AL Ghary Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences

Integrating environmental dimensions into the economic policies adopted by economic policymakers has become essential, given the depletion of resources and the deterioration of the economic environment in Iraq. Traditional national accounts are no longer a tool for evaluating economic activities in the country, but rather a tool for forecasting and formulating economic policy, and determining the country's economic position, after integrating environmental considerations environmental deterioration and resource depletion and removing them from national accounts, to be more credible and objective. This requires correcting the economic growth indicator in Iraq to be consistent with sustainability, so that it addresses the devastation and imbalance in the social and economic environment

The study aimed to know the role of applying artificial intelligence techniques in enhancing electronic auditing and its impact on the quality of auditing, and to know how to apply artificial intelligence by auditors during the auditing process procedures by the researched companies. To achieve this goal, the research relied on the inductive approach by designing a questionnaire as a tool for collecting data. (120) questionnaires were distributed randomly in the operating companies. Its analysis relied on several statistical methods and outputs of the IBM SPSS Statistics program. The most important findings of the study are that there is a positive relationship and strong influence between artificial intelligence technologies, electronic auditing, and audit quality. The integration of artificial intelligence technologies with electronic auditing greatly enhances the efficiency and reliability of audit quality. Based on the research results, a number of recommendations were presented regarding the need for universities to develop academic study programs that are compatible with the business environment, to increase the scientific qualifications of auditors and develop their capabilities, so that courses are developed to be compatible with the widespread and extensive use of information technology in various aspects of life, especially in the business environment.

This research aims to assess the compatibility of current accounting education with labor market standards and requirements, in light of rapid economic and technological transformations. The research addresses the gap between academic accounting curricula and labor market needs by analyzing the opinions of employers, graduates, and professionals in the field.
A research methodology combining quantitative and qualitative analysis was used, using questionnaires and interviews with a diverse sample of stakeholders. The research found an urgent need to develop curricula to include modern technical skills such as electronic accounting systems and data analysis, in addition to enhancing graduates' practical and applied skills.
The research recommends establishing partnerships between universities and labor market institutions, and regularly updating curricula to keep pace with professional developments. This contributes to improving graduates' efficiency and meeting labor market needs more effectively.

The Main objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of conventional monetary policy instruments on private investment in Iraq over the period 2005–2023 using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results indicate a long-term equilibrium relationship between private investment and monetary policy variables in Iraq. When estimating the parameters, the broad money supply (M2) was the only monetary variable with a significant impact on long-term investment. In the short term, the most effective monetary variables influencing private investment were broad money supply, legal reserve requirements, and the interest rate (policy rate). However, the other monetary variables included in the model had no significant impact on private investment in Iraq, whether in the long or short term. The researcher recommended improving and developing the management of monetary policy instruments to enhance their role in stimulating private investment in Iraq and raising the level of monetary policy in managing the Iraqi banking system. He also recommended giving the banking system a role in international and regional transactions to increase its efficiency in encouraging investment.

The research aims to highlight the role of Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) in managing the value chain of Iraqi economic units, given the importance of keeping pace with the requirements of the competitive business environment, as traditional methods of cost allocation are no longer sufficient to reflect the complexity of industrial operations and the interconnection of activities.
The study focused on analyzing how TDABC can be used to measure the costs of value chain activities, starting from supplies and production processes to marketing and after-sales services, enabling management to identify activities that add value to customers and support the company’s competitive advantage. The research also seeks to build a conceptual framework that clarifies the relationship between TDABC and value chain management.
The research adopted the descriptive-analytical method in the theoretical aspect to explain concepts and relationships, and the applied method in the practical aspect through a case study at Al-Najaf Garment Factory as the research sample, in order to measure the feasibility of applying TDABC to the value chain in an actual Iraqi industrial environment.
The study concluded that integrating TDABC with the value chain contributes to enhancing the accuracy of cost measurement, improving decision-making, and directing resources toward value-adding activities for managing the value chain, thus achieving better utilization of production capacities for industrial companies.

In this work, a rigorous comparative analysis of five machine learning to choose which of them best ensemble models are AdaBoost, GB, CatBoost, XGBoost, and LightGB, was performed on four varying data partitioning schemes (from 70-30 to 85-15 train-test splits) for maximizing clinical risk stratification. The sample consisted of (1000) ST-segment abnormal patients, received from Shar Hospital in Sulaymaniyah City's. The dataset included age, gender, smoking status, hypertension, chronic cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypothyroidism. Chi-square test revealed substantial correlations among the predictor variables. The five boosting models were subsequently trained and tested under a range of data-splitting regimes, with performance metrics in terms of accuracy, F1-score, recall, and precision. Computational protocols were executed by using Python programming Results: by using Chi-square test get significant correlation between ST-segment and each of Age, Hypertension, Chronic Cardiovascular and Dyslipidemia. After that best Algorithm is AdaBoost performed best discriminatively, with a highly good F1-score of (0.8839) and maximum flawless recall (1.000) at (75-25) train-test split in all experiments. Feature Importance: Age was the strongest predictor, which reaffirms its prognostic value in ST-segment related pathology.

This study examines the social legacy of Imam al-Husayn and Imam al-‘Abbas (peace be upon them) and its influence on tourist behavior, with a particular focus on the Arbaeen pilgrimage as a field model for visitors’ interaction with this social and religious heritage. The research aims to explore the causal relationship between the dimensions of this social legacy represented in the customs and popular traditions associated with the two Imams and the positive social behavior of tourists, by analyzing how such practices foster shared values and social communication during participation in religious events. The study adopted a field-based methodology consisting of interviews and questionnaires to ensure direct data collection from tourists and participants in the Arbaeen pilgrimage, followed by social analysis to uncover the nature of the relationship between social heritage and tourist behavior. The findings reveal that the popular traditions associated with the two Imams effectively contribute to strengthening social bonds among visitors and encourage positive behaviors such as cooperation and mutual respect. Moreover, the study highlights the scarcity of prior research addressing the impact of the social legacy of Imam al-Husayn and Imam al-‘Abbas on tourist behavior, underscoring the need for further field studies to better understand the role of this legacy in guiding the social and cultural conduct of tourists during religious occasions.

his research aims to understand the role of technological management in designing the production process at Ur General Company for Engineering Industries. Process design is one of the most important variables that require continuous development in industrial organizations in general, and therefore requires technological management capabilities to keep pace with development. Accordingly, a validated questionnaire was prepared to measure the study variables and distributed to a sample of 275 participants from the engineers and technicians of the cables and aluminum departments. The staff of these two departments represent the study population (after excluding departments unrelated to process design). After excluding questionnaires that were not suitable for statistical analysis, 260 questionnaires were used in the statistical analysis. A set of statistical tests were conducted using Smart PLS V.4, SPSS version 24, Excel 2016, and the study showed a significant positive impact of technological management on the design of the production process. In view of these results, they indicate the development of the role of technological management in the organization to ensure development and improvement in the design of the production process. One of the most important recommendations that were presented is the necessity of enhancing work according to technological management (more than it is) in the organization under study (Ur General Company for Engineering Industries) for the departments of cables and aluminum in order to enhance performance, speed, and productivity.

Purpose: This study aims to identify the level of quality of Islamic banking services provided by the National Islamic Bank in Najaf Governorate from the customer's point of view. The importance of the study stems from the fact that it addresses the issue of quality of Islamic banking services. Such a study is necessary to provide an information base on customer evaluation of the level of quality of expected and actual services and the degree of satisfaction with these services, as they are characterized by stereotypes, which prompted banks, especially Islamic banks, to pay attention to the quality of services they provide to meet customer requirements and achieve a competitive advantage, and to provide these services in accordance with Islamic law, which adds another dimension and distinguishes them from other banks whose profitability is the basic principle in their formation.
Methodology / Design: The study sample consisted of customers of the National Islamic Bank, who were randomly selected using several statistical methods. The results and hypotheses were analyzed and tested. The most important findings were a positive assessment of the actual and expected quality of banking services, as well as variations in the relative importance customers place on their evaluation of the quality of Islamic banking services.
Results: The study concluded that banking management should develop practical programs to develop the expertise and competencies of employees with the aim of providing the best services to customers. In addition, it should adopt advanced marketing techniques, particularly customer relationship management, to obtain detailed information about customers, particularly their requirements and preferences, and then provide them with appropriate services.

This study examined the socioeconomic implications of fuel subsidy removal on household welfare and SMEs investment in emerging economies, with particular reference to Nigeria. The study specifically investigated the effects of subsidy removal on household income, consumption expenditure, cost of living, SME operational costs, business sustainability, inflationary pressures, and poverty conditions. A survey research design was adopted, while primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 350 households and 50 SME operators across selected local government areas in Lagos State and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The findings revealed that fuel subsidy removal significantly increased transportation costs (Mean = 4.583), general living expenses (Mean = 4.421), and SME operational costs (Mean = 4.648). Regression results showed that fuel price increases (β = 0.587, p < 0.05), transportation costs (β = 0.441, p < 0.05), and inflationary pressures (β = 0.728, p < 0.05) had significant positive effects on socioeconomic hardship, while mitigation policies had a significant negative effect (β = -0.356, p < 0.05). The ANOVA result further indicated significant differences in welfare outcomes across respondent categories (F = 21.483, p < 0.05). The study concluded that although fuel subsidy removal may improve fiscal sustainability, it generates severe short-term welfare and investment challenges for households and SMEs in emerging economies. The study therefore recommended targeted social protection measures, SME support programs, public transportation investment, and improved electricity infrastructure to mitigate the adverse socioeconomic consequences of subsidy reforms.

The research aims to examine the impact and correlation between the independent variable occupational safety and the dependent variable sustainable performance as well as the mediating variable a green environment. The effective implementation of occupational safety systems can lead to a significant reduction in accident rates and worker injuries, which undoubtedly has a direct impact on their productivity and the quality of the product. The research seeks to answer the question: "The role of occupational safety practices in achieving sustainable performance: with the mediation of achieving a green environment."
The research adopted the descriptive-analytical approach as its methodology, using a questionnaire model that was randomly distributed to senior and middle management employees. The questionnaire covered the three main dimensions of the study: occupational safety, sustainable performance, and green environment. Several statistical methods were used, including means, standard deviations, confirmatory factor analysis, impact testing, and other statistical techniques.
The most important conclusion reached by the research is the existence of a statistically significant correlation and impact of occupational safety practices on sustainable performance, mediated by the role of the green environment.

This study aimed to assess the impact of digital transformation on enhancing the efficiency of administrative governance in Iraqi public institutions, with a focus on the moderating role of service quality. The study was conducted on a population consisting of employees and managers from three public institutions in Baghdad: the Ministry of Health, the Directorate of Passports and Nationality, and the Municipality of Baghdad. Data were collected from a stratified random sample of 207 individuals. The research employed a Mixed Methods approach, whereby quantitative data were gathered through an electronic questionnaire and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Analytical techniques included linear regression, hierarchical regression to test the moderating effect, as well as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results revealed a statistically significant positive effect of digital transformation on governance efficiency. Additionally, the study found that service quality plays a strong moderating role. Based on these findings, the study recommends that public institutions adopt a comprehensive digital transformation model that balances technical, organizational, and cultural dimensions and links its projects to performance indicators focused on service quality. Furthermore, policymakers are urged to review and update legislative frameworks to support digital integration and strengthen the infrastructure to enhance the quality of services provided to citizens.

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Purpose: The current study aims to understand leadership capital and its impact on superior entrepreneurial performance through magical thinking and the Moderator role of the overlapping waves strategy.
Design/Methodology: The study problem was defined by a number of questions, the most important of which was (How can leadership capital be activated in Iraqi private universities through unconventional tools such as magical thinking and the waves strategy, to achieve superior entrepreneurial performance that keeps pace with modern requirements)? The number of questionnaires distributed reached (125). After sorting and verifying the data, the number of questionnaires valid for analysis reached (120).
Results: The study reached several results, the most important of which was that leadership capital does not operate in isolation from the cognitive or strategic environment. Rather, its effectiveness is enhanced through magical thinking that liberates entrepreneurial imagination, and an overlapping waves strategy that the path toward superior performance.

This study aims to examine the impact of adopting good governance strategies on enhancing organizational agility within the structures of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach using a questionnaire to gather the opinions of security leaders in the Ministry of Interior / Police Affairs Agency. A sample of 100 security leaders was surveyed. Good governance was treated as the independent variable, encompassing the key dimensions of transparency, accountability, justice, integrity, and participation, whereas organizational agility represented the dependent (unidimensional) variable. The findings revealed a significant positive impact of the dimensions of good governance on strengthening organizational agility by improving adaptability to risks, ensuring continuity of security performance, and increasing responsiveness to emerging challenges.
Conclusions: Good governance serves as a pivotal factor in achieving organizational agility by fostering employee trust, ensuring procedural clarity, and enhancing institutional efficiency and readiness.
Recommendation: Broader implementation of good governance dimensions is advised, alongside the development of oversight and transparency systems, and the adoption of training programs to enhance the competencies of security leaders, thereby supporting agility in responding to evolving threats

The purpose of the current research is to identify the conceptual and intellectual foundations of the variables of leadership traits and institutional performance, diagnose their levels in the presidency of Al-Kufa University, and test the correlation and impact relationships between them. The research problem lies in the existence of a disparity in institutional performance levels due to the variation in the efficiency of leadership traits among administrative leaders. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical method by describing the intellectual contents of its variables and designing its scale based on the literature and previous studies. The questionnaire form was adopted as the main tool for data collection, consisting of (40) items distributed across the main and sub-variables. It was distributed to a random sample of (300) questionnaires, of which (170) valid questionnaires for statistical analysis were retrieved from the research population of (822) individuals working in the Presidency of the University of Kufa. The research relied on the statistical program (SPSS V.27) to test its hypotheses related to correlation and influence relationships. The research concluded that leadership traits directly contribute to improving institutional performance

This research aims to analyze the phenomenon of dollarization in Iraq for the period (2005-2025) and measure its impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy. The research was based on descriptive and standard methods, using the multiple linear regression model and the self-regression vector model (VAR), based on the data of the Central Bank of Iraq. The descriptive results showed that the dollarization rate reached (123.32%) in 2025, exceeding the 100% barrier as of 2023, indicating the transformation of the economy towards almost complete dollarization, while the standard analysis revealed that the dollarization coefficient was statistically insignificant, which means there is no confirmed effect of dollarization on inflation, while the interest rate showed a direct and significant relationship with inflation reflecting the disruption of the traditional interest channel, and the exchange rate was the research recommended restoring confidence in the dinar, restructuring the interest rate to make it real positive, reducing the gap between the official and parallel exchange rates, and enhancing coordination Between fiscal and monetary policy.

The current research helped to identify the extent of the impact of the screen for all companies in reducing financial migration and in order to achieve the research objectives and answer its questions, its advertisements are a special research in a company registered in the Iraq Stock Exchange, as a research was created from (10) private commercial banks for a period of (2014-2023), and its data was actually collected. You can determine the official sites of the Iraq Stock Exchange and the Securities Commission, and a group of settlements were not researched that focused on identifying the independent variable impact of corporate penetration in the dependent variable of financial fragility, for everyone about that problem related to the questions related to the research to achieve the main goal of the tank coordination link and influence between the variables, and the various research formats were measured completely, as the independent variable for membership was measured only companies extended by the mechanism of the size of the board of directors through the extent of knowledge of what can be done to know the methods of the number of board members for each year for smart banks. Research, as well as the structure of its types (administrative ownership - ownership - affiliate - private translation - government answer - foreign government - concentrated ownership - dispersed ownership - relative concentration of ownership - ownership Freehold) by dividing the number of shares owned by each type of structure by the total company name, and the variable of financial fragility was measured using the Z-Score model of 1995 known as the (Zeta 3) model, in addition to using some specific types using the (SPSS v.27) program and reached a group of the most important of which is that the structure contributes to calculating financial fragility, one of the main members in reducing conflicts of interest between participants, as it participates in other companies on opportunistic controls for management through a group of white mechanisms that provide protection for registered investors and prevent the failure of partial companies conflict between members between many and managers, as it is the most important reasons for activating membership by members of the oversight of financial subscriptions, and the need to pay attention to reducing levels of financial fragility by calculating reliance on the student account.

The global oil sector has witnessed significant developments since the beginning of the current century, marked by the growing role of artificial intelligence in the oil industry at all levels, from exploration and drilling, drilling operations, oil extraction, transportation, refining, marketing, and downstream industries, and subsequently in global and local oil markets. Its role is not limited to the oil sector, which is specific to each country, but rather encompasses the entire oil sector and global oil markets.
This research aims to analyze the motivations and justifications for the development of this technology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, its impact on the Saudi oil sector, and its role in the international market, focusing on the economic and strategic dimensions of these developments.
The research also addresses the growing role of artificial intelligence applications in the oil sector, particularly the oil extraction sector, and its impact on price determination, as well as its implications for market stability and the future of the Saudi economy. The research relies on a descriptive and analytical approach supported by statistical data and international reports. It concludes that artificial intelligence applications have become a crucial element in the dynamics of oil industry development, but they require further regulation, scientific advancement, and investment in scientific research to ensure their comprehensive efficiency.

This study aims to analyze the role of exceptional leadership in enhancing digital marketing tools within the general directorates of the administratively autonomous city of Zakho in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The shift towards a digital environment has become a fundamental requirement for the success of modern organizations. Leadership with a broad vision, the ability to motivate, flexibility, and innovation has become a crucial factor in developing digital practices and improving the effectiveness of adopted marketing tools.
The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach by reviewing the theoretical literature, in addition to using a questionnaire tool to collect data in a random manner. The sample included managers and marketing employees in the general directorates studied that adopt digital marketing within their marketing activities. The study also considered superior leadership, with its dimensions of self-empowerment, self-leadership, self-efficacy, and self-regulation, as the independent variable, and digital marketing, with its dimensions of social media, email, content design, and e-commerce, as the dependent variable. Within an analytical framework aimed at identifying the nature of the statistical relationships between the two variables, several main and sub-hypotheses were formulated to test the relationship between them. A range of analytical statistical methods were employed, including Pearson's correlation coefficient, simple and multiple correlation coefficients, and simple and multiple regression coefficients. The study's results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between superior leadership and the enhancement of digital marketing tools, thus confirming the impact of superior leadership dimensions on the development of these tools. The results also showed that integrating the dimensions of effective leadership contributes to improving organizations' marketing performance and differentiating them from their competitors, thereby enhancing their chances of success and achieving their strategic goals. The study concluded with a number of proposals and implementation mechanisms that would support organizations in strengthening their digital capabilities and developing their marketing practices.

The civil aviation sector is a pillar of economic growth strategy due to its effective role in facilitating commercial operations and expanding tourism services, in addition to providing job opportunities. In rentier economies such as Iraq, where oil is the main source of income, it is important to stimulate non-oil sectors, particularly aviation services, in order to strengthen the balance of payments' capacity to achieve comprehensive economic diversification. The objective of this study is to analyse the structural and financial framework of the civil aviation sector in Iraq during the period (2015-2024) and assess its ability to sustainably support the balance of payments.
This study uses a mixed analytical framework combining the SWOT and TOPSIS methods, in addition to multi-criteria decision-making tools based on the Python language (PY Decision). Quantitative indicators based on passenger traffic, air cargo volume and aviation revenues were extracted using official data from the Central Bank of Iraq, the Ministry of Transport and international aviation organisations, The research findings regarding the balance of payments are as follows:
The research findings show that the aviation sector is strategically important as a catalyst for improving Iraq's external balance, particularly the services account in the balance of payments. Unlike rentier exports, aviation services—such as passenger transport, cargo logistics, and flight operations—generate foreign cash flows that are less dependent on commodity price cycles and more resilient to global demand fluctuations.
Simulation analysis shows that digital transformation (alternative B) emerges as the most effective measure, capable of increasing aviation revenues by 25% and reducing the services account deficit by up to 40% by 2030.
These gains can be achieved by improving transaction transparency, enhancing ticketing and shipping processes, and reducing foreign currency leakage through domestic services. In addition, regulatory reforms (Alternative D) complement this scenario by addressing structural deficiencies and improving regulatory responsiveness.

This research seeks to provide a philosophical framework for the role of brands in reducing customer stress from a marketing perspective and by using many Arabic and English researches and studies in order to achieve the study objectives and provide answers to its questions, which are as follows:
1. What is the concept of a brand?
2. What is the importance of brands in the business context?
3. What is meant by purchasing decisions?
4. What is the concept of customer stress?
5. What are the policies for reducing customer stress?
6.What is the role of brands in reducing customer stress?
The study attempted to reach logical answers to the study questions by seeking to provide a conceptual framework for the brand and highlighting its importance in the business context, discussing the topic of the consumer's purchase decision and the concept of customer stress, which is a new topic in marketing literature, and its importance in the strategic orientation towards simplification in marketing, and discussing the necessary policies to reduce customer stress by evaluating the vital role of the brand in this field.

This research aims to explore how strategic management contributes to addressing environmental challenges in marketing and its role in reducing the risks associated with marketing decisions. The study is based on a problem related to the effectiveness of management strategies in facing and overcoming environmental challenges through enhancing marketing flexibility and sustainable innovation. The research relies on the descriptive analytical inductive approach, through a review of relevant literature in order to understand the relationship between strategic management and environmental challenges in marketing. The results showed that strategic management plays a pivotal role in confronting environmental challenges and achieving a competitive advantage through flexible policies, effective planning, innovation, and digital transformation. The study recommends the necessity of adopting comprehensive environmental strategies and directing resources toward environmental innovation. Enhancing strategic flexibility and involving stakeholders also strengthen the institutions’ ability to adapt and achieve desired outcomes.

The current research aims to uncover the relationship and impact between digital creativity as an independent variable and sustainable competitive advantage as a dependent variable, and to demonstrate the direct and indirect impact on long-term competitiveness in today\'s business environment, characterized by rapid change and continuous technological development. The research relied on a descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire as the primary means of obtaining data and information from the surveyed companies operating in the technology and electronics sector (Al-alrusnCompany, alsaebariCompany, Bawabat Al-Saad Company, United Company, SMS Company, and Al-Amir Computers Company). The research sample consisted of (63) employees from these companies. The research adopted a purposive sampling method and a comprehensive survey, and adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to understand the opinions of those working in this field. The research results showed that digital creativity contributes significantly to the development of products and services, improves customer experience, and accelerates innovation processes, thus achieving a sustainable competitive advantage that is difficult for competitors to imitate or surpass. The research recommends that the surveyed companies adopt a culture of digital innovation, enhance technological infrastructure, and encourage research and development to ensure sustainable competitiveness in local markets.

The current research studied the impact of financial strategy, with its financial indicators (debt-to-equity ratio, tangible assets ratio, and dividend payout ratio), on performance growth, measured by its three indicators (return on capital employed, return on assets, and earnings per share), for a sample of cement manufacturing companies listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange. The research population consisted of a group of cement manufacturing companies whose shares were listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange (EGX) for the period 2009-2024. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the means, variance, and standard deviation of the research indicators to understand the nature of the data. Inferential statistics were used to draw relevant conclusions. Consequently, diagnostic tests were conducted using EViews-12 software to determine the suitability of the estimation method used to test the research hypotheses. Hausman's test was used to determine whether the Fixed Effect, Random Effect, or Pooled Ordinary Least Squares estimation technique was the most appropriate for the model. The relationship between the indicators was also tested and analyzed statistically and quantitatively using cross-sectional time data analysis. To better characterize the data, the Lagrangian Multiplier Test was performed on three models: pooled ordinary least squares, fixed random least squares, and so on, to select the best model. The results of these tests suggested the necessity of adopting a random effects model for the sample data and testing the hypotheses based on these results. The results also revealed that financial strategy measures had a significant impact on the performance growth of the studied companies. The research concluded that financial strategy indicators affect the performance growth of the studied companies, either individually or collectively.

This research aims to identify the reality of the impact of digital marketing in enhancing the marketing capacity of the National Insurance Company's producers in Iraq. The importance of the research lies in the company's reliance on modern technology and electronic marketing in enhancing marketing capacity and achieving adaptation to market variables, which enhances its competitiveness and sustainability in the insurance sector .he research relied on the descriptive analytical approach, where the opinions of a sample of (20) individuals from the National Insurance Company's producers in Iraq were surveyed, using a questionnaire consisting of several paragraphs distributed over two axes: digital marketing, marketing capacity.
The research reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which was that the results showed that digital marketing greatly enhances the company's ability to attract new customers, as there was broad agreement that digital advertising and social media platforms increase awareness and improve the company's image .The results also showed that digital marketing enhances customer interaction with insurance services, especially through digital campaigns and innovative user experience strategies, which contributes to increasing interest and continuing interaction. The research recommended the need to increase investments in digital advertising campaigns through social media platforms and search engines to reach wider segments of potential customers.

Banks are a double-edged sword that may play a prominent and vital role in mobilizing savings, financing economic activities, and driving economic growth and development. On the other hand, inefficient bank management may be a factor causing financial crises at the local or global levels. The research problem has crystallized around the efficiency of the banking sector and its impact on the trading volume index, and attempts to answer the following question: Does banking efficiency have an impact on the trading volume index of the banks in the study sample? And what is the extent of that impact? To achieve the research objective, panel data regression models were used due to their special importance in increasing the number of observations, which allows for reaching more reliable standard results. In addition, they gain great importance as they take into account the effect of time changes and the effect of the difference between cross-sectional units equally. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: Market indicators are a function of supply and demand in securities markets. The most important characteristic of the supply and demand mechanism for traded stocks is that it is largely influenced by information received by investors regarding the expected future returns of joint-stock banks, as well as the economic, political, and security conditions that Iraq has witnessed since the establishment of the financial market. Panel data models showed that the random effects model (REM) is the appropriate model for estimating the impact of investment efficiency and loan efficiency on the trading volume of the Iraqi banks included in the study sample listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period (2016-2023). However, the study hypotheses indicating the existence of a significant positive relationship between (investment efficiency and loan efficiency) on (trading volume) for banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period (2016-2023) were not proven, according to statistical theory.

The problem of student dropout is one of the most significant challenges facing the educational process today. Furthermore, choosing an accurate statistical method to reduce this phenomenon is one of the most essential and necessary measures for decision-makers in mitigating it. This research aims to apply the bayesian hierarchical method with adaptive Lasso to identify the most significant factors influencing student dropout rates in secondery schools. Adaptive Lasso is crucial for model interpretation and improving prediction accuracy. Furthermore, the Bayesian approach combined with this technique facilitates accurate estimations by incorporating raw data into the study. The Gibbs Sampler algorithm was developed and used in the R program for the estimation process, utilizing subsequent functions from both the Bayesian and adaptive Lasso methods. The results indicate that family encouragement, family income, and motivation are among the most significant factors contributing to increased student dropout rates, with p-values of 0.003, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively. The findings also demonstrate the accuracy and importance of using the Bayesian hierarchical approach with adaptive Lasso compared to traditional methods.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the impact of strategic physiognomy on achieving entrepreneurial performance at the Oil Projects Company/Karbala Refinery Project Authority. Specifically, it investigated the influence of the dimensions of strategic physiognomy-empowerment, inspiration, and deep understanding-on entrepreneurial performance through its dimensions of organizational innovation, strategic renewal, and venturing.
Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive-analytical research approach. A structured questionnaire was employed as the primary instrument for data collection from a sample of administrative leaders, managers, and department heads at the Oil Projects Company/Karbala Refinery Project Authority. A total of 302 valid questionnaires were obtained for statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS V.26 and SmartPLS, applying descriptive statistics, normality testing, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).
Findings: The findings revealed that both strategic physiognomy and entrepreneurial performance were perceived at a satisfactory level within the surveyed organization. The results also demonstrated a statistically significant positive effect of strategic physiognomy on entrepreneurial performance (β = 0.549, p < 0.05). Strategic physiognomy explained 30.2% of the variance in entrepreneurial performance. Furthermore, all dimensions of strategic physiognomy exerted significant positive effects on entrepreneurial performance, with deep understanding showing the strongest influence, followed by inspiration and empowerment.
Originality/Value: This study provides empirical evidence regarding the role of strategic physiognomy in enhancing entrepreneurial performance within the Iraqi oil sector. It contributes to the existing literature by addressing a knowledge gap concerning the relationship between these two constructs and offers practical insights for developing strategic leadership practices that enhance entrepreneurial performance, organizational sustainability, and competitive advantage.

This research aims to analyze and demonstrate the potential of renewable energy in the European Union and the United States by examining and understanding the public policies and strategic directions these countries have adopted and committed to in their transition towards renewable energy sources. The research addresses the development of technologies used, the scale of investments, and the role of the public and private sectors in supporting renewable energy projects, with a focus on solar, wind, and bioenergy. It also reviews different models for adopting renewable energy and compares them in terms of efficiency, sustainability, scalability, and challenges. The research provides an analytical framework that helps understand the variations in performance and approaches based on available resources, and promotes critical thinking about the future of renewable energy in advanced economic contexts.