Tikrit Journal for Political Science

The concept of state building، which was widely used after the Cold War، focused on rebuilding the failed state that has become a source of threat to security، peace and stability in the world، as well as on issues of democracy، human rights، participation، and political and economic reform. These countries and help them rebuild themselves، by re-engineering these countries politically and socially، to enable them to achieve security، democracy and internal stability. The engineering of state building that emerged after the Cold War accompanied the collapse of the state in several regions of the world and its collapse entailed the emergence of threats to security Accordingly، the definitions of the state-building process varied due to the overlapping of its foundations on the one hand، and the different temporal and spatial context in which the process emerged on the other hand، but it is possible to focus on the most important theoretical definitions that focus on building the state، including what is meant by the concept of building a national state to make transformations Radical structure and restructuring of its political and economic systems.

The crisis from the economic perspective is the contradiction between people’s needs and the resources available to them, i.e., the scarcity of resources versus the needs of unlimited people. However, this capitalist definition of the economic crisis is an ideological proposition, as the economic systems do not agree in their definition of an economic crisis as a contradiction between (demand) and natural resources (supply).It is known that the practical reality of the capitalist and socialist world economy did not achieve optimal distribution or effective allocation, as the collapse of the Soviet socialist system is one of the greatest evidence of the failure of the system as a system, as is the case with the contemporary capitalist system characterized by periodic crises, which calls for the need to reformulate the theory By correcting the concept of economic crisis or at least making us question one of the pillars of the capitalist system, which is the interest rate.

The purpose of this research is to study the impact of the data of the massive and modern information technology revolution in all its diversity and forms on the significant spread of the phenomenon of terrorism and the aggravation of the depth of its impact. These data have resulted in new concepts in the world such as the techno-information terrorism as a new cross-border security threat to societies and countries which is based on the use of modern technologies to launch terrorist attacks with the aim of spreading fear and terror. This massive revolution brought about by these technologies resulted in the emergence of a new criminal world whose danger lies in its effect on the structure and complexity of society its complexity, its increasing danger and its prevalence either in terms of ease of using technology and facilitating communication among terrorist groups to coordinate their operations, or in the way of persuading and inventing advanced terrorist methods. The attacks were not limited only to the political, security and economic aspects, but they also affected the social and cultural aspects by destroying infrastructure sites such as hospitals, power plants, water, gas, as well as spreading the culture of religious extremism among young people, obliterating their identity and attracting them to join terrorist organizations which threaten the entire social security, and here lies the danger.

The Article deals with U.S foreign policy making at many levels: the first highlighted the definition of U.S foreign policy, schools of thought , and main tool and objectives. While the second concern with powers of foreign policy shared between President and Congress explain the gap between constitutional provision and practical reality.

The industrial sector is one of the most important and important economic sectors in the economy of any country، whether it is a developing or a developed country. Sustainably important now and in the future. The Iraqi industry has gone through its history with many great challenges، and through historical stages of development and since the establishment of the Iraqi state in 1921، and due to the phenomenon of political، security and economic instability that Iraq has witnessed throughout its history، its contribution to the gross domestic product was weak، and Iraq continued to suffer from a unilateral rentier economy for decades gone by. After the occupation of Iraq in 2003 by the United States of America and the accompanying devastating war that included most sectors، especially industrial infrastructure، factories and industrial facilities، which were destroyed and sabotaged، which dealt a strong blow to the Iraqi industry، as well as the role of economic public policies taken by governments The successive Iraqis were financial، monetary، tax، technical، or investment، which was suffering from insufficient rationality for the ambitious developmental advancement of the Iraqi industry، as the political، security، economic and social obstacles played a role in impeding the growth of this vital economic sector.

The issue of citizenship is a fundamental pillar in building the Iraqi citizen, which in turn leads to state building. Therefore, any defect that affects it leaves an impact on the building of society as a whole. Building the state. Therefore, the Iraqi state seeks, through the mechanisms of citizenship, to create and develop a sense of it in a way that makes it catch up with the progress and development witnessed by countries in the world.

The success of countries is measured by the researchers of their economic stability, so they have paid great attention to the public budget deficit because of its direct relationship to the economic situation of the country. And the budget deficit is one of the most important problems that the Egyptian economy suffers from, it is a structural imbalance that is not related to the trade cycle and shows the superiority of government spending items over public revenues, and the Egyptian government has sought to confront a deficit in its public budgets and work to reduce it through an economic reform program, by a deflationary policy that works to increase revenues and rationalize public expenditures. Despite that, still represents a major challenge for the Egyptian government, as the proportion of the overall deficit in the Egyptian public budget (8.0%) it's what represents the total deficit for the fiscal year (2019-2020), which constitutes more than twice the percentage allowed by the European Union Agreement (Maastricht), which specified (3%) as an indicator of the acceptable size of the public budget deficit Since most countries of the world resort to public debt in order to cover the deficit in their public budgets, the chronic deficit in the public budget in Egypt was one of the most important causes of excessive internal and external borrowing, which has grown in addition to the aggravation of the burden of debt services.

Cyber security is considered one of the most important points of exposure and weakness that embarrasses the national strategy of the state, as it has become a new and widely threatening entrance, and its practice pollutes the faith and its pillars, as long as it does not exceed as an information technology management, a positive management represented by protection and security, and a negative management in terms of war, attack and crimes, and in our study we will explain The course of strategic doctrine and its awareness of cyber threats.

The issue of security is one of the very influential factors in the policy of any country, whether at the internal or external levels. Since 2003, Iraq has suffered from various security threats, perhaps the most prominent of which are terrorism, border security, societal tensions and economic deterioration, which provoked reactions that took the form of popular protests, and have affected These threats directly affect the nature of Iraq's regional and international relations.At the regional level, the security dimension was present in Iraq’s policy towards Turkey, especially since the Turkish military interventions in northern Iraq to pursue the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) have provoked recurring political crises between Iraq and Turkey, and the security factor in turn affected Iraq’s policy towards Iran, and the security reality and the importance of Iraq The strategy turns it into an arena of intersection of wills, competition for regional interests, and consolidation of influence in the Middle East, especially between Turkey and Iran.The security factor, in turn, directly affected Iraq's foreign policy, especially towards influential international powers, led by the United States. Security cooperation between Iraq and the United States was framed by a joint security agreement.

The Israeli foreign policy witnessed many challenges in the years 2003-2015, as the fall of the regime in Iraq and the emergence of the terrorist group ISIS in it provided new opportunities and challenges for it. The strategic vacuum resulting from the occupation of Iraq increased the golden opportunity for Israel to penetrate Iraqi Kurdistan by focusing on designing and implementing its strategic plans as well as its geopolitical interests, taking into account its geopolitical heart. The relationship between Israel and the Kurds is an extension of the Israeli foreign policy and its national security strategy in the Middle East in order to break out of isolation and expand its presence in the region. Accordingly, Israel’s charter to direct presence in the region, and with its infiltration into economic and social activities in the region, seeking to obtain a new strategic ally in the Middle East. Therefore, Israel has identified the Kurdish minority as an ally in its hostile environment, where it establishes ties with it.

Democratic countries have devoted most of their attention to limiting the influence and impact of corrupt electoral finance by setting a set of restrictions that work to control the sources of obtaining it and the methods of its use by parties and candidates to ensure free, fair and transparent elections, and Iraq was one of those countries that tended to establish legal rules Which controls its paths, directions and methods of spending during the electoral process, as well as the establishment of an apparatus based on its follow-up in order to preserve the proper practice of ‏the democratic process of it .