Tikrit Journal for Political Science

The idea of this research for a discussion of an important aspect of the policy of the United States of America in Iraq that framed it in the form of the agreement between the two sides was caused by the challenges that faced the American occupation in Iraq and led to the failure of the goals of the United States of America in it. The United States of America wanted the occupation of Iraq to be a model in the democratic system in the Middle East. it also wanted to start from Iraq and realize the dream of the United States of America (the Greater Middle East.

The European Union faced many political challenges throughout its integrative career, this march that was characterized by a set of economic treaties that transformed the development of this experience into a system of economic, political and security integration, and despite the efforts made by European member states and institutional structures of the European Union to show this experience more Quality and more effective both internally and externally through the unity of political decision-making and the effectiveness and impact of the Union's foreign policy; However, he still faces many complications, whether related to his work mechanism or his ability to compete internationally, which affects the outcome on his international standing and his ability to influence the international system as an actor with capabilities that qualify him to play advanced roles at the global level. What characterized the integrative experience of the European Union is the lack of consistency in the achievements made between the economic, political and security aspects that the Union is trying to cover completely; What it has achieved in the economic aspects of common markets, a common currency and effective economic policy at the global level; The political aspects are not commensurate with the weakness, which poses a number of political challenges discussed in this study.

the human civilization has been formed since its inception and so far as a multi-colored fabric، each of which - while retaining its own structure - gives its unity with the rest of the threads of this fabric its durability and its final shape، like a mosaic of each part، its own. However، the alignment of these parts according to their construction laws gives the final plate its own beauty، which derives from the interaction of these elements with each other. In the end of the year، the United States and the United States were able to support the United States and the United States، and the United States، as well as the United States، have made it clear that the United States and the United States have not yet done so It is a major factor that has contributed to its emergence and to the knowledge of the most important thing that can contribute to its prosperity as well as its deterioration and decline، and there was no better From the pursuit of Gustave Le Bon's ideas and opinions، this research was a modest attempt in this field.

Iran has tried to impose its foreign policy through several mechanisms in order to strengthen its relationship with North African countries to achieve strategic partnerships, not by establishing agreements but rather following up on the implementation of this policy through joint committees between the Islamic Republic and North African countries. A rational and moderate policy stemming from a deep understanding of the regional and international reality, a matter that would prioritize Iranian foreign policy in light of the strategic importance of the region with the interests that regional and international powers represent and their convergence or intersection with those countries that Iran is working to achieve on the ground as strategic approaches to the goals of its policy This was reflected positively on its foreign policy towards North African countries.

The Arab region has lived in unstable conditions for several centuries, and although it turned into several countries that gained their independence in succession after the First World War, it still suffers from a great mismatch between the importance of its various resources and its capabilities and the size of the challenges it faces, and all attempts at integration have not succeeded. Or the cooperation that has been put forward since the formation of the Arab League today, as it was political attempts at the top, and was not accompanied by a political will to move to the next goal (Arab integration), and even at the sub-level, the attempts of integration or cooperation, or even organization, did not succeed. And the Moroccan Union, all of them appeared in the form of ineffective organizational structures, and in the year 2019 a new direction for cooperation began to emerge between Iraq, Egypt and Jordan, the desire of these three countries to present alternatives that would serve their peoples, at the very least, but it is still an attempt, and it did not appear. After important results regarding this approach, which, if it finds the supportive political will, will find itself leading the region away from conflicts, tensions and crises, and creating a great area for cooperation, and perhaps even integration.

The topic area of that’s paper dealing with political role of Jews of Iraq in Israeli society، the main hypothesis of this paper dealing with historical background of Iraqi Jews in Iraq at first، and their contribution in political، economic and financial life in Modern Iraq، these participation ،gave them a distinguished role، and had been impact upon their conditions in Israel after immigration، the paper argued the new roles which were achieved by Jews of Iraq in Israel was integrated with fruitful heritage in Mesopotamia، so the paper clarify the new role of Iraqi Jews in Israel ، and extent of their contribution and their incorporation in Israeli Society.

After the political change in 2003 and the emergence of the parliamentary political system and then the declaration of the permanent Iraqi constitution of 2005، problems arose during implementation due to gaps in the legal articles and the Iraqi political system’s reliance on quotas and consensus، which works to share the centers of government in the state between the parties and political forces that worked on Rooting the sectarian character of the state، which led to the spread of political، administrative and economic corruption، and this requires real political reform. The specialists in Iraqi affairs have called for reforming the political system and political institutions and finding ways to work so that the Iraqi political system continues to perform appropriately.The importance of the research that came under the title of Iraqi political reform after the year 2018 comes to the arrival of parties raising the slogan of reform، which is based on a comprehensive strategy (educational، economic، social، administrative، political،and diplomatic) for the advancement of a unified and strong Iraq that maintains its position among the countries of the Middle East.

The future of building a civil political culture in a traditional society in which subcultures prevail is a future that will not be possible in the aspect of civil construction، to the extent that this possible is available to build traditional political cultures in which tribal، sectarian and nationalist identities prevail، and which will control the political behavior of the individual and control In his voting orientations in the elections، and even in his evaluation of the public policies drawn by those with a different identity or political culture.

There must be reasons behind the retreat of the United States of America from its international position. So, discussing these reasons is of great importance, because knowing the truth of those causes will lead to real discussions about the consequences that the US retreat and decline in the international system can have. In other words, the current state of the United States and its future can be estimated and anticipated in accordance with the history of the previous empires and nations of which the United States is no exception. And the law of history movement that was applied to previous empires must be applied to the United States.

The Egyptian-Sudanese relations have distinct qualities that make them completely different from the relations of either country with the other countries as a whole, because what is available to them in terms of joint ties is rarely found between any of the two countries worldwide, and perhaps the source of that distinction and uniqueness in the Egyptian-Sudanese relations is that it overlaps Multi-level and links. In spite of this overlap, the Egyptian-Sudanese relations witnessed many transformations from the period of the 25 January 2011 revolution until the year 2019, a continuous swing as it periodically undergoes tides and ups and downs, as it develops to its best levels and then the tension in it reaches the point of rupture, which earned it the characteristic of Tactical relationships for transient temporary accounts and not a strategy characterized by longevity or length of time in their projects and fateful issues, but there are factors that have been limiting these relationships and always pushing them towards tension and then retreat and sometimes to discontinuity, especially the water factor and border issues.

This study discusses the mechanisms and determinants of public policy-making in Jordan and the role of formal and informal forces in this process, where the whole political power is concentrated in the person of the king, and in a very limited active institutions and individuals in the public policy-making process. Within this framework, the king sets the rules for the policy-making process and decides who can formally participate in policy formulation within the framework that is determined for them, whereas formal institutions are characterized by a lack of independence from the king and also characterized by weak forms of joint work with informal forces which led to the failure of many policies and programs in achieving the public interest. Despite some manifestations of political liberalization in Jorden and the freedom of some opposition forces to express their discontent, but important and specific decisions are still being made in the royal court.

The research dealt with the concept of moderation in the Iraqi discourse, both political and religious, and its importance in the Iraqi political thought in order to overcome the experiences of Iraq after 2003 at all levels in an attempt to find the foundations on which the Iraqi political thought leaned to apply and consolidate the approach of moderation to overcome the current crises. Achieving peaceful coexistence and political and social stability and in all other fields to bring the country to the ranks of developed countries.

The concept of national security has evolved due to international changes and the intertwined relations between countries that have added multiple and diverse new paths to security, the most important of which are human, social, economic and food security. and the Iraq used new path in developing national security policies according to the nature of the role of the Iraqi state after 2003, and the creation of arrangements for national security in light of a democratic constitutional document that is supposed to It provides more opportunities, but these arrangements have not been without the challenges that accompanied the building of a sustainable security system, which needs to implement mechanisms at various levels in order to strengthen the military and security victory over terrorist organizations.

This study aims to show the impact of geopolitics on the foreign policy of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The study was based on “David Easton's” systems analysis approach to analyze the role and influence of the geopolitics of the region as an influential factor in its foreign relations. The study assumed that the territory's foreign policy remained defined and governed by the geopolitical doctrine, and its control in the shaping of the territory's foreign policy towards its external environment. Courtiers neighboring the territory used the Kurdish case in northern Iraq either to converge or to contain each other (Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria) to achieve their vital and economic interests. United States supports the Kurds in northern Iraq, and supports their right to establish a federal democratic system on ethnic basis that gives them as much public policy-making powers as possible in their constitutionally recognized territory, with remaining at a lower level than a state in order to keep them a force that can be invested in regional relations with Iraq's neighbors, while the United States seeks to turn the Kurdistan Region into permanent U.S. military bases. The study concluded that the policy of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq towards the surrounding countries in the region, all came from the point of view of political realism and interests, and according to the differing geopolitical map of the region.

This research deals with several aspects crystallized by clarifying the outputs of the Iraqi political discourse after 2003 and its impact on the fusion of the components of Iraqi society and reach a peaceful coexistence includes all these components، Political discourse varies from one political system to another and from culture to culture. On the other hand، there are many challenges faced by decision-makers and the ruling political class (from internal challenges of terrorism and global instability). With me، and other external challenges)، all this has an impact on the outputs and nature of this speech and the nature of the recipient of this speech، which is reflected negatively or positively towards achieving a peaceful coexistence involving all members of Iraqi society.

The Kurdish issue in the Middle East and Iraq in particular was a factor of anxiety and instability، as it was a cause of clashing with Iraqi governments or the overthrow of these governments and the formation of other governments، and a factor in concluding many regional agreements and the divergence and incompatibility of internal and external interests، as many countries sought to use them to achieve Its interests.The Kurdish political forces succeeded in the policy of seizing opportunities and playing on the contradictions between the parties to the conflict and conflict in order to achieve the greatest gains at the expense of the federal government، but it failed with the Kurdistan Region referendum project in 2017 and the lack of support and support of the US administration and the talk that the Kurds have become outside the American game this is a very remote possibility، Because the nature of the relationship between the two parties is witnessing a noticeable development in a public and secret manner and in various fields، specifically the military and security aspect، by increasing the number of US bases inside the region and increasing support، cooperation، intelligence coordination and the rest of the vital sectors.