Misan Journal of Academic Studies

Al-Amarah District Center is considered to be one of the Iraqi districts where the phenomenon of elderly labor is widespread. The serious phenomenon has unsatisfactory consequences at both the family and societal levels. It is distributed in varying numbers depending on the type of work performed by the elderly within the neighborhood of the study.
The research aims to identify the demographic, residential, and educational characteristics of the elderly sample that led to their entry into labor market. The findings indicate that 68% live in rented or informal (encroached) housing, 92% fall within the age group of 65-74 years, and 72% have an educational level of primary school or below. The study also examined the economic impacts, represented by wages insufficient to meet family needs (90%); the social impacts, with 84% frequently visiting cafes, smoking, and engaging in quarrels; and the health impacts, as 42% are exposed to bruises and fractures resulting from their work.
The research relied on a sample of 50 elderly individuals, equally distributed between males and females, aged 65 years and above. Data were collected through responses to a questionnaire addressing the phenomenon of elderly labor. Accordingly, recommendations were developed based on the study’s conclusions to help reduce this phenomenon.

The current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has raised the profile of the new generation SARS-CoV-2 virus as a global health threat and its massive spread to every corner of the world has raised major concerns about the public healthcare system due to the lack of effective and reliable treatments. Therefore, it is necessary to use all possible methods to design new drugs and vaccines to reduce the disease. In this study, we designed eight Emmdpd ,Favlplravir, Hydroxychloroquine and Kifunensine -derived molecules and examined their biological potential to inhibit the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 through computational studies, Density Function Theory (DFT) calculations were performed on the studied compounds. Which improved the geometric structure of the compounds, The geometrically optimized structures were subjected to molecular docking calculations using the SARS-CoV-2 major protease Protein Database ID 6LU7 , Compounds 4h, 6b, 9f and 14h showed favorable pharmacological properties suitable for human use.

The advancement of nanomaterials has significantly influenced modern dentistry by enabling the development of materials with enhanced performance and improved clinical outcomes. Dental applications demand materials that exhibit high durability, wear resistance, excellent biocompatibility, and efficient thermal management. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward materials capable of effective heat dissipation, particularly in dental thermal interface applications.
Boron nitride has gained considerable interest in the dental field due to its versatile applications. Among its various forms, hexagonal boron nitride (H-BN) has emerged as a promising nanomaterial that fulfills these requirements.
This review aims to comprehensively summarize and critically analyze the current literature regarding the application of hexagonal boron nitride in dentistry. Particular emphasis is placed on its thermal and chemical stability, antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, low density, electrical insulation, and high thermal conductivity, which collectively contribute to its potential in improving the performance and longevity of dental materials.

This article approaches The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead as a novel that renders slavery as a system of racial capitalism instead of condensing it to singular acts of interpersonal savagery. Through close reading with the concepts of the racial capitalism, carceral geography, and spatial power, the paper defines captivity as a recurring production by using designed settings, mobility checks, administrative practices and institutional discourse in the novel. It takes the plantation as the production architecture, South Carolina as politics of medicalized and exhibition-based governance, North Carolina as domestic and civic erasure, Valentine Farm as a flimsy counter-space and the underground railroad as a precarious counter-infrastructure. Combining these sources, one can observe that Whitehead introduces domination as an organization of space, the evolution of history, and material reproduction. The article thus adds a better literature based explanation of how the novel connects slavery, contemporary institutions and constructed environment.

English plays an important role in peoples' lives. Therefore, graduated students proficient in teaching English are required. They have to be capable of understanding and absorbing what they read, enabling them to effectively convey ideas and information to students in schools. Furthermore, linguistic intelligence demonstrates students' ability to understand the meaning of sentences and ideas. Also, it helps them to use language easily and fluently in their daily life. Possessing linguistic intelligence is beneficial for students in their teaching profession. This research aims to determine the relationship between linguistic intelligence and achievement in reading comprehension. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire for linguistic intelligence was prepared, and final student grades in reading comprehension subject for the first semester were relied. The sample consisted of (52) second-year students in English department at Basic Education in University of Misan, Iraq. The results show that the students have an average level of linguistic intelligence. Moreover, the study reveals no statistically significant correlation between linguistic intelligence and academic achievement. Lastly, some recommendations and suggestions for future studies were presented.

The world is turning to alternative energies (wind energy, solar energy, and seawater energy) as eco-friendly and renewable energy. The monthly and seasonal averages of the sea wave energy (i.e., total and characteristic wave energy) were studied in the northwest Arabian Gulf in front of the Iraqi coast in the OUTER BAR. A mathematical analysis was conducted for 3560 wind speed values (2015-2024). The results showed that the total energy of the sea wave was limited between the two values 55.42 and 581.19 (Joules/m2), while the characteristic wave energy was restricted between 102.09 and 2855.87 (Joules/m2). Also, the seasonal wave energy is within the range of 73.84 - 423.53 (Joules/m2), and the seasonal wave energy median is within the range of 116.87-1579.21 (Joules/m2). The standard deviation value σ was also determined, which reflects the extent of energy dispersion around the seasonal peak. The results may provide future insights into how sea structures and barriers are built when these calculations are used appropriately.

This study presents a comprehensive petrophysical evaluation of the Mishrif Formation within the West Qurna-1 Oilfield , utilizing Techlog software (2015) , and data from six key oil wells. Lithological identification via Schlumberger charts , confirmed a limestone-dominant composition with high calcite content. Based on integrated petrophysical log analysis, the Formation was subdivided into three primary reservoir units including (mA, mB1, and mB2) separated by two distinct cap rocks. The evaluation revealed that the mA unit exhibits the highest reservoir quality, followed by mB2, while mB1 showed relatively lower potential. This hierarchical classification provides a fundamental framework for Contracting a robust static reservoir model which is crucial for , enhancing reserve estimation accuracy and optimizing future field development strategies.

Cancer is a genetic disorder primarily caused by several mechanisms, including the activation of oncogenes, the breakdown of tumor suppressor genes, or mutagenesis resulting from external influences. During the latter part of the 20th century, our understanding of cancer biology has advanced remarkably. Currently, we comprehend cancer at the genetic and epigenomic levels, having identified the cell initiating neoplastic transformation and outlined the processes behind tissue invasion. The advancement of diagnostic instruments and therapies through a molecular biological framework enables the implementation of sensitive, noninvasive testing for cancer patients. This knowledge has allowed novel drugs to be designed that act on specific molecular targets, the immune system to be trained and manipulated to increase its efficiency, and ever more effective therapeutic strategies to be developed. The accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of cancer patients' responses to treatment are crucial for optimizing therapy, minimizing adverse effects, and targeting interventions. In this regard, molecular biology has gained significant prominence in oncology. However, we remain distant from achieving victory in the battle against cancer; hence, biomedical research in oncology must persist as a worldwide imperative.

The research dealt with the morpho-tectonic indicators of the Wadi Al-Hay basin and identified the nature of the effectiveness the tectonics activity ,using mathematical equations for the Geomorphological indicators of that Valley , through which it is inferred that tectonic activity occurred in the study area ,based on the Digital Elevation Model(DEM) and the ArcGIS10.8 ,Program. The results of the study appeared within the basin that the region is witnessing Tectonic stability as it is located within the stable platform though the use of several indicators ,namely (AF,T,SL,VF),and the values of the basin were recorded within the low degree and reached (62.38,0.66,400.79,13.102),which indicates a decreases in tectonic activity in the basin area.

The study addressed an environmental assessment of the water of Haditha Dam and lake for the period (2023–2024), located at the geographical coordinates 34°12'26"N – 42°21'17"E. The Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) for drinking water fluctuated: in 2023, the water at the lake’s sampling site and the river’s tail-end site during the combined winter and autumn seasons fell within guideline category II and was classified as Good, whereas during the combined spring and summer seasons it was classified as Fair. In contrast, the water quality for irrigation, livestock consumption, and construction purposes fell within guideline category I Excellent. For drinking-water samples in 2024, summer-season water fell within the Excellent category, whereas the river sample at the dam’s tail-end fell within guideline category II. During winter and spring, the lake and river waters together were within guideline category II, while autumn water quality fell within guideline category III Fair. For all seasons of 2024, the water was classified as Excellent for livestock consumption and for construction uses, and Good (guideline category II) for irrigation purposes.

The present study aims to identify the level of primary school mathematics teachers’ knowledge of constructivist teaching skills from their own perspectives. To achieve the objective of the study, the researchers adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, as it is appropriate for the nature and aims of the research. The study sample consisted of 360 male and female mathematics teachers, representing 30%of the total population.
The research instrument was a questionnaire consisting 52 items distributed across four domains: planning learners’ prior knowledge, teaching and learning activities, classroom environment, and assessment. The instrument was reviewed by a panel of experts to ensure its validity before being administered to a pilot sample, through which validity, reliability, and item analysis were established.
Subsequently, the questionnaire was administered to the main study sample, and the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed that primary school mathematics teachers possessed constructivist teaching skills at a moderate degree.
In light of these findings, the researchers recommend training mathematics teachers on the effective implementation of constructivist theory in teaching through the development of training programs based on constructivist thinking, as well as providing a classroom environment that facilitates the application of these skills. Furthermore, the researchers suggest conducting similar studies to explore the use of constructivist teaching skills in other educational stages and subject areas.

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of teaching based on visual interpretive thinking in developing aesthetic awareness among students of art education, in light of the challenges facing traditional teaching methods that focus on the formal description of artistic elements without delving into the interpretation of their aesthetic meanings. The study is based on the assumption that the artwork represents an open structure subject to interpretation, and that aesthetic meaning is formed through the interaction between the viewer and the artwork. This necessitates the adoption of instructional strategies that enable students to practice analysis, interpretation, and critique.
The study adopted the experimental method using a design of two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with a pre-test and post-test application. The research sample consisted of (81) male and female students from the fourth year in the Department of Art Education, College of Fine Arts, University of Baghdad. The experimental group was taught according to the strategy of visual interpretive thinking, which is based on analyzing and interpreting artworks through dialogue, discussion, and visual contemplation, while the control group was taught using the traditional method.
To achieve the objectives of the study, a scale of aesthetic awareness consisting of (40) items was constructed according to a five-point Likert scale. Its validity and reliability were verified using appropriate statistical methods. The results showed statistically significant differences between the two groups in favor of the experimental group in the post-test, indicating the effectiveness of teaching based on visual interpretive thinking in developing students’ aesthetic awareness.
The results also revealed that this type of teaching contributes to activating higher-order cognitive processes, such as analysis, interpretation, and reconstruction of meaning, and enhances students’ emotional responses to the artwork, compared to traditional methods that are limited to direct reception. This is attributed to the fact that visual interpretive thinking allows students the opportunity to engage deeply with the artwork and to explore the underlying aesthetic relationships within it, which contributes to developing their abilities in artistic appreciation and critique.
The study concludes that adopting teaching based on visual interpretive thinking represents an effective educational approach in developing aesthetic awareness among art education students, as it provides an interactive learning environment based on dialogue, contemplation, and meaning construction, in line with contemporary educational trends that emphasize the role of the learner as an active constructor of knowledge.

This research addresses the issue of relying on linguistic dictionaries in the corrections made by both classical and modern critics. By critics, we mean all those who have practiced linguistic criticism, whether in dedicated works or through occasional critiques within their linguistic writings. The Arabic linguistic dictionary has been a fundamental pillar in combating grammatical errors and preserving the Arabic language since its earliest beginnings, culminating in comprehensive lexicographical encyclopedias. It has thus held a prominent position among critics, both past and present.
Due to the errors and distortions that linguistic dictionaries have suffered over time, as well as the deficiencies in some entries and meanings in early compilations (which have since been addressed), and the rigidity of some authors in accepting linguistic evidence, it has become essential for modern critics to verify all evidence before judging the correctness of linguistic usage.

The goal of this study is to identify the various uses of Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in shaping the communication messages directed to the public and how the audience interacts with these messages. It further explores the extent to which AI contributes to influence and persuasion within the framework of public relations message design, based on this, the study focuses on the following central question: “What is the role of artificial intelligence in generating public communication messages?” The researchers adopted the descriptive approach, which is a type of research methodology aimed at explaining and accurately describing the phenomenon in light of the study variables.
The findings reveal that the research sample used AI applications partially to produce communication messages to the target audience with a frequency of (833) representing (69%), Additionally, the results indicate that video-based reports incorporating AI-generated narration and imagery ranked first among content formats, with a frequency of 800 (66.6%) of the total sample.

This research seeks to uncover the mechanisms of cultural hegemony and the manifestations of resistance in contemporary Libyan narrative through a cultural approach to the novel *Slave Pens* by Libyan novelist Najwa Binshatwan. The novel serves as a narrative model that reveals implicit power structures and their mechanisms of operation within the cultural framework. The research begins with the premise that narrative discourse not only represents reality but also contributes to its production and reshaping through symbolic systems that, on the one hand, reinforce hegemony, and on the other hand, generate forms of resistance.
The research employs the cultural method as a theoretical and procedural framework for uncovering these implicit cultural systems. It draws upon the concepts of cultural hegemony in Antonio Gramsci's work, power and discourse in Michel Foucault's work, and symbolic violence in Pierre Bourdieu's work to analyze how the novel produces patterns of hegemony, particularly ethnic, social, and symbolic hegemony, through narrative representations that contribute to reproducing cultural hierarchies and entrenching subjugated consciousness. The research also reveals manifestations of resistance that appear in multiple forms, including deconstructing the dominant discourse, reclaiming the marginalized self, and reshaping identity as a countercultural practice that seeks to undermine symbolic authority.

The Skeptical Concept of Faith is a descriptive and analytical study that elucidates the logical foundations and principles of the issue of faith. This study, which may be a pioneering work in this field, aims to deconstruct the fundamentals and structures of the issue in order to identify its most prominent transformations from the very beginning till the present day, and to demonstrate its conformity with doctrinal and intellectual principles.
This study employs logical analysis as a means to uncover the logical foundations by which the measure and degree of a person's faith are determined, taking into account the constraints imposed by the doctrinal specificities and their intertwined complexities. Despite the numerous studies that have addressed this topic in Arabic, none have adopted this particular formulation.
One of the most significant challenges the researcher has faced was the accomplishment of the research, which yielded key findings, the most important of which is that the concept of faith is widely considered to be dynamic and relative, subject to increase and decrease based on a person's beliefs, actions, and experiences.

This study is of particular importance as it sheds light on an aspect of international politics during a pivotal historical period that marked the beginning of a new chapter in international relations. The United States played a decisive and influential role in shaping global events and in achieving international stability and balance both worldwide and within North America specifically.
The study aims to examine how American participation in World War I affected bilateral relations with Canada and to explore the nature of these relations following the United States’ entry into the war. The U.S. decision to join the Allied Powers in April 1917 represented a turning point in international history, not only by tipping the scales in favor of the Allies against the Central Powers but also by redefining the nature of U.S.–Canadian relations.
At that time, Canada remained politically tied to the British Empire, and the United States’ involvement in the war influenced every dimension of bilateral relations economic, military, and diplomatic. Furthermore, it fostered greater opportunities for direct interaction and cooperation between the two nations, reduced Canada’s complete dependence on Britain, and paved the way for a gradual evolution toward independence in Canadian foreign policy in the post-war era.

among students of the Art Education Department in the Colleges of Basic Education. It seeks to understand how visual perceptual levels influence students’ capacity to interpret and analyze visual content within artistic contexts. The researcher adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology with a mixed-methods approach. The research population consisted of Art Education students, and the sample included 180 male and female students during the 2024–2025 academic year, ensuring curricular homogeneity. Data were collected through a standardized Visual Perception Scale and an Image-Reading Skills Test, both designed with purely artistic content to link cognitive processing with creative analysis.
Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation ($r = 0.78, p < 0.001$) between visual perception levels and image-reading skills. The findings indicate that students who achieved higher scores on the visual perception scale demonstrated significantly better performance on the test for interpreting artistic elements, understanding compositional relationships, and analyzing symbolic content. The research concludes that visual perception constitutes a fundamental cognitive basis that influences the development of advanced image-reading competencies, which demands a recommendation to enhance and support it sensory and visually within art education contexts.

The study examines ʿIlm al-Rijāl (the Science of Narrators) as one of the most important disciplines of ḥadīth studies, specializing in the investigation of narrators’ conditions and in distinguishing between narrations that are accepted and those that are rejected. The research presents several definitions of ʿIlm al-Rijāl, all of which agree that it concerns itself with the identity of the narrator and the attributes that affect the acceptance or rejection of a ḥadīth, such as integrity (ʿadālah), reliability (thiqah), precision in transmission (ḍabṭ), and weakness (ḍaʿf).
The study further clarifies that this discipline aims at attaining knowledge of the Sunnah of the Infallible Imams (peace be upon them), determining the evidentiary value of solitary reports (khabar al-wāḥid), as well as identifying the reliability of narrators and the continuity of chains of transmission. The research also addresses the issues and subjects of this science, explaining its relationship with other ḥadīth sciences, such as Dirāyah al-Ḥadīth, biographical studies (tarājim), and history.
Moreover, the study emphasizes that ʿIlm al-Rijāl occupies a fundamental position among the Islamic sciences, since both fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and uṣūl al-fiqh (legal theory) depend upon it in the derivation of legal rulings and in distinguishing authentic ḥadīths from weak ones through the examination of narrators and chains of transmission according to precise principles and methodological standards.

This study aims to measure the effectiveness of the Think Silently” strategy on academic achievement and scientific processes among first-grade intermediate students in Biology. The experimental method was employed, using a partially controlled experimental design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control). A total of 62 students participated in the study after excluding those who had previously failed. The experimental group studied the subject using the "Think-Pair-Share" strategy, while the control group was taught using traditional methods. Research tools included an achievement test and a scientific processes test, both of which were validated and verified for reliability statistically. The results revealed a statistically significant difference at the (0.05) significance level between the mean scores of the two groups in favor of the experimental group in both academic achievement and scientific processes levels, with large effect sizes for both variables. This superiority is attributed to the fact that the "Think-Pair-Share" strategy is based on active learning, enhances effective student participation, develops higher-order thinking skills, and strengthens self-directed and systematic knowledge construction. The researcher recommends employing this strategy in science teaching due to its positive impact on improving academic performance and developing scientific processes.

The research entitled (Performance as an Evolutionary Manifestation of Perspectival Representation) included Four chapters. The first chapter represented the Researc methodology , which contained the research problem, its importance, aims , Scope of the Study : spatial limits , Temporal Limits , and the definition of terms. The second chapter consisted of three sections. The first section dealt with linear perspective and the challenge of representing depth and spatial dimension. The second section addressed the shortcomings of geometric perspective representation and the foundations of the transition towards emotion as a gradual progression of performance. It also contained subheadings that included the intellectual and technical foundations of the perspective transition towards performance.
One of them dealt with the change in the Trsnsformation of the human essence and its reflection in the formally formulated visible entities, while the other title highlighted the formative space as a modified perception site. As for the third section, it dealt with the partial manifestation of performance in modern arts such as Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, and later modern arts such as Abstraction, Cubism and Dadaism. Then it touched upon the explicit manifestation of the performance element in postmodern art as a tool and material structure for the artwork that possesses aesthetic values different from traditional values, which we find in abstract expressionism and minimalist art. As a discourse aimed at achieving pragmatic Dispatch , as in event art, composition, and street art. The third include the Analysis of three Works .And the Fourth chapter addressed the research findings, which answered the research objectives by demonstrating how to justify the evolutionary consideration of perspective in its manifestations toward performance, followed by conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions

thinking, professional agency, and academic transition shock among newly appointed university instructors. It also sought to identify the significance of differences in future thinking, professional agency, and academic transition shock among newly appointed instructors according to the variables of gender, specialization (scientific/humanities), and graduation institution (universities inside the region vs. outside the region). Furthermore, the study aimed to determine the correlational relationship between future thinking and academic transition shock among newly appointed instructors, as well as the relationship between professional agency and academic transition shock. In addition, the study investigated the extent to which future thinking and professional agency contribute to academic transition shock among newly appointed instructors. The researcher adopted the predictive correlational approach. The research sample consisted of (250) male and female instructors holding Master’s or PhD degrees at Salahaddin University-Erbil whose years of service did not exceed three years. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher constructed three scales: Future Thinking Scale consisting of (5) domains and (30) items, Professional Agency Scale consisting of (4) domains and (25) items, and Academic Transition Shock Scale consisting of (5) domains and (20) items. The items were formulated as situations derived from the university professional environment. The psychometric properties of the three scales were verified, and the data were analyzed using the statistical program (SPSS). The study reached the following results: future thinking, professional agency, and academic transition shock among newly appointed instructors were found to be high. There were no statistically significant differences in future thinking according to gender and specialization, whereas there was a statistically significant difference according to graduation institution in favor of universities outside the region. There was a statistically significant difference in professional agency according to gender in favor of males, while no statistically significant differences were found according to specialization and graduation institution. There were statistically significant differences in academic transition shock according to gender in favor of females, specialization in favor of humanities disciplines, and graduation institution in favor of universities inside the region.The findings also revealed a statistically significant negative correlational relationship between future thinking and academic transition shock, as well as between professional agency and academic transition shock. Moreover, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between future thinking, professional agency, and academic transition shock. Future thinking and professional agency were found to have a statistically significant negative contribution to academic transition shock. In light of the findings, the researcher presented several recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aimed to identify the effect of an instructional program based on the Van Hiele model in developing visual culture of contemporary arts among students of the Department of Art Education. To achieve this, the researcher adopted the experimental method with a design based on two equivalent groups (experimental and control). A sample of (60) male and female students was selected from a research population of (332) first-year students in the Department of Art Education, College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriyah University.
To measure this effect, the researcher developed a visual culture test consisting of (20) items, which was administered before and after the application of the instructional program. The findings revealed that the program had a significant effect in enhancing the visual culture of the students in the subject of contemporary arts.
Based on this, the most important conclusion reached by the researcher is that the Van Hiele model stimulated students’ abilities to perceive ideas, exchange opinions, acquire knowledge and understanding, and consolidate information in their minds, thereby producing individuals capable of inference. Accordingly, the researcher recommended adopting the instructional program based on the Van Hiele model in teaching contemporary art trends to first-year students in the Department of Art Education, College of Basic Education, University of Misan. The researcher also suggested conducting a correlational study to examine the relationship between academic achievement and visual culture among students of the Colleges of Fine Arts in Iraq

Natural and human geographical factors represent some of the most important aspects affecting the cultivation of agricultural crops, including field crops. The production and quality of any agricultural crop are determined by the nature of the surface, the prevailing climate and its various elements, soil characteristics, and water resources, in addition to human factors that play a significant role in agricultural expansion, improving both the quantity and quality of production, and providing suitable conditions for cultivation. The interaction of these factors clearly contributes to determining the spatial variation of field crop cultivation among different regions, and their availability constitutes the foundation of agricultural success. Maysan Governorate is one of the southern governorates of Iraq known for its agricultural production. It is distinguished by the cultivation of various agricultural crops of economic importance and possesses geographical potentials that contribute to the development of the agricultural sector if properly utilized, particularly with regard to its suitable climate and diverse soils. The study revealed that the soils along the banks of the Tigris River are the most suitable for cultivation due to their ease of drainage. It was also found that the waters of the Tigris River play an essential role in irrigating agricultural lands, in addition to the importance of labor force in carrying out agricultural operations. Accordingly, the research examines the geographical factors in Maysan Governorate and identifies their impact on the cultivation of field crops. The study focuses on wheat, barley, Shlab (rice) , and maize, with special attention given to the effect of these factors on the variation in cultivated areas and production among the administrative units, which consist of six districts and nine sub-districts within the study area. The research also seeks to identify the necessary strategies for developing and improving agricultural production efficiency.

The present study, entitled " Intellectual Reform in the First Hijri Century (The Protest of the Companions in Defense of the Legitimacy of the Caliphate of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon hem) in 11 AH / 632 CE as a Model)", examines the emergence of reformist thought in early Islamic society in light of the political transformation that followed the death of the Prophet.These transformations gave rise to significant debate concerning the legitimacy of the caliphate and the means of preserving the unity and stability of the Muslim community. The study is grounded in the central hypothesis that the positions adopted by certain Companions in defense of the caliphate of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) represented an early expression of reformist consciousness. This consciousness sought to safeguard the principle of religious and political legitimacy, to consolidate the values of justice, and to regulate the concept of political authority on the basis of prophetic texts and the ethical and epistemological foundations upon which the Islamic community was established during the prophetic era. These protests emerged within a highly sensitive social and political context, particularly during the meeting at Saqifat Bani Sa'idah, where the caliph was selected through consultation and consensus. This event generated extensive discussion regarding the extent to which this process aligned with the Prophet’s directives concerning the future leadership of the Muslim community. The study adopts a historical analytical approach by examining textual and historical reports documenting the speeches of protest and defense, and by analyzing their intellectual and political dimensions within their temporal and social contexts. It also employs a comparative critical method to assess the various positions of the Companions, with the aim of uncovering the reformist dimensions embedded in those positions and their relationship to the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid al-shari'ah), particularly in preserving religion and communal unity. The findings indicate that reformist thought in the first Hijri century was not merely theoretical; rather, it was manifested in practical stances taken by certain Companions in defense of the principle of the priority of Ahl al-Bayt in leadership, and in opposition to any deviation that might have led to political instability or fragmentation of the Muslim community. The results further demonstrate that the discourse of protest at that time exhibited clear reformist features, including the the call to restore rights to their rightful holders, warnings against internal strife (fitnah), emphasis on unity, and the need to confront the ambitions of enemies of the Muslim ummah.