Tikrit Journal for Political Science

Corruption plays a major role in obstructing the Iraqi political system, both in terms of legitimacy and stability. It also limits the transparency of the political system and leads to conflicts between different groups. Iraq witnessed a significant increase in corruption levels after the US occupation in 2003. Where the occupation forces appointed American consultants to manage the various sectors in Iraq, and they lack the standard of experience and competence, and this approach has continued until the present time.

Developments in the Iraqi internal arena, as well as the regional environment and its potential repercussions on Iraq, impose the necessity of adopting an effective strategy, and taking precautionary measures, to ensure the preservation of Iraq’s security and the preservation of its independence and national sovereignty (land, sea, and air). Based on national responsibility and sensing the seriousness of the threats and challenges that are present and expected in the foreseeable future, the Iraqi strategic decision-maker must enact a legislative law to make service in the armed forces compulsory, a step that is seen as a cornerstone in training young people to serve the flag and the nation and strengthen the national spirit and unity in the country. Defending him in times of emergency and crisis.
However, the Iraqi decision-maker faces several challenges to enact such a law, for reasons (political, security, military, logistical, economic, and finally societal

The global society is facing structural crises and deep-seated systemic dysfunctions that have contributed to the escalation of various conflicts and the exacerbation of identity crises. There is a rise in social diseases detrimental to communal living, bewildering the facets of coexistence and harmony. In the current era, people tend to retreat and seek refuge, withdrawing into narrow identities, highlighting the breakdown of social relationships. Alienation, anxiety, lack of solidarity, violence, terrorism, and insecurity have become features of modern times. Intellectual figures and enlightening voices have emerged, offering conceptual frameworks based on social experiences to comprehend the manifestations of these crises. They provide thorough scientific explanations and propose solutions to help individuals transcend these challenges, aiming for a better life within the framework of communal living. Notable among these voices are the German philosopher Axel Honneth and the American philosopher Nancy Fraser.

Many countries are facing internal and external pressures stemming from the surrounding environment, which is represented in a number of economic, political and social changes, especially countries that include ethnic diversity, and their greater responsibility requires them to pay increased attention to their internal structure by placing the management of ethnic diversity and diversity at the top of their agenda. Creating a common identity through which everyone feels a sense of belonging to the state, and the management of ethnic diversity has become an important and often controversial topic in recent times, and the controversy has arisen about cultural pluralism as a systematic and comprehensive response to dealing with ethnic diversity, and in this study we address the phenomenon of pluralism and ethnic diversity in Iran from Non-Muslim religious minorities and how to manage them, answering questions about whether ethnic pluralism can promote internal harmony, equal employment and trust between different minorities and ethnic groups, and a statement of Iran’s policy after 1979 in managing its ethnic diversity in order to clarify the lessons learned from these Experience and its applicability elsewhere, managing ethnic diversity has attracted sociologists interested in race and pluralism Cultural immigration and solutions.

The scope of the sanctions regime imposed by the United States against countries and entities has expanded with the imposition of the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the US Department of the Treasury (OFAC), and the impact of these sanctions imposed by the United States made a clear challenge, as it prevented countries, entities and individuals from formally accessing global financial networks, which led to Vibration of financial systems and threatening the economic system of countries and entities, which achieves American hegemony without returning to the use of international law and the use of the UN Security Council, which caused the decline of the influence of the international authority represented by the United Nations.

After 2003, Iraq encountered several challenges that posed a serious threat to its security and sovereignty. Among these threats was the spread of drugs, as during that period, Iraq became a major corridor for drug trade, as it is located as a mediator between producing and consuming countries. After that, the biggest challenge was ISIS, which occupied parts of Iraq in June 2014. Among the other challenges facing Iraq's security is the phenomenon of arms proliferation, which has negative effects on security and community peace. Corruption is also one of the challenges that threaten the security and stability of Iraq. Its spread leads to activating the work of organized crime networks and terrorist elements .

This paper deals with the competition between two strong international powers: the United States and China . This competition is held in an active African land , the Horn of Africa, due to its geographical location that governs the sea access corridors between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. In addition, there are natural resources inherent in the lands of the countries that comprise it. That makes the entire Horn region an attractive and permanent center for the competition of the major powers.

This research deals with (the reasons for the October movement (2019) in Iraq) and one of the most important issues in the Iraqi reality، an attempt to know the reasons that led to this and analyze them from all sides، as the research included a fundamental study of the nature of the popular movement ، that the (peaceful) popular movement is guaranteed by the constitution to express the opinions of the people based on the article (38)، and it came as a response to the bad conditions experienced by most of the Iraqi people and the failure of pervious governments to fulfill the promises they made، The Iraqi people belong to the ruling stratum of this country، which has taken turns ruling the country for more than a decade and has not succeeded in meeting the demands of the Iraqi people and providing a stable environment that helps attract investing companies and advance the social and economic reality of the country.

political empowerment is one of the important topics in society, which indicates the importance of political empowerment of women in the exercise of their political role, in a way that achieves progress and reform in Arab societies, and this naturally reflects on the impact of political empowerment on Iraqi women, through strengthening their position and participation in the political field and access To political decision-making positions, and if this indicates anything, then it indicates the desire and ability of Iraqi women to assume the full responsibility entrusted to them in this field as well as their enjoyment of political rights.

Based on this, the issue of political empowerment of Iraqi women goes beyond their exercise of political work in light of the constitution, Iraqi law, and the international framework, and includes respect for their presence, expression of their ideas, and their participation in official institutions in the state.

Many political, economic, and social factors have been reflected on the issue of political empowerment of Iraqi women after 2005, which is considered one of the most important challenges that Iraqi women face in their political work, especially after the political transformation in 2005, so it requires more efforts instead of finding solutions and getting rid of those challenges. Afflicting Iraqi women in their political work.

The research shows the conceptual approach to political empowerment as well as the motives for political and legal empowerment and the international framework. In addition to this, the political empowerment of Iraqi women in official institutions was presented, and the focus was on the most important obstacles and solutions to the political empowerment of Iraqi women.