journal mustansiriyah of sports science

The progress achieved in the level of sporting achievements of the Iraqi National Paralympic Committee in the recent period is based on correct administrative and technical work and sound planning. Hence, the importance of the research emerged in predicting organizational performance in terms of strategic success and organizational excellence for members of the Iraqi National Paralympic Committee in order to develop their work and achieve distinguished performance based on the levels of the members and the good planning carried out by them. The research problem also emerged by answering the following question: (What is the relationship of organizational performance in terms of strategic success and organizational excellence for members of the Iraqi National Paralympic Committee in Iraq?). The most important objectives are the preparation and application of measures of organizational performance, strategic success, and organizational excellence for members of the Iraqi National Paralympic Committee. The researcher used the descriptive method through selecting samples and following the steps for preparing the measures according to scientific foundations. The results were presented through tables for the research variables and the relationship between them according to the statistical methods used. The most important conclusion was the weakness of the higher administrations in motivation and encouragement towards renewal in sports activities and initiating sports work while neglecting attention to the organizational and administrative aspects. The most important recommendation was increasing the interest of the higher administration in training, because training is considered a strategic option for preparing creative human cadres through opening administrative training centers responsible for training employees.

This study aimed to identify the effect of combined strength–speed exercises on the development of selected physical abilities and the level of technical performance among young freestyle wrestlers. The experimental method was employed using a pre-test and post-test design with two equivalent groups. The research sample consisted of ten young wrestlers from Al-Kadhimiya Wrestling Club, who were randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group underwent a training program based on combined strength–speed exercises for a period of eight weeks, while the control group continued with the traditional training program. The measurements included the standing long jump test, the 30-meter sprint test, the medicine ball throw test, as well as an evaluation of technical performance. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in all selected physical variables and technical performance, whereas the control group did not demonstrate significant improvements. The post-test results also showed the superiority of the experimental group compared with the control group. The study concluded that integrating strength and speed within a single training framework is an effective approach for enhancing physical abilities and transferring them to technical performance. The study recommends adopting combined strength–speed exercises in training programs for young freestyle wrestlers, while considering age-related characteristics and scientific progression of training loads to achieve optimal performance development and long-term athletic advancement.

The research aimed to establish standard levels of physical and motor performance for injured tennis players after rehabilitation. The researcher used the experimental method as it was best suited to the research problem.


The research population and sample consisted of (148) injured players in Iraqi clubs. Players with mild injuries were excluded from the study. The researcher selected these players purposively because they represent clubs participating in tournaments organized by the Iraqi Football Association. An additional (28) players were selected randomly (by lottery) as a pilot sample. The researcher conducted several interviews with experts in training, measurement, and evaluation to select appropriate tests for the research sample. Statistical analysis was used to select several tests that measure the standard levels of injured players after rehabilitation. The researcher then presented the research results in statistical tables for analysis and discussion. The researcher established standard levels that divide the sample into three categories, each based on performance level. Since all results were less than the significance level of (0.05), the researcher concludes that injured players can be classified into three categories according to the type of injury and recommends subjecting them to continuous testing to maintain a high level of physical fitness.

The aim of the present study is to identify the relationship between anxiety and the performance of selected pommel horse skills among students of the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the University of Baghdad. A descriptive correlational research design was employed due to its suitability for the nature and objectives of the study. The research population consisted of all students enrolled in the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the University of Baghdad during the academic year 2025–2026, totaling 900 students distributed across all academic stages. The research sample was purposively selected from third-year students, as they demonstrate a higher level of technical proficiency in artistic gymnastics. The sample comprised 200 students. Anxiety levels were measured using the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2), while the performance of pommel horse skills was assessed using a skill performance evaluation form developed according to scientific principles and based on the judgments of a panel of gymnastics specialists. Data were statistically analyzed using means, standard deviations, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results revealed moderate levels of anxiety among the participants, along with a statistically significant inverse relationship between anxiety and pommel horse skill performance. As anxiety levels increased, skill performance decreased. It was concluded that anxiety is one of the psychological factors influencing motor skill performance, and the study recommends greater attention to psychological aspects and the integration of psychological preparation skills into gymnastics instruction.

The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the challenge-based learning strategy in enhancing self-confidence and improving lay-up shot accuracy in basketball among female fifth-grade preparatory students. The researcher employed the experimental method using a two-group design (experimental and control) to examine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variables. The research population was selected intentionally and consisted of female students of the fifth grade at Al-Zahraa Secondary School for Girls, totalling 68 students, while the research sample was chosen randomly and included 15 students for the experimental group and 15 students for the control group. Additionally, 10 students were selected to constitute the exploratory sample. Following the implementation of the challenge-based learning program, the results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favour of the experimental group for both self-confidence and lay-up shot accuracy. The calculated t-values were 41.68 for self-confidence and 9.07 for lay-up shot accuracy at a significance level of 0.05, indicating the effectiveness of the strategy in enhancing psychological and skill-related aspects of basketball performance. The study recommends adopting this strategy in physical education lessons to foster students’ self-confidence and improve their athletic performance.

Rhythmic gymnasts sometimes face difficulty in performing some basic skills, especially when using the hoop, due to weak neuromuscular coordination. This affects their accuracy, flexibility, and speed of response during training. Neuromuscular coordination exercises are among the methods that improve coordination between the muscular and nervous systems, which contributes to developing gymnasts' basic skills and improving their performance with various gymnastic equipment. This study aimed to utilize neuromuscular coordination exercises to improve skill performance with the hoop for rhythmic gymnastics students. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test. The researcher adopted the experimental method and used a two-group design (control and experimental). The research sample consisted of (28) students, with (14) students representing the control group. (14) female students represent an experimental group, so the program consists of (12) weeks, with one unit per week. The tools used are the hoop tool, and the basic skills are (alternating jump, upward hug jump, and full rotation). As for the test results, they were processed using the statistical package (SPSS). The researcher concluded that neuromuscular coordination exercises have a clear effect on improving the performance of the experimental group and increasing accuracy and speed in executing the performance. As for the recommendations, they were to include coordination exercises in training programs for other skills and to adopt the program on a regular basis.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of creatine supplementation on selected biochemical indicators and anaerobic capacity among Olympic weightlifters at Badra Sports Club. Creatine is widely recognized as one of the most commonly used nutritional supplements for enhancing physical performance in high-intensity anaerobic activities. The significance of this study lies in examining the simultaneous effect of creatine on anaerobic capacity, as well as on biochemical markers related to liver and kidney functions and the levels of certain vitamins, in order to verify both its effectiveness and safety for weightlifters.


The researcher employed an experimental design using a single group with pre- and post-testing. The study sample consisted of eleven (11) weightlifters from Badra Sports Club. The research variables included anaerobic capacity, in addition to a set of biochemical indicators represented by liver enzymes (GOT and GPT), blood urea, serum creatinine, and the levels of vitamins A and D. Pre-test measurements for all variables were conducted prior to the initiation of creatine supplementation, followed by post-test measurements after four weeks of regular supplementation according to the recommended dosages, while maintaining the athletes’ regular training program.


The results revealed statistically significant improvements in anaerobic capacity in favor of the post-test measurements, indicating the effectiveness of creatine supplementation in enhancing anaerobic performance among weightlifters. Conversely, no significant differences were observed in the studied biochemical indicators, as creatine intake did not produce noticeable changes in liver enzymes, kidney function markers, or vitamin A and D levels. The study concluded that creatine supplementation is an effective means of improving anaerobic capacity without causing adverse effects on the biochemical indicators examined, thereby supporting its safe use within weightlifting training programs.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of coordinative exercises on certain physical and skill-related abilities in rhythmic gymnastics using the hoop apparatus among third-stage female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher employed the experimental method with a pre- and post-test design for two groups: experimental and control. The research sample consisted of (20) students, divided equally into two groups of (10) each. The experimental group underwent an 8-week training program involving coordinative exercises, conducted once a week, while the control group followed the standard curriculum. The exercises aimed to develop general and specific coordination, positively impacting physical and skill performance. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in favor of the experimental group in all studied variables. The researcher concluded that coordinative exercises effectively enhanced physical and skill abilities and recommended incorporating them into rhythmic gymnastics educational and training curricula.

The study aimed to identify the current state of applying adaptive leadership strategies and performance governance among staff working in sports activities at Iraqi universities. It relied on a descriptive approach and used a questionnaire specifically designed for this purpose. The research sample included employees in sports activity departments and divisions, and the data were analyzed statistically to determine the level of application across the dimensions of adaptive leadership and governance.. The results indicated that the overall level of application was moderate, with variation across different dimensions. Learning governance and capacity organization showed higher levels compared to other areas, while leadership flexibility recorded the lowest levels. The study concluded that there is a clear need to develop leadership practices in a way that enhances the ability to adapt to changes and improves institutional performance efficiency. It recommended adopting specialized training programs in adaptive leadership and strengthening governance principles, particularly transparency, accountability, and participation in decision-making, in order to improve the quality of university sports activities

This research aims to identify the role of insight in self-motivation and learning the skills of setting and receiving in volleyball for students. The insight approach (deep understanding of the skill) enhances self-motivation in volleyball players by shifting focus from mechanical performance to understanding the objective of the skill, thus increasing engagement with the game and improving the learning of serving and receiving through linking, The parts are connected to each other, and the results are anticipated, reducing errors and increasing self-confidence (skill self-esteem). This leads to improved technical performance and a higher overall level. Understanding and insight raise the level of perception and facilitate the application of complex skills, improving reception and transmission performance effectively and sustainably through increased understanding and perception, where the player understands the purpose of each movement. This makes him more engaged with the game and boosts his self-esteem and skill. When a player understands "why" he is doing something, his confidence in his performance and ability to learn increases, and his psychological skills improve. Also, intrinsic motivation: the motivation shifts from simply "training" to "understanding and improving." Performance,” which increases intrinsic motivation to learn, as in understanding-focused methods such as the exchange method. The researcher used the experimental method with two groups, experimental and control, due to the suitability of the research problem. Through data processing using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the study concluded that insight helps the player understand the angle of striking the ball. The focus should be on the point of contact, not just hitting the ball. Understanding how a player's serve (power, direction) affects the flow of the game allows them to develop more effective serves. Foresight enables the player to anticipate the ball's trajectory and timing, rather than simply reacting. The study recommended developing foresight through setting realistic goals and analyzing performance using flashcards, Visual, focusing on sensory differences, and linking skill to intrinsic enjoyment to increase motor satisfaction, while emphasizing the importance of skill self-esteem and applying step-by-step reception and transmission techniques to consolidate learning.

Assessing motor skills in female students is a fundamental tool for identifying their level of physical performance and recognizing areas of strength and weakness. This enables teachers and specialists to design and implement activities and educational programs tailored to the needs of each student. Scientific evaluation of motor abilities provides a reliable and practical instrument for measuring basic motor skills. The significance of this study lies in the development of an integrated test that combines multiple components—coordination, balance, agility, strength, as well as movement accuracy and speed—within a single measurable framework. The problem addressed is that schools often lack standardized and scientifically validated tools that allow instructors to accurately assess students’ motor performance. A descriptive methodology was adopted, and several individual assessments were combined into a single comprehensive test. The test was initially developed and calibrated on a sample of 90 students, and later applied to a separate sample of 116 students. As a result, an integrated assessment tool for evaluating the motor abilities of elementary school girls aged 8–10 was established, along with normative frameworks to interpret the results.

The current research aims to build an equation to predict field intelligence based on the accuracy of the passing and shooting skills in open football. To achieve the goal, the researchers used the descriptive method with the survey method and correlational relationships. The research population consisted of young open football players in Wasit Governorate, city center, for the 2025-2026 sports season, totaling 143 players distributed across six clubs. The researchers selected 10 players from each club by lottery, resulting in a sample size of 60 players. A field intelligence scale, developed by Salman Al-Janabi, was then created. This scale comprised 42 situations: three situations with two alternatives, 17 situations with three alternatives, and 22 situations with four alternatives. The scale ranged from 42 to 145 points. Tests were then developed to measure passing and shooting skills in football. Following this, the researchers conducted the main experiment. After obtaining the results, they used the SPSS statistical package. The researchers concluded that field intelligence can be predicted based on the accuracy of passing and shooting skills in football, and that a player possessing a high level of passing and shooting ability is likely to have better results. They contribute positively to raising the level of field intelligence of the football player.

The research aims to identify the effect of using augmented reality technology on improving the skill performance of young soccer players by (developing a training program using augmented reality technology for young soccer players and identifying the effect of the proposed program on improving the skill performance of young soccer players). The researcher used an experimental method with an experimental design for a single experimental group to suit the nature of the research, using pre- and post-measurements for that group. The researcher selected a random sample of (30) young soccer players from Baghdad Governorate clubs. The researcher divided the research sample into (14) young players for the exploratory study, and (16) young players for the main study (the experimental group). One of the most important conclusions was the existence of differences between the averages of the pre- and post-measurements in skill performance (passing, running with the ball, ball control, dribbling, shooting, throw-ins, and heading the ball) for young soccer players in favor of the post-measurement. The percentage of improvement between the pre-measurement the post-test results for the experimental group in terms of skill performance among young football players ranged from 11.00% to 135.04%. One of the most important recommendations was the need to integrate augmented reality technology into training programs for football academies and clubs, given its positive impact on developing young players' skill performance. The recommendations also included developing standardized training programs based on augmented reality that target the development of basic skills, while adapting them to suit different age groups.

The research study aimed to know the personality types of Premier League players (A, B), and to identify the relationship between the level of accuracy of their jump shooting performance in basketball, as the researcher used the descriptive approach in a survey style to suit the research sample, and the sample was chosen intentionally, amounting to (59) players from the Premier League in basketball, and here the research problem focused on the lack of knowledge of the players' personality types and the lack of psychological preparation of the player in various psychological aspects in sports skills and games, and the researcher assumed the existence of a correlation between personality types (A, B) and the level of performance of the jump shooting skill, and the researcher concluded that it is necessary to know the types of students and the importance of the type of personality type in order to employ it according to sports activities and also the correlation between the personality type and the level of accuracy of the performance of the jump shooting skill in basketball, and the researcher recommended identifying the personal patterns of players for both sexes and different age groups and how to deal with them in various skills or sports games, and they must be guided towards psychological compatibility and prepared correctly psychologically and skillfully to help them develop in their performance of various sports games.

The significance of this research lies in the fact that 3D resistance training targets all movement planes and axes (frontal, sagittal, and transverse), which mimics the actual nature of futsal that demands sudden movements in various directions. It contributes to improving dynamic balance, agility, and neuromuscular coordination, as these exercises require high body control while moving against diverse resistances. Furthermore, it enhances the players' anaerobic system efficiency—the primary driver for high-intensity performance and the powerful challenges frequently repeated during matches. The research aimed to develop 3D resistance training for U-19 futsal players and to identify its impact on certain motor abilities and anaerobic power. The researcher adopted an experimental approach using a single-group design with pre- and post-tests, as it fits the research procedures. The sample consisted of (10) youth futsal players (under 19) from Al-Sharqiya Club, participating in the Iraq Stars League for the 2025-2026 season. The studied variables included motor abilities (power-speed, agility, balance) and anaerobic power. After applying the 3D training and comparing pre- and post-test results, the researcher achieved the research objectives and confirmed the hypothesis. It was concluded that 3D resistance training proved effective, showing a significant improvement in developing motor abilities (agility, balance, and power-speed) compared to traditional training due to its simulation of actual performance angles in futsal. These exercises also directly contributed to increasing anaerobic energy production efficiency, which is vital for futsal players who require repetitive explosive movements in tight spaces.

This research aimed to study the effect of isokinetic training on developing upper and lower limb muscle strength and the accuracy of step shooting in basketball for young players, through the application of a training program designed for this purpose. The research sample consisted of (14) basketball players from the Al-Diwaniyah Sports Talent Center in the youth category, and they were divided equally into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The prepared program was applied to the experimental group for two months, with (3) training sessions per week. Pre- and post-tests were conducted, and then the data were collected and statistically processed using the SPSS program. The study concluded that isokinetic training significantly affected the development of muscle strength and step shooting accuracy for basketball players. The study recommended that coaches should prioritize the use of assistive devices or new equipment to motivate players to perform exercises in an engaging way, as well as to develop their skills more effectively.

The present study examined the relationship between effective instructional communication and offensive skill performance within a university fencing context. A descriptive correlational design was employed, and the sample consisted of 200 third-year students enrolled in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Mustansiriyah University. Data were collected using a standardized communication scale adapted for educational and sport settings and a structured performance evaluation form assessing core offensive actions, including direct attacks, feints, and counter-attacks. Statistical analysis relied on descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficient to explore the association between study variables. The findings demonstrated that instructional environments characterized by clarity of explanation, purposeful interaction, timely responsiveness, and high-quality feedback were associated with more efficient motor execution and greater consistency in offensive skill performance. Effective communication appeared to facilitate learners’ understanding of technical requirements, support error correction processes, and enhance coordination and timing during performance. Furthermore, interactive instructional practices promoted higher levels of engagement and self-regulation, which are essential for mastering complex combat sport skills at the university level. These results highlight the pedagogical value of communication as an integral component of skill development rather than a supplementary instructional factor. These insights support pedagogical improvement in university fencing education.

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between selected anthropometric measurements and biomechanical performance indicators in both freestyle swimming and boxing among students of the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. The study was conducted within a correlational framework based on data collected across two successive academic stages. The research sample consisted of (21) students who performed a 25-meter freestyle swimming test in the first stage, followed by boxing performance tests in the second stage, including punch speed, explosive power assessed via the medicine ball chest pass, and punch accuracy. The researchers adopted a descriptive approach using correlational analysis. A set of anthropometric measurements (body height, arm length, trunk length, and leg length) was collected alongside physical and skill-based performance tests. Statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.The results revealed weak to moderate correlations among anthropometric measurements, reflecting natural structural variability within the sample. These measurements did not show significant relationships with most boxing performance indicators. However, a strong correlation was found between body height and freestyle swimming performance time. Additionally, moderate and statistically significant correlations were observed between swimming time and certain boxing performance variables, suggesting the presence of a shared physical foundation between the two activities. In contrast, strong correlations were identified among boxing performance variables, indicating their integration within a unified neuromuscular system. The researchers concluded that boxing performance relies more on functional neuromuscular abilities than on anthropometric characteristics, and that there is a partial transfer of certain physical capacities between swimming and boxing. The study recommends emphasizing the development of functional abilities in training programs and adopting multivariate biomechanical analysis to achieve a more accurate understanding of sports performance.

This study aims to assess the level of self-efficacy among fencing coaches in Baghdad sports clubs by constructing a scientifically validated scale tailored to the psychological and professional dimensions of sports coaching. The researcher employed a descriptive correlational method and applied the scale to a sample of 30 coaches from five clubs: Police, Army, Electricity, Communications, and Dijla University. The final scale consisted of 21 items across three domains: training planning, situation management, and psychological interaction. Results revealed that all coaches exhibited a self-efficacy level above the hypothetical mean, with statistically significant differences attributed to club type and organizational environment. The researcher recommends implementing professional development programs to enhance self-efficacy and adopting the scale as an evaluation tool within sports institutions.

The study aimed to identify the level of psychological immunity and its systems among players in the Iraqi Premier League, as well as to examine the relationship between psychological immunity, its systems, and conscience vitality among those players. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach due to its suitability to the nature of the study.


The research sample consisted of (75) football players representing four clubs in Baghdad: Al-Ittisalat SC, Al-Hussein SC, Al-Kadhimiya SC, and Al-Hudood SC, during the 2025/2026 sports season. The questionnaires were distributed and completed by the participants during the competition period.


The instruments used in this study included the Psychological Immunity Questionnaire, the Conscience Vitality Questionnaire, and a demographic information form that included data on players’ age, experience, and club affiliation.


The findings revealed several results, including a positive correlational relationship at the significance level (0.00) between the first domain (Containment) of the psychological immunity questionnaire and all domains of the conscience vitality questionnaire. A positive correlational relationship was also found at the significance level (0.00) between the second domain (Adaptive Coping) of the psychological immunity questionnaire and all domains of the conscience vitality questionnaire. In addition, a positive correlational relationship at the significance level (0.00) was identified between the third domain (Regulation) of the psychological immunity questionnaire and all domains of the conscience vitality questionnaire.


The researchers concluded that players in the Iraqi Premier League possess a good level of psychological immunity, reflecting their ability to adapt to the competitive and emotional pressures associated with matches. The players also demonstrated a high level of conscience vitality, which indicates strong moral commitment, discipline, and responsible sporting behavior both on and off the field. Furthermore, a statistically significant positive relationship was found between psychological immunity and conscience vitality, indicating that higher psychological immunity contributes to enhancing conscious and responsible behavior. The three systems of psychological immunity (containment, adaptive coping, and regulation) were positively associated with conscience vitality, as each system contributes to supporting self-control and sound ethical decision-making.

This research aimed to identify the effect of metabolic resistance training on physical variables (leg muscle strength, agility, static leg and back muscle strength), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max), and the level of performance in complex skills among football players in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The researcher used the experimental method, as it was suitable for the research application and procedures. A pre-test/post-test experimental design was used, with two groups: an experimental group and a control group. A sample of 38 players was selected purposively from the Erbil Sports Club football team. Eight players were excluded for a pilot study, leaving a final sample of 30 players. These 30 players were divided into two equivalent groups of 15 each: an experimental group and a control group. The players underwent several pre-tests, followed by an 8-week training program. Afterward, a post-test was administered, and the data were statistically analyzed. The most significant finding was a statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group in their skill performance level. The composite was in favor of the post-test, with an improvement of 6.07% for the time of performance of the composite skill level, and 23.15% for the score of performance of the composite skill level. There were also statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group in the physical variables in favor of the post-test, with improvement rates in those variables ranging from 4.42% for the Al-Nuwais test of agility to 22.90% for the triple jump test with both feet together. There were also statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group in the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) in favor of the post-test, with an improvement rate of 8% in the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max)

This study aimed to standardize the jump shooting test inside the three-point arc following physical exertion for novice basketball players. The resea 90 novi72 players 6epresenting 8 sports clubs, selected purposively. The descriptive survey method was employed. Results demonstrated that the test possesses high validity, reliability, and objectivity coefficients. Percentile and standard norms (T-scores and Z-scores) were derived as reference tools for evaluating performance levels. Distributions were approximately normal, reinforcing the accuracy of the extracted norms. The study recommends adopting the standardized test in selection and periodic evaluation processes for clubs and sports federations..

Assessing motor skills in female students is a fundamental tool for identifying their level of physical performance and recognizing areas of strength and weakness. This enables teachers and specialists to design and implement activities and educational programs tailored to the needs of each student. Scientific evaluation of motor abilities provides a reliable and practical instrument for measuring basic motor skills. The significance of this study lies in the development of an integrated test that combines multiple components—coordination, balance, agility, strength, as well as movement accuracy and speed—within a single measurable framework. The problem addressed is that schools often lack standardized and scientifically validated tools that allow instructors to accurately assess students’ motor performance. A descriptive methodology was adopted, and several individual assessments were combined into a single comprehensive test. The test was initially developed and calibrated on a sample of 90 students, and later applied to a separate sample of 116 students. As a result, an integrated assessment tool for evaluating the motor abilities of elementary school girls aged 8–10 was established, along with normative frameworks to interpret the results.

The current research aims to build an equation to predict field intelligence based on the accuracy of the passing and shooting skills in open football. To achieve the goal, the researchers used the descriptive method with the survey method and correlational relationships. The research population consisted of young open football players in Wasit Governorate, city center, for the 2025-2026 sports season, totaling 143 players distributed across six clubs. The researchers selected 10 players from each club by lottery, resulting in a sample size of 60 players. A field intelligence scale, developed by Salman Al-Janabi, was then created. This scale comprised 42 situations: three situations with two alternatives, 17 situations with three alternatives, and 22 situations with four alternatives. The scale ranged from 42 to 145 points. Tests were then developed to measure passing and shooting skills in football. Following this, the researchers conducted the main experiment. After obtaining the results, they used the SPSS statistical package. The researchers concluded that field intelligence can be predicted based on the accuracy of passing and shooting skills in football, and that a player possessing a high level of passing and shooting ability is likely to have better results. They contribute positively to raising the level of field intelligence of the football player.

The research aims to identify the effect of using augmented reality technology on improving the skill performance of young soccer players by (developing a training program using augmented reality technology for young soccer players and identifying the effect of the proposed program on improving the skill performance of young soccer players). The researcher used an experimental method with an experimental design for a single experimental group to suit the nature of the research, using pre- and post-measurements for that group. The researcher selected a random sample of (30) young soccer players from Baghdad Governorate clubs. The researcher divided the research sample into (14) young players for the exploratory study, and (16) young players for the main study (the experimental group). One of the most important conclusions was the existence of differences between the averages of the pre- and post-measurements in skill performance (passing, running with the ball, ball control, dribbling, shooting, throw-ins, and heading the ball) for young soccer players in favor of the post-measurement. The percentage of improvement between the pre-measurement the post-test results for the experimental group in terms of skill performance among young football players ranged from 11.00% to 135.04%. One of the most important recommendations was the need to integrate augmented reality technology into training programs for football academies and clubs, given its positive impact on developing young players' skill performance. The recommendations also included developing standardized training programs based on augmented reality that target the development of basic skills, while adapting them to suit different age groups.

The research study aimed to know the personality types of Premier League players (A, B), and to identify the relationship between the level of accuracy of their jump shooting performance in basketball, as the researcher used the descriptive approach in a survey style to suit the research sample, and the sample was chosen intentionally, amounting to (59) players from the Premier League in basketball, and here the research problem focused on the lack of knowledge of the players' personality types and the lack of psychological preparation of the player in various psychological aspects in sports skills and games, and the researcher assumed the existence of a correlation between personality types (A, B) and the level of performance of the jump shooting skill, and the researcher concluded that it is necessary to know the types of students and the importance of the type of personality type in order to employ it according to sports activities and also the correlation between the personality type and the level of accuracy of the performance of the jump shooting skill in basketball, and the researcher recommended identifying the personal patterns of players for both sexes and different age groups and how to deal with them in various skills or sports games, and they must be guided towards psychological compatibility and prepared correctly psychologically and skillfully to help them develop in their performance of various sports games.

The significance of this research lies in the fact that 3D resistance training targets all movement planes and axes (frontal, sagittal, and transverse), which mimics the actual nature of futsal that demands sudden movements in various directions. It contributes to improving dynamic balance, agility, and neuromuscular coordination, as these exercises require high body control while moving against diverse resistances. Furthermore, it enhances the players\' anaerobic system efficiency—the primary driver for high-intensity performance and the powerful challenges frequently repeated during matches. The research aimed to develop 3D resistance training for U-19 futsal players and to identify its impact on certain motor abilities and anaerobic power. The researcher adopted an experimental approach using a single-group design with pre- and post-tests, as it fits the research procedures. The sample consisted of (10) youth futsal players (under 19) from Al-Sharqiya Club, participating in the Iraq Stars League for the 2025-2026 season. The studied variables included motor abilities (power-speed, agility, balance) and anaerobic power. After applying the 3D training and comparing pre- and post-test results, the researcher achieved the research objectives and confirmed the hypothesis. It was concluded that 3D resistance training proved effective, showing a significant improvement in developing motor abilities (agility, balance, and power-speed) compared to traditional training due to its simulation of actual performance angles in futsal. These exercises also directly contributed to increasing anaerobic energy production efficiency, which is vital for futsal players who require repetitive explosive movements in tight spaces.

This research aimed to study the effect of isokinetic training on developing upper and lower limb muscle strength and the accuracy of step shooting in basketball for young players, through the application of a training program designed for this purpose. The research sample consisted of (14) basketball players from the Al-Diwaniyah Sports Talent Center in the youth category, and they were divided equally into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The prepared program was applied to the experimental group for two months, with (3) training sessions per week. Pre- and post-tests were conducted, and then the data were collected and statistically processed using the SPSS program. The study concluded that isokinetic training significantly affected the development of muscle strength and step shooting accuracy for basketball players. The study recommended that coaches should prioritize the use of assistive devices or new equipment to motivate players to perform exercises in an engaging way, as well as to develop their skills more effectively.

The present study examined the relationship between effective instructional communication and offensive skill performance within a university fencing context. A descriptive correlational design was employed, and the sample consisted of 200 third-year students enrolled in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Mustansiriyah University. Data were collected using a standardized communication scale adapted for educational and sport settings and a structured performance evaluation form assessing core offensive actions, including direct attacks, feints, and counter-attacks. Statistical analysis relied on descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficient to explore the association between study variables. The findings demonstrated that instructional environments characterized by clarity of explanation, purposeful interaction, timely responsiveness, and high-quality feedback were associated with more efficient motor execution and greater consistency in offensive skill performance. Effective communication appeared to facilitate learners’ understanding of technical requirements, support error correction processes, and enhance coordination and timing during performance. Furthermore, interactive instructional practices promoted higher levels of engagement and self-regulation, which are essential for mastering complex combat sport skills at the university level. These results highlight the pedagogical value of communication as an integral component of skill development rather than a supplementary instructional factor. These insights support pedagogical improvement in university fencing education.

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between selected anthropometric measurements and biomechanical performance indicators in both freestyle swimming and boxing among students of the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. The study was conducted within a correlational framework based on data collected across two successive academic stages. The research sample consisted of (21) students who performed a 25-meter freestyle swimming test in the first stage, followed by boxing performance tests in the second stage, including punch speed, explosive power assessed via the medicine ball chest pass, and punch accuracy. The researchers adopted a descriptive approach using correlational analysis. A set of anthropometric measurements (body height, arm length, trunk length, and leg length) was collected alongside physical and skill-based performance tests. Statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.The results revealed weak to moderate correlations among anthropometric measurements, reflecting natural structural variability within the sample. These measurements did not show significant relationships with most boxing performance indicators. However, a strong correlation was found between body height and freestyle swimming performance time. Additionally, moderate and statistically significant correlations were observed between swimming time and certain boxing performance variables, suggesting the presence of a shared physical foundation between the two activities. In contrast, strong correlations were identified among boxing performance variables, indicating their integration within a unified neuromuscular system. The researchers concluded that boxing performance relies more on functional neuromuscular abilities than on anthropometric characteristics, and that there is a partial transfer of certain physical capacities between swimming and boxing. The study recommends emphasizing the development of functional abilities in training programs and adopting multivariate biomechanical analysis to achieve a more accurate understanding of sports performance.

The importance of the current research is highlighted in identifying, and hence the importance of the current research is highlighted in identifying the effect of skill exercises according to video feedback in learning some basic football skills for second-year middle school students, by comparing this method with the traditional method, with the aim of contributing to learning teaching methods in physical education and achieving better educational results.


The research aimed to: prepare skill exercises according to visual feedback (Video Feedback) in learning some basic football skills for second-year intermediate students, and to identify the effect of skill exercises according to video feedback in learning some basic football skills for second-year intermediate students. The researcher used the experimental method by designing two equal groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-measurement. The research sample consisted of (70) second-year intermediate students at the Muhammad al-Tayeb Boys School, affiliated with the Third Rusafa Education Directorate. They were randomly distributed into two groups, each group included (30) students. The experimental group underwent an educational curriculum using the visual feedback method, while the control group learned according to the traditional method followed in the physical education lesson.The educational curriculum was implemented for eight weeks, with two educational units per week, and the duration of the educational unit was (45) minutes. The researcher used a set of skill tests to measure the level of learning basic football skills, including passing, scoring, and running with the ball. Data were treated statistically using t-test for correlated and independent samples.The research results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-measurement for the two groups, in favor of the post-measurement. It also showed a significant superiority of the experimental group over the control group in the post-tests for all the skills under study. The researcher concluded that using visual feedback is an effective educational method in learning basic football skills for middle school students.

Management science plays a crucial role in the success of any future endeavor, as it ensures the achievement of desired outcomes. Thus, management is one of the most critical elements in developing any institution, serving as a guarantee for its sustainability and the primary factor distinguishing between success, growth, or failure. Strategic analysis (SWOT) has become the optimal solution for many sports institutions to ensure their survival and continuity, especially with the increasing trends toward globalization and openness.This study aimed to analyze the strategic management of sports clubs specialized in racket games by evaluating the areas of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The findings indicated the presence of challenges in strategic planning and a lack of efficient resource utilization. The study recommended restructuring strategic management, investing in available opportunities, strengthening key advantages, and implementing strategies to address threats to enhance both the administrative and athletic performance of these clubs.

This study examines the impact of using modern training tools on improving rhythmic gymnastics skills, including motor coordination, balance, and flexibility. The research findings demonstrate that the use of modern technologies such as motion sensors, technological tools, and digital programs has a positive effect on improving these skills, enhancing athletes' ability to achieve better performance and avoid injuries. The results also revealed a strong correlation between training experience and the extent to which athletes benefited from these tools, with highly experienced athletes showing greater improvement compared to others. The descriptive-analytical methodology was employed in this research, with data collected from training centers in Saudi Arabia and analyzed using various statistical tests, including analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired-samples t-tests. All results demonstrated strong statistical significance, indicating the effectiveness of modern tools in improving athletic performance in rhythmic gymnastics.

The research aimed to design proposed exercises for developing movement response frequency and accuracy, and to identify their effect on the skill performance level of the forehand stroke for badminton players under 17 years old. Badminton is considered one of the sports that requires high movement speed and accuracy in performing basic skills. Therefore, the researcher focused on developing some physical and motor abilities related to skill performance. The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. A set of proposed exercises was applied using various training tools and methods aimed at improving movement response speed and accuracy among young players. The results showed a positive effect of the proposed exercises in developing movement response frequency and accuracy, which was reflected in improving the performance of the forehand stroke among the research sample. The researcher recommended adopting these exercises within training programs for young players because of their effective role in improving skill performance and enhancing achievement in badminton.

The study aims to identify the effect of a training program using Calisthenics exercises on improving some physical and physiological abilities of soccer players. This is achieved by designing a training program based on Calisthenics exercises, identifying the effect of the proposed program on the physical abilities of soccer players, and identifying the effect of the proposed program on the physiological variables of soccer players. The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The researcher selected a random sample of (25) soccer players, divided into (14) players for the exploratory study (test validity and reliability), and (11) players for the experimental group. One of the most important results was the presence of statistically significant differences between the average scores of the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group, in favor of the post-test average, in the physical and physiological abilities of soccer players. One of the most important recommendations was the necessity of integrating Calisthenics exercises into training programs to improve the physical and physiological abilities of soccer players. For players, especially in the general preparation stages, it is necessary to customize individual training programs based on the players' fitness level, with the training load level determined according to each player's specific needs.