Mustansiriyah journal of pure and applied sciences

A new and promising technique called laser-induced graphene (LIG) uses a CO2laser to create graphene on a flexible polyimide substrate in a single step without the need for additional steps. The structure and surface properties of the graphene were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This study also investigates the electrothermal properties of the fabricated heaters by varying the applied voltage concerning temperature, current, and power to assess their performance. The area of the three manufactured heaters was modified to evaluate its impact on performance, along with a new design that accommodates the bending of the heater, allowing it to function as a flexible device. The results indicated that the resistance of the heater decreased as the area increased, leading to an enhanced thermoelectric response and improved performance. Furthermore, the heater\'s compact size and lightweight nature highlight its significance for the development of flexible electronics.

Thin films of polystyrene PS and polystyrene doped by copper complex Cu(etx)2, have been prepared on glass (quartz and pyrex) substrates by the spin coating method. The effect of Cu(etx)2 weight ratios (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06) wt% on the morphology, structural, and optical properties have been studied. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the pure PS thin films have an amorphous structure. Adding Cu(etx)2 improves the crystalline structure by turning it into a polycrystalline state. FE-SEM images showed that the morphology of all samples was almost similar, smooth, and with few defects. The optical measurements showed that in general, PS and PS.Cu(etx)2 thin films exhibited high absorption in the UV region and increased with Cu(etx)2 weight ratios, as well as a high absorption coefficient (α>104cm-1) in the visible range with a direct allowed optical energy band gap Eg, and its value decreased from 3.8 eV for PS thin films to 3.05 eV for PS.Cu(etx)2 thin films with 0.06 wt%. The research focused on the preparation of UV shield thin films as a practical application of the current study.

In this work, we introduced some main result of approximation of unbounded function by probabilistic tools on [0,1] and approximate unbounded function by polynomial Bernstein of derivative.

This article models germanium\'s thermoelectric properties since semiconductors are increasingly
used in current technologies. Modelling and simulation are necessary because testing new,
inventive concepts in a lab which needs time and money. This work discuss. heating the
germanium model to determine its electrical conductivity. During the simulation, one end of the
semiconductor is supplied with 10 A of current while the other is connected to the ground. Using
COMSOL Multiphysics, we found that a model of a semiconductor\'s electrical properties
(electric field, current density, space charge density, external current density) varied with
temperature. As the germanium model was heated from 75K to 375K, an increase in the
electrical properties was observed. This, in turn, increase the semiconductor\'s (germanium)
electrical conductivity.

Using COMSOL Multiphysics software, SiO2@Pt and SiO2@Cu spherical core shell were
modeled. For both composites, the sphere radius was constant (60 nm) and the thickness of both
shells were changed from 5 to 20 nm. The model was used to simulate wavelength dependent
optical properties including absorption, scattering, and extinction cross sections. The resonance
wavelength for absorption, scattering and extension cross section decreases with increasing
thickness for both the core shell structure. All resonance wavelength values for SiO2@Pt are
less than that for SiO2@Cu. Exact control over shell thickness modifies the kinetics of
electromagnetic interactions at the nanoscale in and adjusts optical density. By paving the path
for the construction of innovative nanoscale devices with unique optical properties, the
discoveries pave the door for future advancements in nanotechnology. The cross section of
absorption and scattering related to the three types of LSPR is then discussed. It is discovered
that extinction is dominated by absorption when the shell thickness is smaller, with a small
crossover occurring as the shell thickness increases from absorption dominance to scattering
dominance.

Climate is the average weather conditions for a region for a long time, it is also assuming as a
relation between weather phenomena and environment whether its natural or human made. The
aim of this work is to generate climatological normal for selected cities in Iraq using the
software package meteonorm weather and climate generator. The results showed that the
temperature during summer in Mosul and Baghdad may reach more than (42oC) while in Rutba
and Basra temperature may reach above (38oC) and (48oC) respectively, while the temperature
during winter can reach values close to freezing level in Mosul, Baghdad and Rutba while Basra
temperature dose not reach such level. The difference in the highest value of diffuse and global
radiation (low diffuse - high global) in Rutba city is attributed to the fact that this city is rural
which means that it has relatively low pollution particles. The highest maximum sunshine occurs
in the Mosul because it is located relatively on high latitude while highest minimum sunshine
occurs in the Basra because of low cloud cover during the year also The results showed that the
optimal data generation of meteonorm in Mosul station with statistical metric evaluation criteria
(R=0.96, RMSE=3.87, MAE=2.91) for maximum air temperature, (R=0.88, RMSE=3.45 ,
MAE=2.44) in Baghdad station for minimum air temperature and finally (R=0.91, RMSE=0.97,
MAE=0.77) for maximum air temperature in Mosul station.

This study involves an experimental analysis of parabolic trough solar collectors (PTSC) that
were designed, constructed, and assessed to evaluate their performance using evacuated tube
receivers for the production of heated transformer oil. The PTSCs employ aluminum sheets
configured as parabolic cylinders to concentrate and reflect solar radiation The glass tube
measured 1.50m in length A nickel foil-based reflective material was affixed to increase the
reflection
process.
The produced PTSC demonstrates considerable efficacy.
The uncoated PTSC1, at 11:45 am, with solar radiation intensity of 811 W/m² and ambient
temperature of 43°C, attained the maximum transformer oil temperature of 123°C and a thermal
efficiency of 38%. Conversely, the coated PTSC attained a temperature of 200°C and a thermal
efficiency of 52% under solar radiation intensity of 700 W/m² and an ambient temperature of
43°C. The results indicate that, at a rim angle of 45.41°, PTSC-2 featuring a black-coated
receiver tube outperforms PTCS-1 with a non-coated receiver tube.

This study investigates the complex interaction among software program and hardware, with a
focus on how hardware additives affect software program overall performance. By employing a
mixed-technique technique—combining theoretical evaluation, sensible experiments, and case
research—the take a look at examines the impact of key hardware elements, including the CPU,
RAM, garage structures (HDD vs. SSD), GPU, and network infrastructure, at the performance
of software program programs. Case studies exhibit that hardware enhancements, along with
increasing RAM or switching to SSDs, can reduce machine boot time by way of as much as
82% and enhance software responsiveness with the aid of 50%. The research also identifies
essential demanding situations, including hardware-software program compatibility problems
(e.G., old drivers) and overall performance bottlenecks in useful resource-limited gadgets. To
address these demanding situations, the have a look at proposes actionable answers, which
includes algorithmic optimization, caching mechanisms, and parallel computing strategies,
supported via empirical proof from industry benchmarks (e.G., NVIDIA CUDA and Redis
caching). The findings underscore the need of harmonizing software design with hardware
talents to acquire highest quality overall performance, imparting practical hints for developers to
optimize code for heterogeneous architectures and for customers to select hardware aligned with
their software program desires. This painting contributes to the sector via bridging theoretical
insights with real-global applications, imparting a roadmap for destiny studies in quantum
computing and area tool optimization.

The Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC), among all types of concentrators, is designed to
capture solar radiation and maintain it at a relatively high temperature. For solar power systems
and high-temperature solar thermal systems, the CPC may be the best choice. This paper
theoretically analyzes a two-dimensional compound parabolic solar thermal concentrator design
model. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal values for the solar incidence angle.
The CPC thermal system’s design equations were simulated using MATLAB software. The
solar incidence angle on the solar panel was calculated as an average for each month, using four
tilt angles: 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. Over a 12-month period, the incidence angle was calculated
between 5:00 AM and 6:00 PM. The best results obtained were in September, where the solar
incidence angle reached 0.8 degrees, the lowest value at a tilt angle of 30°. In February, the
incidence angle was 1.8 degrees at 12:00 PM with a tilt angle of 45°. In July, the incidence angle
reached 3.6 degrees at 12:00 PM with a tilt angle of 15°.

The main aim of the present paper is to apply a new class of generalized supra open set
namely, supra δ-ß-open to investigate and study other novel extended structures of supra
compact and Lindelöf spaces namely, supra δ-ß-compact (supra δ-ß-Lindelöf) spaces, almost
supra δ-ß-compact (almost supra δ-ß-Lindelöf) spaces and mildly supra δ-ß-compact (mildly
supra δ-ß-Lindelöf) spaces in supra topological spaces. Various essential properties and
fundamental characterizations for each class are verified; as well some interesting and
appropriate examples are presented to demonstrate the relationships among these kinds of
spaces. Additionally, a novel notion of supra limit points called, supra δ-ß-limit points is
defined and some basic properties related to this concept are investigated and proved, also
various arousing interest results are developed which may be importance of other future
studies.

Gold oxide nanoparticles are most useful in various applications due to their distinctive
properties. they have valuable photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and optical properties, which makes
them very important in antibacterial coatings, sensors, and energy storage applications. This
study used the laser ablation technique to synthesize the gold oxide nanoparticles in 2
methoxyethanol. The ablation process was done using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with a
wavelength of 1064 nm, and different numbers of pulses - 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 -
were used to irradiate the gold target. Various techniques have been used to characterize the
resulting gold oxide nanoparticles, such as FT-IR, to investigate the active groups and bonding
patterns. The obtained results noted an interplay between the ablated gold nanoparticles and the
surrounding medium. Furthermore, the morphology of prepared nanoparticles was characterized
using (AFM), which show that the grain size reduced from 46.7 nm at 500 pulses to be38.3 nm
at 2500 pulses. The study also investigated the optical properties by measuring the absorption
spectrum at a range of 300-800nm. The energy gap of the acquired colloidal were decreased
from 2.73 eV at 500 pulses to 1.34 eV by increasing number of pulses to 2500 pulses.

In this research, we will present the concept of small annihilator essential submodules. It was
generalization of essential submodules. In addition, investigate properties and
characterizations of small annihilator essential submodules. Additionally, we introduce the
notion of small annihilator closed submodules and small annihilator uniform modules which
serve as generalization of closed submodules and uniform modules, respectively. These
concepts extend existing ideas and offer new perspectives on the relationships between
different submodule and module types within R-modules M.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of age on serum copper and zinc levels in medical
radiation workers, compared to the control group. Copper and zinc concentrations were
measured using the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) technique on blood samples from
161 participants, 81 of whom were radiation workers and 80 were in the control group. The
findings indicate significantly higher zinc and copper concentrations among radiation workers
across all age groups compared to the control group.
For zinc, the maximum concentration in radiation workers was observed in the youngest age
group (20-29) at 1.7809 mg/L, with an average of 0.9242 mg/L, while the control group
recorded 0.6191 mg/L and 0.4546 mg/L for maximum and average concentrations, respectively.
The concentration values in radiation workers showed a broader range of variation in younger
age groups but were more stable in older groups. For copper, the highest concentrations were
also noted among radiation workers, with a maximum of 1.5113 mg/L in the youngest group and
an average of 0.4391 mg/L, compared to 1.3123 mg/L and 0.4779 mg/L in the control group.
Interestingly, copper concentrations among radiation workers increased with age, reaching an
average of 1.0593 mg/L in the 40-49 group, while control group values declined with age.
These findings suggest that occupational exposure to medical radiation may contribute to
elevated zinc and copper levels in blood serum. The impact appears to be age-dependent, with
younger individuals showing more pronounced increases in zinc, while copper concentrations
accumulate over time in older radiation workers. Further studies are recommended to explore the
potential health implications of these changes.

Blood cells include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. In blood, leukocytes play an
important role in human immune function, so they are also called immune cells. In medicine,
white blood cells play an important role in the human immune system. Therefore, studying the
classification of white blood cells is important for medical diagnosis. Various abnormalities of
white blood cells are related to various diseases, so the total number and classification of white
blood cells are crucial for clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, the traditional method of
white blood cell classification is to segment cells, extract features, and then classify them. Such
a method depends on good segmentation and does not have high accuracy. In addition,
insufficient data or unbalanced samples using deep learning in medical diagnosis, in addition to
reducing the classification accuracy of the model, cannot fully exploit the dependency
relationship between some key features of images and image labels. To solve these problems,
this research proposes a blood cell image classification framework WOA-CNN, which, based on
the combination of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Whale Optimization Algorithm
(WOA), can deepen the understanding of image content and learn the structured features of
images, and initiate the training leading to big data in medical image analysis. According to
experimental data, the suggested WOA-CNN system outperforms more conventional techniques
like Decision Trees, Random Forests, Support Vector Machines, and Proposed Method (WOA
CNN) in terms of classification accuracy 98.6%.

Iron discs were coated on both sides with distinct layers of W, Bi, and Pb powders. Three
multilayer samples (coated Fe plates with W), (coated Fe plates with Bi), and (coated Fe plates
with Pb) were produced by stacking ten powder-coated Fe discs on top of one another and
sealing them with epoxy. The average particle sizes for W, Bi, and Pb were found to be 35, 40,
and 30 nm, respectively, based on the images obtained using the scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) test. Using a gamma spectrometry system with a NaI (Tl) detector, the transmission
factor (T %), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), and built-up factor (B) have been calculated
for four distinct gamma energies. For all samples, T% increased as energy increased, and the
powder utilized will determine how comparable the data are.RPE% was 20% for lead-coated
iron samples at 1332 MeV, the highest of all the samples. At lower energies, the RPE% for most
samples was greater than 70%, and as energy increased, it steadily declined. According to the
results, the gamma-ray buildup factor and gamma energy have an inverse relationship.

The patterns and distributions of rainfall systems determine the prevailing climatic characteristic
for any region of the world. In this study, the spatiotemporal distribution of the rainfall anomaly
index was revealed based on data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) for
daily rainfall amounts in twenty-four geographically and climatically diverse regions in Iraq for
the time series (2016-2050) of the SSP2.5 simulation scenario projections. Overall, these results
concluded that rainfall distribution varies temporally and spatially depending on the nature of
the climate region and its geographical characteristics. Zakho station in Duhok Governorate
within the northern region recorded the highest total rainy cases, followed by Baghdad
Governorate in the central region, and finally, Diwaniya station in the south, leading these
stations in the temporal and spatial variability of the rainfall anomaly index. The spatial variance
amplitude of the total rainy days was approximately 10% among all stations. The non-parametric
Mann-Kendall analysis of general rainfall anomaly trends showed clear temporal variability
among the stations, with five stations showing a positive trend, seven stations showing a non
significant negative trend, and the remaining stations showing a neutral trend at the significance
level (α=0.05). The analysis indicated that only Mosul station in the northwest had a significant
negative trend, indicating a clear anomaly in the rainfall systems characteristic of Iraq's climate.

This research addresses the challenges associated with fingerprint image distortion in forensic
science, as these distortions are a major obstacle that affects the accuracy and quality of
matching methods. To achieve reliable identification, fingerprint scans must be of high quality.
The paper used the Gabor filter to improve image quality and facilitate the visibility of small
details. In addition, a study was conducted to compare the success of two new fingerprint
classification methods. The first method relied on termination features using the Fuzzy C-means
clustering approach, and two experiments were conducted: In the first experiment, termination
features were adopted during the clustering process. In the second experiment, bifurcation
features were adopted. The results showed that the second experiment performed better in
achieving a higher classification accuracy level. Therefore, this research contributes to
improving the effectiveness of automated fingerprint analysis tools used in crime scenes.

Encryption schemes are traditionally subject to trade-offs regarding speed and security.
Symmetric encryption, such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), has high
throughput but lacks secure key distribution. In contrast, asymmetric encryption methods,
like RSA, are slow and have a computational overhead to secure the key exchange. In this
thesis, I provide a single hybrid encryption framework that combines AES and RSA to
secure multimedia content, including text, images, audio, and video. The model mitigates
the deficiencies of traditional encryption schemes, such as long processing times, by
applying adaptive (low-latency/fast-speed) encryption approaches that align with real-time
environments. Notable experimental results showed that high-lossless fidelity and efficient
encryption were achieved compared to existing models, including AES-only models and the
ChaCha20-Poly1305 encryption model. Statistical testing of the results using the Goodness
of FIT Test (Shapiro-Wilk) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated the strength of
the provided framework as a promising alternative. The research provides an overview of
hardware performance assessment and transaction times. Finally, within the thesis, a
comparative analysis was made to suggest that the model provided superior encryption
characteristics concerning scalability of existing models, security, and multimedia formats.