Tikrit Journal for Political Science

Since the founding of the United Nations in 1945, human rights have witnessed a quantum leap in terms of human rights guarantees through the proclamation of declarations, covenants and conventions dealing with various human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, issued in 1948, is the official guarantee of universal human rights protection. This guarantee comes from the United Nations, the highest political and legal reference in the field of inter-State relations after the great transformation of the world in the recognition of human rights and freedoms. The world has witnessed genocides in more than one spot in the world over the Middle Ages and modern era. This issue of human rights has undergone a major transformation at the political and legal levels.

It is the subject of electronic terrorism An important topic and reality that no one can deny Or ignore its consequences, as this kind of terrorism turns into an unknown danger And threatens everyone to its superior ability to destroy and information technology is used to infect vital facilities and thus this phenomenon threatens the safety and security of human groups and individuals due to the risk of misusing information technology.

Migration is an inherent phenomenon of human societies. It is the movement of people from a place where it is difficult to live to a better place, for socio-political reasons. Migration is either internal within one country or international between countries, And the latter may be legitimate or illegal. The European continent has become a dream for immigrants to live better. But Europe, which has received large numbers of immigrants and has become part of its social, economic and political entity, is beginning to suffer from problems and reflections: security, economic, social and political, in light of the increasing number of immigrants in Europe, which has made European countries since the 1980s changed their policies, And start to legislate laws and procedures and conclude restrictive immigration agreements, leading to the events of September 11, 2001, which made European policies more stringent towards immigration, to develop those policies after the Arab Renaissance revolutions in 2011, And what that left, waves of displaced people headed to Europe, thousands of them were received, but as a result of economic difficulties and security and political conditions that some European countries were exposed to, Some European calls have emerged to curb immigration, In light of the differences between the EU countries and the absence of a unified European policy and vision towards immigration, Nevertheless, European countries have formed some partnerships and agreements to combat migration, as well as conducting a set of collective and unilateral restrictive immigration procedures which have led to a reduction in the number of refugees to Europe.

The emergence of social constructivism theory is a turning point in the field of theories of International Relations, being viewed by a different subject from what preceded it from theories through a social understanding of what is going on in this relationship. Hence, this research examines the main concepts of social structural theory such as identity and interest and the role of actors without countries along with the main role of the state in interactions and international issues, and then using the main concepts of structural theory at the international level in the interpretation of interactions and major issues in the Middle East. Accordingly, interactions and issues in the Middle East are interpreted as a conflict that is between the components of the states and non-state actors.Furthermore, in this region interactions and issues revolve around religious, sectarian, and national identities. Additionally, the perspective of social constructivism, it is clear that the sectarian conflicts produces interactions and issues in three forms: namely, the struggle of the Iranian Shiite-Saudi identities and the struggle of the Shiite-Sunni identities in Iraq and lastly the conflict of Shiite-Sunni identities in Yemen. In terms of interactions and issues between national identities in the region, there is a struggle for the identity of the Turkish-Kurdish nationalities, the struggle for the identity of the Arab-Kurdish nationalities, and the struggle for the identity of the Persian-Kurdish nationalities. Thus, conflict and religious interactions produced issues between the Islamic and Jewish identities divided into two parts, namely the struggle of the Sunni-Jewish Islamic identities and the struggle of the Shiite-Jewish Islamic identities. Consequently, chaos is prevalent in this region, and it is difficult to imagine a way out of it, as long as a conflict within the region is characterized by ideologies, values and identities..

This study attempts to investigate a contemporary identity model that was not familiar with modern Islamic thought, which is an Islamic identity that transcends national borders. More precisely, it is a metaphor for a suprano-geopolitical investment in the identity field, rooted in modern Islamic history. Yes, the Islamic history in general had abounded with this type of investment, as its literature abounded with the global Islamic nation’s discourse, but the effectiveness of access across national borders and the ability to override the latter is a reality that necessitated an axiom in the presence of the national state model defined geographically, in the Islamic world, that it is a transient contemporary Islamic identity carried by A political entity - a state - with Islamic roots and an imperial heir, trying to use the identity dimension to implement a cross-border political agenda, depicting a pragmatic political stance, as it invests its religious identity in building its soft power and military power in predominantly Muslim areas, establishing a network of Desires with the currents of political Islam in them, especially those areas that were part of its imperial geography or strategic depth, it is the contemporary Turkish political system under the government of the "Justice and Development" party, with which the impact and role of the variable of the Islamic identity "the new Ottoman identity" has strengthened in Contemporary Turkish foreign policy trends.

The Belt and Road Initiative is an initiative to revive the ancient Silk Road, through networks of land and sea roads, oil and gas pipelines, electric power lines, the Internet and airports, to create a model of regional and international cooperation. It is essentially a long-term development strategy, launched by the Chinese president in 2013 to become the main engine of Chinese domestic policy and foreign diplomacy and within the framework of the soft power strategy, to enhance its position and influence in the world as a peaceful and responsible country. The study includes identifying the initiative and setting goals for China, as well as the challenges and difficulties that hinder the initiative.

The research discusses President Donald Trump's tweets through a general analytical perspective of the content of these tweets. It aims at identifying the U.S. foreign policy contained in Trump's tweets and clarifying and explaining the impact of some of these tweets on foreign policy towards Iran, Saudi Arabia and Israel in order to reach the goals and objectives of these tweets. The research highlights one of the social media platforms, which is Twitter, in analyzing some of President Trump's tweets about these countries that play a pivotal role in the Middle East. At the end of the research, several findings, contents and conclusions have been found. The time scope of the research included President Trump's tweets posted on his personal Twitter account (@realDonaldTrump) in both Arabic and English from June 16, 2015 to July 30, 2019. President Trump's tweets have clearly influenced U.S. foreign policy in terms of abandoning his country's commitment to the Iranian nuclear deal, imposing sanctions on Iran, issuing a decision to move the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem, and succeeding in concluding a civil and military trade deal with Saudi Arabia.

The Arab Gulf region in particular, and with it the entire Arab region in general, is witnessing multiple challenges and conflicts, escalating, in a way that reflects the presence of overlapping in the dimensions: internal, regional and international, which imposes important effects on Iraq.Iraq is part of the Arab Gulf region, and it interferes with it: historically, geographically, ethnically, and politically. It cannot be overlooked that Iraq was in historical stages that was considered the dominant force in this region, especially in the stage of the civilization’s dominance before the role of Iraq and its place in civilization declines.Today, the region is witnessing multiple challenges, which began with the escalation of regional sectarian political events associated with the event of the occupation of Iraq, with a tendency to disturb the regional balance due to the dismantling of the capabilities of Iraq, and the matter came to the loosening of regional conflicts due to what the region is going through, and the perspective of the active forces in it, which has overcome the perspective The struggle for cooperation.The entry or presence of the international worker in the regional conflicts in the Arab Gulf region caused the intensity of the conflicts to multiply instead of settling them, and Iran has presented on more than one occasion that it has the capabilities to implement the option of closing the Strait of Hormuz or impeding the freedom and safety of maritime navigation in international waters in the Arabian Gulf, And the matter was not related to the US sanctions regime on Iran in the year 2018 and beyond, but it is before it.The Iranian threat to close the Strait of Hormuz at the very least, or any development in the regional conflict in the region, can damage the interests of Iraq and its security, for two reasons: First, most of Iraq’s trade passes through the waters of the Persian Gulf, and the second is that there is an overlap between Iraq and peoples and countries The region, and just as sectarianism moved from Iraq to the region after 2003, the Gulf conflict and tension can move into Iraq or affect Iraq’s policy.Iraq should search for political alternatives that help it in dealing with the developments of the conflict in the Arab Gulf region. Perhaps this research presents some of the options and alternatives that can help the Iraqi decision-maker, if there is an important development in the Gulf-Western conflict with Iran

The process of building peace and laying its foundations within the societies of the world, especially those newly emerging from the stage of conflict, are among the important and indispensable matters. Without peace, opportunities diminish in obtaining the essentials of a safe and normal life, and without peace, societies cannot It works and advances towards a better future.However, peacebuilding operations in many societies emerging from conflict or those in which they live may face a set of challenges and obstacles that constitute a major obstacle to them, which necessitates searching for the best ways and means by which these obstacles can be addressed in order to build a real and effective peace that is reflected Positively on the people of those societies.