength is a crucial wounding determinant particularly predictive measure of jump athletic performance in rhythmic gymnastics, warranting its systematic development in training regimens to enhance technical execution.

Based on kinetic chain concept and angular kinetic energy index, we aimed to assess the effect of a training program to improve tennis serve biomechanics among young players in Iraq. A pre-test/post design was applied; twelve players (16-20 years old) from tennis clubs in Baghdad and Basra were given a serving training program as possible. Biomechanical variables were evaluated by3D motion analysis and high-speed cameras following an 8-week focused training program. Responses indicated that performance of the serve had improved (α ≤ 0.05) with respect to speed (from 95 km/h to 117 km/h) and precision (65% vs.85%). Improvements in angular indices were also noted and these augmented angular kinetic energy measures with more efficient motor coordination. It was concluded that specialized biomechanical training is successful in improving serve performance and should be incorporated into coaching/training factory practice, with implications for future research using a larger sample to corroborate the results

Artificial intelligence (AI) aims to develop systems that achieve a level of intelligence similar to or surpassing human intelligence. AI applications are designed to mimic human cognitive behaviors, with the goal of embedding human knowledge into computers through what is known as knowledge bases. Computers can then use software tools to search these bases, perform comparisons, and conduct analyses to derive and infer the best solutions to various problems. This process resembles how humans solve new problems in their daily lives by relying on past experiences, predicting potential outcomes, and using reasoning skills to evaluate the best available solutions. This study investigates the current use of AI applications in education by faculty members in scientific and humanities colleges at the University of Baghdad, as well as the challenges they face. It also aims to identify differences in the use of AI and the associated challenges based on variables such as academic degree (Master’s, PhD), gender (male, female), academic specialization (scientific, humanities), and years of service (1–10 years, 11 years or more). The research sample included 279 faculty members from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Women and the College of Education for Women at the University of Baghdad for the academic year 2020 2021. The study utilized a scale developed by Sabah Eid Al-Subhi (2020) to measure the reality of faculty members' use of AI applications. The scale consisted of 23 items divided into two axes: the reality of AI use in education (11 items) and the challenges faced by faculty members (12 items). Responses ranged from "very high degree" to "very low degree." The scale's validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability, calculated using Cronbach's alpha, was 0.88. The results revealed that the use of AI applications by faculty members in scientific and humanities colleges at the University of Baghdad was very low, while the challenges they faced were very high. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended providing intensive lectures to raise awareness among faculty and students about the importance of using AI in education to save time, effort, and costs. They also suggested organizing discussion sessions and workshops on AI and its applications

This study aimed to identify the reality of the organizational crises experienced by the Iraqi Football Association during the Iraqi Stars League. This was achieved by developing and applying a scale to measure the reality of these organizational crises from the perspective of the Iraqi Stars League coaches. The research population consisted of 76 coaches and assistant coaches from the Iraqi Stars League clubs, and the research sample was the same size. The researchers developed a questionnaire based on the organizational crisis scale and administered it to the research sample. The researchers reached several conclusions, including identifying several levels of crisis based on the results and statistics obtained (very high, high, medium, low, and very low). The results showed that the crises were at the very high level, affecting 36% of the research sample. The results also revealed a clear crisis in the continuity of league matches, particularly during the preparation periods for the World Cup qualifiers preceding FIFA international windows. This is due to the Federation announcing sudden and lengthy league suspensions, followed by compressing the match schedule to compensate for these unnecessary breaks. This constitutes an organizational crisis as it is inconsistent with the schedules of other Arab leagues.

The study aimed to construct two measurement scales—one for dialogical leadership and another for sustainable development—in youth and sports forums in Baghdad, and to identify the levels of both variables as perceived by employees. It also examined the contribution and effect of dialogical leadership on sustainable development. The researcher hypothesized that the results of the dialogical leadership scale would be significantly correlated with and positively influence the results of the sustainable development scale. A descriptive correlational approach was adopted, with a population of 1,161 employees from three youth and sports forums in Baghdad (Al-Karkh, Al-Rusafa, and Sadr City). The main sample was purposively selected from the Al-Rusafa Forum, consisting of 431 employees (37.12% of the population). After excluding non-relevant participants, the final sample included 225 employees (19.38%), divided into three subsamples: 10 for the exploratory sample, 120 for scale construction, and 95 for the main application. Data were collected between February 9 and 27, 2025, and analyzed using SPSS. The results showed acceptable levels of both dialogical leadership and sustainable development, confirming their measurable nature in the context of sports management. The findings also indicated that enhancing dialogical leadership positively contributes to sustainable development. The study recommends periodic evaluation of these two variables and involving employees in administrative development programs to strengthen dialogue and promote sustainability in youth and sports forums

The study aimed to identify the effect of elastic resistance band training on developing lower- and upper-limb muscular power and reactive agility among under-18 basketball players. The experimental method was used with a pre- and post-test design for two equivalent groups (experimental and control). Twelve Al-Defaa Al-Jawiy volleyball players were randomly assigned into two groups of six individuals. The experimental group underwent an 8-week training program using elastic resistance bands, with a frequency of three times per week, independent of the traditional intervention applied to the control group. Strength of the lower-limb musculature was assessed by vertical jumping, strength of the upper-limb musculature by medicine ball throwing and reactive agility using visual reaction time testing. The post-test results showed statistically significant differences that favored the experimental group in all research variables and exhibited a tendency of muscular power and reactive agility improvements when compared with the control group. It was founding that elastic resistance band training can be an effective and safe way to develop these physical abilities associated with skill performance in youth basketball due to its generation of the progressive resistance, which contributes to the neuromuscular benefits and movement efficiency.

This study aims to analyze ball possession loss (Turnovers) and its relationship with the total shooting attempts in different play situations for the teams that qualified for the semifinals of the professional Iraqi Basketball Premier League for the (2023-2024) season. Data were collected from the matches played by the four qualified teams: Al-Naft, Al-Karkh, Al-Shorta, and Al-Difaa Al-Jawi. The study examined the relationship between ball possession loss and total shooting attempts (considering each shot attempts as a possession, control, and offensive play), including two-point attempts, three-point attempts, and free throws resulting from minor personal fouls and compound fouls. The results revealed a negative correlation between ball possession loss and two-point shooting attempts, whereas a positive correlation was observed between ball possession loss and three-point shooting attempts. Furthermore, it was found that teams with fewer turnovers achieved higher shooting accuracy from inside the arc and lower shooting accuracy from beyond the arc. Based on these findings, the study recommends developing fundamental ball-handling skills (passing, dribbling, and fit timing), enhancing offensive tactical diversity and strategy, and reducing defensive errors to increase opportunities for executing free throws

Oxygen threshold (OT) is a key index that can reflect the ability to resist offensive skill performance in elite badminton players during the special preparation phase, which can be estimated when utf8_output = 'false'separated methods: A total of 20 professional elite male badminton players at the national level were recruited as research subjects. A total of twenty male elite players of the Iraqi badminton national team were included in this study. Oxygen threshold, total energy expenditure was monitored with wearable metabolic tracking devices and measured the clone endurance entraining specifically in sport literary offense skill performance. Scores correlated significantly with the O2 threshold and offensive skill endurance (r =. 71, p <. 01), and between total energy expenditure and endurance performance (r=.. 50, p <. 05). The resilience of the physiological system to high strain has been associated with higher levels of sustained offensive skill performance during periods of heightened training stress

This study sought to examine whether the combination of mental and skill training enhanced performance stability under competitive pressure in u-18 basketball players. The experimental research was conducted pretesting and post testing with a two-equivalent groups design. The sample for the current study was comprised of 12 subjects, who were randomly divided into two groups of six. Integrated mental and skill training A combined nine-weeks of mental and skills training program (3 times per week) was given to experimental group, however normal training programmed were allotted to the control one. The basketball-specific skill tests and a competitive golf anxiety scale were administered to obtain the data that was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings identified variables with significant differences in terms of the experimental group performance, such as an increase on shooting accuracy and dribbling speed and passing accuracy and composite skill performance increased for the experimental group, while competitive pressure significantly decreased when compared to control. Results suggest that the methodical inclusion of mental and skill training is an effective way to improve athletic performance and increase skill performance consistency under competition pressure in young basketball players. Therefore, the study suggests introducing organized mental programs within daily training loads of these sports clubs and basketball academies.

The study aimed to design neuromuscular control exercises for the rehabilitation of men aged (50–55) years with temporary hemiplegia and to identify the effect of these exercises on restoring general strength and overall body balance in stroke sequelae. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of the experimental and control groups in general strength and overall body balance, as well as statistically significant differences in the post-test results between the two groups in favor of the experimental group. The experimental method was adopted using a two-group design (experimental and control) on a sample of (11) patients intentionally selected through a comprehensive sampling method (100%) from men aged (50–55) years with temporary hemiplegia who attended the physiotherapy department at Baghdad Teaching Hospital. After determining the research tests and preparing the rehabilitation exercises, the program was implemented for (8) weeks, comprising (40) daily rehabilitation sessions, excluding Fridays and Saturdays, for the experimental group. After completing the experiment and statistically analyzing the data using SPSS, the results indicated that neuromuscular control exercises are appropriate for rehabilitation sessions for men aged (50–55) years with temporary hemiplegia. Their application contributed to restoring general strength and improving overall body balance associated with stroke sequelae. The researcher recommended considering patients’ capabilities and injury severity when designing neuromuscular control exercises, as well as promoting continuous collaboration between academic specialists in sports rehabilitation and physiotherapists to accelerate recovery from stroke-related impairments in this population.

The relationship between strategic intelligence and the performance evaluation of school principals specializing in physical education from the perspective of administrative supervisors in Baghdad GovernorateToday, educational leadership is one of the most prominent pillars of the success of educational institutions, due to its effective role in achieving educational goals and raising the efficiency of administrative and educational performance. Among these skills, "strategic intelligence" stands out as a modern concept that combines logical thinking, the ability to predict the future, and working within a clear vision and effective partnership. This research aims to identify the relationship between strategic intelligence and the performance evaluation of school principals specializing in physical education from the perspective of administrative supervisors in Baghdad Governorate, and to determine the level of performance evaluation among school principals specializing in physical education from the perspective of administrative supervisors.
To reveal the nature of the relationship between strategic intelligence and performance evaluation, and to determine which dimensions of strategic intelligence are most closely related to performance evaluation.The researchers adopted the descriptive correlational approach because it was suitable for the nature of the research. The sample included (120) male and female managers who specialize in physical education, in addition to a number of administrative supervisors who evaluated their performance.
For the academic year (2024-2025), the number of which is (90) supervisors from the administrators, and the reasons for the researchers’ study were that they represent the problem community in this research themselves, and they are an available sample characterized by ease of communication and achieve the required purposes. The methodological procedures for the research included, from them I chose (67) supervisors at a rate of (83.75%) by the random method for the main application sample, and I also chose (3) supervisors from them at a rate of (3.75%) by the random method for the exploratory experiment sample, and I also chose (10) supervisors from them at a rate of (12.5%) by the random method for the application sample. The data were collected by two approved scales, the first to measure strategic intelligence in its dimensions (organized thinking, foresight and strategic vision, partnership and motivation) and the administrative performance evaluation form prepared by the Ministry of Education and approved for work. Is it the evaluation of department directors?
After statistical processing using Pearson correlation coefficients and significance tests, the results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between strategic intelligence and performance evaluation, indicating that a high level of strategic intelligence among managers contributes to improving their performance level from the perspective of administrative supervisors.
In light of the findings, the study recommended enhancing school principals' strategic intelligence skills through regular training and development programs, and focusing on the future perspective and strategic vision in administrative decision-making, given the direct impact this has on improving institutional performance in schools

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This study was about how heat shock proteins, HSP70 and HSP90 change in the body after a really tough workout and over the next hour in top weightlifters. Heat shock proteins like HSP70 and HSP90 help us figure out how the body deals with stress from exercise.
We worked with 12 weightlifters from Amanat Baghdad Sports Club. They did a resistance workout that included the snatch and clean & jerk exercises at 85–90% of their maximum lift.
We took blood from these weightlifters at four times: before they started the workout right after they finished 30 minutes later and 60 minutes later.
We used a test called ELISA to check the levels of HSP70 and HSP90 in their blood.
The results showed that the levels of HSP70 went up a lot right after the weightlifters finished exercising and stayed high for a while. Heat shock proteins like HSP70 were still high in their blood, after some time. They went from 1.92 ± 0.38 ng/mL before exercise to 2.64 ± 0.45 ng/mL after and peaked at 30 minutes (2.98 ± 0.50 ng/mL) before going down a bit at 60 minutes. HSP90 levels did something. They went up from 2.73 ± 0.47 ng/mL before exercise to 3.35 ± 0.52 ng/mL after peaked at 30 minutes (3.68 ± 0.56 ng/mL) and then went down a bit.
These findings tell us that a single tough workout makes heat shock proteins, like heat shock proteins go up fast in weightlifters.
This increase in heat shock proteins happens after you do your exercise and it peaks within thirty minutes. Then it goes down over the next sixty minutes.
This shows that your body is turning on things to help with stress from exercise like the stress from a workout.
The results also suggest that HSP70 and HSP90 could be things to look at to track how stress your body is, under and to manage your workout loads in people who do strength training like strength athletes who do strength training

Badminton is one of the sports that has witnessed significant development through the great efforts made to expand its spread and to develop it from one level to a better level, relying on the science of biomechanics which studies human movement. Due to the absence of a study that has addressed the biomechanical variables of the long high serve skill in badminton, the researcher decided to address and interpret this study. The importance of the research lies in developing predictive equations for the long high serve skill in badminton based on the biomechanical variables of junior badminton players in order to provide important scientific results for players, coaches, and researchers. The research aims to identify some biomechanical variables of the long high serve skill for junior badminton players, identify the percentage of contribution of some biomechanical variables to the long high serve skill of junior badminton players, and develop predictive equations for the long high serve skill in badminton based on the biomechanical variables of junior badminton players. The researcher adopted the descriptive method using the survey approach on badminton players participating in the 2024–2025 sports season, whose number reached (38) junior players under the age of (16) years. Nine biomechanical variables were measured in addition to the long serve test in badminton. After processing the data, a set of conclusions and recommendations was reached, as the results showed the existence of (9) predictive equations with significant values that can be relied upon in explaining the relationship between biomechanical variables and the skill performance of the long high serve in badminton.

Badminton is one of the sports that has witnessed significant development through the great efforts made to expand its spread and to develop it from one level to a better level, relying on the science of biomechanics which studies human movement. Due to the absence of a study that has addressed the biomechanical variables of the long high serve skill in badminton, the researcher decided to address and interpret this study. The importance of the research lies in developing predictive equations for the long high serve skill in badminton based on the biomechanical variables of junior badminton players in order to provide important scientific results for players, coaches, and researchers. The research aims to identify some biomechanical variables of the long high serve skill for junior badminton players, identify the percentage of contribution of some biomechanical variables to the long high serve skill of junior badminton players, and develop predictive equations for the long high serve skill in badminton based on the biomechanical variables of junior badminton players. The researcher adopted the descriptive method using the survey approach on badminton players participating in the 2024–2025 sports season, whose number reached (38) junior players under the age of (16) years. Nine biomechanical variables were measured in addition to the long serve test in badminton. After processing the data, a set of conclusions and recommendations was reached, as the results showed the existence of (9) predictive equations with significant values that can be relied upon in explaining the relationship between biomechanical variables and the skill performance of the long high serve in badminton.

The research aimed to design an educational curriculum based on the constructivist model of John Zahorik and to employ it in instructional exercises during practical physical education lessons in basketball. It also sought to identify the effect of this educational curriculum on learning the performance of basketball shooting skills among fourth preparatory grade students. The researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of the experimental and control groups in performing shooting skills — free throw performance, jump shot performance, and lay-up performance — in basketball. Furthermore, they assumed that there would be statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the two groups in the same shooting skills. The experimental method was used, employing a two-group design (experimental and control) involving 30 fourth preparatory grade students for the academic year 2024–2025, representing 26.786% of the total population. The elements of the strategy were incorporated into instructional exercises and applied in practical basketball lessons, with four instructional units assigned to each shooting skill. One lesson was conducted per week, and the implementation continued for 12 weeks. The exercises were carried out during the main part of the lesson, which lasted 30 minutes of the 45-minute basketball class. After completing the experimental procedure, the results were processed using the SPSS statistical software. The most important conclusions and recommendations indicated that applying an educational curriculum based on the John Zahorik constructivist model in practical lessons helps improve students’ performance in all shooting skills — free throw, jump shot, and lay-up — with superior results compared to those who learned without it. It is essential to increase the focus on practical applications to better integrate knowledge with performance, and to emphasize hands-on learning while minimizing excessive explanation when employing the elements of the curriculum based on Zahorik’s model. Moreover, it is important to consider individual differences in students’ responses to the stages of this model in both the instructional and practical aspects of the basketball units. The study further recommends paying greater attention to individual differences when applying this curriculum model and to diversify instructional situations and tasks to achieve the intended educational goals in teaching basketball skill performance

Football is among the team sports that require psychological preparation, so the players can be able to control their emotions and adapt their behave to the circumstances and their psychological state. In this context the psychological factor very important to determine the quality of performance on the field, it can even be the difference between success and failure for players with similar physical and skill levels. A lot of young football players suffer from sleep disorders because of the psychological pressures that come with training and competition, which affects negatively their physical and mental performance. even with the importance of sleep as un important factor in promoting recovery and improving athletic performance, few studies have addressed the impact of psychological interventions like stabilization exercises, on improving sleep quality in this age group. So, the importance of stabilization programs as an effective means of improving sleep quality and promoting emotional balance to the athletes. Psychological stabilization includes a set of training techniques such as progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, and breathing exercises, which have been proven to contribute to reducing anxiety and improving sleep quality. The research aims to prepare guidance sessions based on psychological stabilization combined with relaxation exercises in regulating sleep for young football players, and to identify the effect of guidance sessions based on psychological stabilization combined with relaxation exercises in regulating sleep for young football players. This study adopted the quasi-experimental design method as it is suitable for the nature of the research, where a psychological training program (psychological stabilization exercises) was applied to a group of young football players, with pre- and post-measurement of the level of sleep. The study sample included (20) young football players, aged between (14-16) years, who train regularly at the Police Sports Club. The sample was selected purposively (not randomly) to meet the study criteria. The results showed a significant increase in total sleep time after the application of the psychological training program, with an average of +30.47 minutes (Cohen's d = 3.37), indicating a very significant effect of the program. Studies point to that meditation and breathing exercises incentivize the parasympathetic nervous system and reduce excessive nervous activity, all of this makes it easier to fall asleep and increasing sleep duration. Depending on this, the researchers reached conclusions, including that the players showed improved sleep duration and the proportion of deep sleep stages, that supporting their physical and psychological recovery. the results give strength to the hypothesis that non-pharmacological psychological training can be a sustainable option for improving athletic performance by enhancing sleep. Other conclusions include adopting psychological stabilization training programs as part of the training plans for young athletes, especially during periods of increased competitive pressure, putting mindfulness techniques into training sessions, Couse of their direct impact on sleep, attention, and mental performance

The study aimed to design educational exercises based on the Kemp Model to facilitate the learning of forehand and backhand strokes in tennis among students, as well as to identify the effect of these exercises on learning the two skills. To achieve this aim, the researcher employed an experimental method using a pre- and post-test design with equivalent experimental and control groups, as it suited the research problem and objectives. The research population consisted of third-year morning students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad, for the academic year 2025–2026, totaling 245 students distributed across seven sections (A, B, C, D, E, W, Y). The third-year students were selected because they study tennis within their curriculum. The sample was chosen randomly by selecting two sections to represent the experimental and control groups and then 25 students from each section were randomly selected: Section C (25 students) and Section W (25 students) making a total sample of 50 students representing 20.40% of the population. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group (Section C) which learned the forehand and backhand strokes using the Kemp Model and a control group (Section W) which learned using the traditional method followed by the instructor (command style) according to the prescribed physical education curriculum. Appropriate statistical treatments were applied and the results showed that educational exercises based on the Kemp Model had a positive effect on learning the forehand and backhand strokes. Furthermore these exercises provided opportunities for cooperative learning through the use of instructional aids as well as increased motivation excitement and competition among students which facilitated the learning process. The researcher recommends adopting the Kemp Model in teaching forehand and backhand strokes in tennis as it supports the effective implementation and achievement of educational objectives.

The study aimed to codify the scale of orientation towards regular physical activity among obese women in the age group (30-35 years), in order to provide a scientific measurement tool that helps trainers in community gyms to design awareness and educational programs that enhance the continuity of physical activity. The researchers adopted the descriptive survey method, and the research population included women between the ages of 30 and 35 who are not overweight. Since the population size was not accurately determined, Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size, which amounted to 400 trainees. The sample was divided into an exploratory sample (10 trainees) and a control sample (190 trainees) that were randomly selected. The scale consisted of 22 statements, and was applied during the period from October 5 to December 1, 2024. The data was analyzed using SPSS software to extract Z-scores and T-scores and determine standardized levels. The results showed that the scale has good psychometric properties, making it a reliable tool for assessing the orientation towards regular physical activity. The researchers recommended encouraging continuity in physical activity by designing various training plans and using motivational strategies such as group challenges and symbolic rewards to enhance exercise adherence among women in this age group.

The study aimed to prepare exercises for men's 400-meter freestyle runners and to identify the mechanical variables of the thrust index, and the achievement of the research sample, and to identify the effect of weightlifting exercises on the thrust index and the achievement of the men's (400m) freestyle runner between the test (pre-post-test) of the research sample. The researcher hypothesized that statistically significant differences would exist between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-test for both the kinematic variable (propulsive index) and performance achievement in the research group. The research population consisted of track and field athletes specializing in the 400-meter event in Maysan Governorate during the 2023 sports season, totaling five (5) runners who competed in championships organized by the Iraqi Athletics Federation. The researcher recommended the use of weighted training exercises due to their effective role in developing muscular strength and subsequently improving athletic performance. The study also recommended utilizing the findings and generalizing them to speed runners, particularly those specializing in the 200-meter event, across all age categories. The researcher concluded that the designed training program using weighted exercises had a significant positive effect on both the propulsive index and performance achievement

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of special exercises on the anaerobic lactic power index, transitional speed, and agility of advanced futsal players. The experimental method was used, and a group was designed for pre- and post-testing. The research population consists of 14 advanced players from Al-Masafi Club. The main section (first part), from Jan 16, to Mar 18, 2026 the training sessions were held. The sessions lasted for 8 weeks, comprising 20 training sessions, each lasting no more than 35 minutes. The interval training method was used. The calculated t-values were 2.331 (p=0.045) for anaerobic capacity; 6.658 (p=0.000) for transitional speed; and 3.257 (p=0.008) for agility. This research indicated that the specialized interval training workouts greatly increased the ability of expert futsal players to produce anaerobic lactic acid These exercises also improved speed and agility in transitions which shows that they are beneficial for the quick multidirectional performance that is needed in tactical phases in the game The research suggests that experienced futsal players should include these specialized interval training activities in their training routines since they help improve physical skills It also stresses the need for making training activities that fit with energy production systems and an emphasis on the anaerobic lactic acid system, because that's what the game needs particularly during high-intensity bursts of play that are common in futsal matches

The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of the defensive performance of the goalkeepers of the Iraqi national futsal team and to compare it with that of the goalkeepers of the Iranian national team during the AFC Futsal Asian Cup 2024. The researcher employed the descriptive method using analytical and comparative approaches, based on observation and analysis of the matches played by both the Iraqi and Iranian national teams during the tournament, with a total of ten (10) matches analyzed. The researcher utilized the electronic application Sports Stats Recorder to analyze defensive performance and employed a data extraction form to record the data obtained through the analysis application. Upon completion of the match analysis and data collection, the researcher organized and tabulated the final results for statistical processing. The analysis began on Tuesday, October 1, 2024, and the total duration of the analysis and comparison process was twenty (20) days. The results indicated that the effectiveness values of the defensive performance of the Iraqi national team goalkeepers were higher than those of their Iranian counterparts

The aim of this research is to analyze and compare the electrical activity of selected upper limb muscles between the right and left sides during the performance of the Magyar skill on the pommel horse in artistic gymnastics in order to identify any muscular activity asymmetries among national team athletes. The researcher employed the descriptive analytical method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The sample consisted of seven (7) gymnasts from the Iraqi national gymnastics team. The mean age was 22 years (±2.381) mean height was 170.571 cm (±5.940) mean weight was 62.286 kg (±5.736) and mean training experience was 11 years (±1.826). Electromyographic (EMG) recordings were taken during the technical execution of the skill using a Noraxon EMG system. The study focused on three primary muscles: anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid and triceps brachii in both the right and left limbs. The results indicated no statistically significant differences between the sides in either peak or average muscle activation values suggesting a well-balanced muscular coordination as a result of effective training programs. The study recommends the use of EMG analysis as a precise diagnostic tool for performance evaluation and training guidance. It also calls for future research on other skills and apparatuses to further explore muscular balance in artistic gymnastics

This study aimed to investigate the effect of static stretching and full dynamic stretching exercises using elastic resistance bands on the development of motor balance and dynamic flexibility in youth basketball players. The research sample consisted of (12) youth players from Al-Adhamiya Sports Club basketball team, who participated in a training program utilizing elastic resistance bands alongside their regular training for a duration of (8) weeks, with (3) training sessions per week. To measure the study variables, the Modified Bass Test of Dynamic Balance was used to assess motor balance, and a dynamic flexibility test was employed to evaluate movement flexibility. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group in both motor balance and dynamic flexibility, in favor of the post-test, indicating the effectiveness of the training program using elastic resistance bands in improving these physical abilities. The researcher attributes this improvement to the nature of elastic resistance exercises, which provide progressive resistance throughout the full range of motion, thereby enhancing neuromuscular balance and increasing joint range of motion. Furthermore, the findings showed that training opposing body segments contributed to improving muscular balance and reducing asymmetry between the two sides of the body, while static stretching exercises enhanced muscular stability and neuromuscular control, and full dynamic stretching exercises contributed to increasing functional range of motion associated with basketball skill performance

The present study aimed to identify the learning gap between classroom-based education and artificial intelligence (AI)-based education among students of Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. It also sought to determine the effectiveness of classroom education and AI-based education in reducing the learning gap among these students. The research problem addressed the following questions: Are there statistically significant differences in the learning gap between students who learn through traditional classroom education and those who learn through AI-based education in Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences? What is the nature of the learning gap between classroom education and AI-based education among these students? Which educational approach is more effective in reducing the learning gap? The results of the study indicated that there is a learning gap between classroom education and AI-based education among students of Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The findings also revealed that the use of artificial intelligence technologies contributes to improving the quality of the educational process and enhancing the design of educational curricula. Furthermore, AI helps address individual differences among students by providing learning content that aligns with their needs and learning abilities. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends enhancing the integration of artificial intelligence in the educational process. AI technologies can provide advanced analytical tools that assist teachers in monitoring students' progress and diagnosing learning difficulties more accurately. In addition, several challenges still hinder the effective implementation of AI in education, which requires further efforts to overcome these obstacles and promote the successful integration of AI technologies in educational environments

The aim of the research was to prepare educational units using the meta-cognitive strategy in positive thinking and cognitive achievement and developing some complex skills in football for students, prepare two scales of positive thinking in football for students, identify the effectiveness of educational units using positive thinking and developing some complex skills in football for students, the researchers used the experimental method by designing the experimental and control groups to suit the nature of the problem. The community of students of the Secondary School for Sports Sciences affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in Rusafa II was identified, numbering (90) students, and the sample members were selected with a number of (90) students, i.e. (72.222%) of the research community, and the research sample was divided into a sample to prepare the scale under study, numbering (35) students, and the main experiment sample, numbering (20) students with a single experimental group system, and the number of the control group was also (20) students, and the number of the exploratory experiment group was (5) students, and (5) students were excluded for not committing. The researchers adopted the (Mahmoud, 2015) scale for positive thinking (appendix), as the scale consists of (23) statements, and the scale was corrected according to two answer alternatives, (A, B). After that, the exploratory experiment was used, which is considered "practical training for the researcher to identify the difficulties he encounters during the test to avoid them in the future" (Al-Shawk and Al-Kubaisi, 2004, p. 91). Therefore, the researcher conducted an exploratory experiment on (10/1/2025) on the exploratory experiment sample of (5) students. After that, the researchers conducted the pre-tests for the research sample, and then the main experiment was applied, followed by the post-tests. After that, the data for the pre- and post-tests for the experimental group were transcribed by the researchers, and statistically processed, and the results were obtained

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an integrated instructional model based on visual modeling, video-based self-observation, guided feedback, and an externally focused attention framework on learning and retaining fundamental gymnastics skills among young gymnasts compared with the traditional teaching method. A quasi-experimental design with two groups (experimental and control) was employed. The sample consisted of 40 young gymnasts aged 8–10 years from a sports academy in Riyadh, randomly assigned into two equivalent groups (20 participants each).
The instructional program was implemented over eight weeks, with two training sessions per week, each lasting 90 minutes, according to a protocol that included warm-up, video demonstration, part-to-whole guided practical training, self-observation through video analysis, followed by re-application and applied play. Performance was evaluated in five fundamental skills (forward roll, backward roll, handstand, front balance, and cartwheel) using a validated skill performance rating form. Measurements were conducted at three stages: pre-test, post-test, and a retention test four weeks later. Data were analyzed using t-tests, repeated-measures ANOVA, and effect size indicators (Cohen’s d, partial η²).
The results revealed equivalence between the two groups at the pre-test stage, followed by statistically significant superiority of the experimental group in both the post-test and retention test, with very large effect sizes. The experimental group showed big improvement between the pre- and post-tests and maintained nearly the same performance level in the retention test, whereas the control group exhibited only limited improvement and partial skill loss.
The study concludes that the integrated instructional model based on video self-observation and guided feedback is more effective than the traditional method in accelerating the acquisition of fundamental gymnastics skills, improving performance quality, and enhancing short-term learning retention among young gymnasts. Accordingly, the study recommends adopting this model in gymnastics teaching programs and sport science curricula

The importance of the research lies in involving the process of developing core stability of the trunk muscles, as it treats the athlete's body as a single unit, specifically targeting the trunk muscles in basketball players. Therefore, the researchers wanted to explore this experiment. The research problem focused on the observation made by the researchers and their monitoring of most matches in the Iraqi Premier League, as well as their work as supervisors at the Al-Najaf Youth Forum and their observation of some local tournaments and league matches. They noticed that most coaches, whether national team coaches or club coaches, rely on a comprehensive training regimen for body muscles without paying attention to the deep trunk muscles (core stability) during their training application on the players, which leads to incomplete muscle strength in players, especially in the trunk area, and since it has a significant impact on mastering defensive skills. The research aimed to prepare exercises to develop core stability to strengthen the trunk muscles and some defensive skills for players under 16 years old in basketball, and to identify the effect of these exercises in developing core stability to strengthen the trunk muscles and some defensive skills for players under 16 years old in basketball. The researchers chose the experimental method using the two groups of experimental and control as it suited the research problem. As for the research samples, they were represented by basketball players at the National Center for Talent Care in Najaf Al-Ashraf, numbering (26) players, all of whom were selected for the experiment. The most important conclusion drawn by the researchers is that the development of flexibility, trunk strength, balance, and coordination positively reflected on the development of defensive movement and defensive follow-up performance. The main recommendations were the importance of using specific and targeted training to achieve defined objectives in developing basic stability according to standardized scientific principles to raise the training level of basketball players across various categories.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a game-based learning strategy using small-sided games on improving the performance of the high serve skill in badminton among beginner female students. The study employed an experimental design with a pre-test and post-test for two groups. The participants consisted of 40 first-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the University of Baghdad. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (n = 20), which was taught using a game-based learning strategy involving small-sided games, and a control group (n = 20), which followed the traditional teaching method based on explanation, demonstration, and repetitive drills. The experimental program lasted eight weeks, with two instructional sessions per week. A standardized badminton high serve skill test was used to measure the participants’ performance before and after the instructional program. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tests, including paired samples t-test and independent samples t-test. The results revealed significant improvements in both groups between the pre-test and post-test measurements. However, the experimental group showed significantly greater improvement compared with the control group in the post-test results. The findings suggest that game-based learning using small-sided games provides an effective teaching strategy for enhancing motor skill acquisition and improving badminton serve performance among beginner students in physical education settings.

The significance of the present research is to know the nature of the relationship between psychological hesitation and the level of skill performance in the diving skill among second-year female students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad, for the academic year (2024-2025). It also intends to introduce the idea of psychological hesitation in diving skill and how to deal with it. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach because it is appropriate to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (30) female students, purposely selected from those who regularly attended the practical classes, aged between (19-21) years.
The researcher applied a Psychological Hesitation Scale, a Diving Skill Performance Evaluation Form, and a demographic information questionnaire. Data were analyzed with the suitable statistical methods using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v26).
The results demonstrated a high level of psychological hesitation in the students, especially in the dimension of hesitation in motor decision-making. They further reported a strong, statistically significant negative correlation between psychological hesitation and skill performance (r = -0.721), suggesting that as psychological hesitation increases, technical performance decreases. The study recommends the need to include psychological preparation in educational programs, to take a gradual approach in teaching skills, and to periodically assess the levels of psychological hesitation in order to improve the quality of skill performance

The aim of this study was to predict the risk of hamstring (posterior quadriceps) muscle injury associated with weakness in eccentric muscle strength. The Prone ISO and Nordic tests were performed using the NordBord system from VALD to compare isometric and eccentric contractions of the same muscle group, namely the hamstring muscles, in professional soccer players competing in the Iraqi Stars League. The mean value of the Prone ISO test, which represents maximal isometric contraction, was 353.8 N, whereas the mean value of the Nordic test, which represents maximal eccentric contraction, was 288.6 N. This difference indicates a potential risk factor related to insufficient eccentric contraction capacity of the hamstring muscles. The findings demonstrated weakness in the eccentric contraction phase of the hamstring muscles. This weakness may be explained by several factors, including insufficient eccentric training of these muscles using specific exercises such as the Nordic exercise, Romanian deadlift (RDL), or other exercises designed to develop eccentric contraction capacity. If the players already perform these exercises, it is possible that they do not perform them with maximal effort against body-weight resistance, or that they require additional external loads to increase eccentric contraction capacity. The researcher recommends the use of modern testing methods, including those used in the present study, to identify optimal muscular performance and contraction capacity. Emphasis should also be placed on exercises that develop eccentric contraction of the hamstring muscles to protect them from potential injury during high-speed running and to improve their functional performance

The aim of the research was to construct an attentional control scale in football for fifth-grade secondary school students, design skill exercises using Fitlight technology, employ them in practical physical education football lessons, and identify the effect of these exercises on attentional control and the performance of corner kick and penalty kick skills. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of both the experimental and control groups in attentional control and in the performance of the corner kick and penalty kick skills in football, as well as statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the experimental and control groups in the same variables. The experimental method was adopted using a design with two groups (experimental and control). The research population consisted of fifth-grade secondary school students in the morning study at Al-Jawahiri Secondary School during the academic year (2024–2025), totaling 180 students, all intentionally selected using the comprehensive enumeration method (100%) from this population. The sample was distributed as follows: 10 students for the pilot experiment, 110 students for constructing the attentional control scale in football, and the remaining 60 students were selected as the main experimental sample representing the experimental and control groups. The researcher developed a new specialized attentional control scale in football for this category of students by following several field procedures and statistical analyses. Skill exercises using Fitlight technology were designed and applied to the experimental group for eight weeks at a rate of one lesson per week. After completing the experiment, the research results were analyzed using the SPSS statistical system. The conclusions indicated that the attentional control scale in football is suitable for fifth-grade secondary school students and possesses acceptable scientific foundations and coefficients. The use of skill exercises with Fitlight technology within football teaching in practical physical education lessons was found to be appropriate for fifth-grade secondary students and helped improve attentional control as well as the performance of corner kick and penalty kick skills in football among the students who practiced them compared with their peers who studied without them. The study also recommended adopting cognitive measurement in physical education lessons, particularly measuring each student’s level of attentional control to support the improvement of football skill performance, avoiding excessive intensity or levels of lighting when using Fitlight technology, and emphasizing practice and repetition in the practical application of skill exercises when designing motor programs for football skill performance

This research aims to enhance specific exercises grounded in visual scanning and to identify their effect on enhancing the passing accuracy of under-17 football players. The researcher used an experimental design with two groups: an experimental group and a control group, and conducted pre- and post-tests. The research sample comprised 25 under-17 players from the Baghdad Municipality Club, selected purposively and divided into two equivalent groups. The experimental group underwent exercises based on visual scanning, while the control group continued with traditional training. The researcher used pre-developed tests to measure passing Precision based on visual scanning, and the data were statistically analyzed using a paired-samples t-test. The findings showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in all research variables, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed exercises in improving passing accuracy. The researcher infers that incorporating visual scanning exercises into training programs effectively enhances the skill performance of young players. The researcher emphasizes the importance of adopting these exercises within training curricula and conducting similar studies on different age groups and training levels

This study sought to identify the range to which female university students are tended to towards physical activity, and to demonstrate the level of their attitudes and the variables associated with them. The explanatory survey method was adopted as it was appropriate for the nature of the issue. The research sample comprised of (150) first-year female students from the University of Baghdad College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences recruited purposively.
The researcher developed a special scale to measure attitudes towards physical activity, which in its final form consisted of (30) items. The findings of the statistical analysis showed that the scale had a high degree of validity and reliability, with Cronbach\'s alpha coefficient reaching (0.851). All elements also showed discriminatory power and statistical significance at the (0.05) level.
The findings suggest a significant difference between the arithmetic mean (115.965) and the hypothetical mean (90), in favor of the arithmetic mean, which indicates that the students have a positive attitude towards physical activity. The study advocated capitalizing on this trend by designing supportive university programs to transform this positive attitude into a sustainable practice.

This study sought to identify specific physiological variables in football players aged 14–15 years at the Sports Talent Center and to compare the values of these variables before and after one month of training sessions conducted at the center. The study\'s significance resides in providing accurate scientific indicators of the players\' physiological state and the degree of change during the training period thus promoting to the scientific evaluation and observing of training programs for emerging age groups.
The researcher used a observational comparative approach, as it was appropriate for the nature and objectives of the study. Measurements of specific physiological variables were taken for the players at the Sports Talent Center using a physiological scale. Measurements were taken before the start of the follow-up period and repeated after one month of regular training sessions at the center. The study involved a range of physiological variables related to body composition and the players\' functional status.
The findings demonstrated a discrepancy in the values of some physiological variables between the pre- and post-measurements, revealing the changes that emerged in the players during the study period. The findings also confirmed the importance of implementing physiological measurements in observing layers\' state and evaluating training programs, as these measurements supply objective information that helps coaches in proper planning and direction of the training process.
The researcher advocated the necessity of applying periodic monitoring of the physiological variables of young players in sports talent centers, and incorporating the results of modern measurements in assessing training loads and developing programs designed for this age group in addition to conducting similar studies on other variables and age groups.

This research objectives to study the transfer of learning between some basic defensive skills in handball among third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher implemented an experimental design with two groups (control and experimental), where the sample comprised of (40) students randomly assigned to (20) groups. An educational program was implemented over (8) weeks, with one training unit per week. The defensive block in one direction and various defensive movements were tested before and after the experiment. The results showed the superiority of the experimental group, which applied targeted training, in achieving positive transfer of learning between the two defensive skills. This demonstrates the prospective for leveraging skill integration to accelerate the learning process. The research recommends adopting educational strategies based on the principle of transfer of learning in teaching and instructing defensive skills in handball, and employing them to develop students\\' performance more effectively

The current research aims to identify the role of the Six Sigma approach in improving the quality of recreational services in accordance with the Arab Republic of Egypt\\'s Vision 2030. This research aims to identify the aspects of diagnosing the support and commitment provided to improve the quality of recreational services Areas of availability and analysis of management information systems as an entry point for upgrading recreational services, aspects of improving human capital management to upgrading recreational services, achieving the material capabilities and infrastructure necessary to develop the quality of recreational services, areas of measuring and evaluating the nature of work in recreational activities, obstacles to developing the quality of recreational services in light of the vision of the Arab Republic of Egypt The researcher used the descriptive approach (survey studies method) with its steps and procedures due to its suitability to achieve the research objectives. The research community consists of employees of Egyptian sports clubs in the Arab Republic of Egypt, represented by the clubs’ boards of directors, members of the general assembly, the executive director, the financial director, sports specialists, The researcher selected the research sample using the stratified random method from the research community, which consisted of (488) individuals. The researcher used the questionnaire on the role of the Six Sigma method in improving the quality of recreational services according to the vision of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2030 as a data collection tool. One of the most important results was that the Six Sigma method has an important role in improving the quality of recreational services if it is properly applied according to the vision of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2030 One of the most important recommendations was to provide statistical software and the latest versions of Six Sigma programs and facilitate training on them