Al.Qadisiyah journal for the Sciences of Physical Education

The importance of the research becomes evident based on the data addressed in the current study, which attempts to identify the role of e-governance in improving and implementing administrative decisions and organizational loyalty among directors of national sports talent departments, from the perspective of employees in these departments in the Middle Euphrates region. This is aimed at advancing progress and providing the best outcomes to achieve sports accomplishments that align with the development journey both in the Arab world and globally. As for the research problem, it concerns (the role of e-governance in the national departments for nurturing sports talent, the level of improvement in administrative decision-making in the national departments for nurturing sports talent, and the extent of the impact of employees in enhancing organizational loyalty in the national departments for nurturing sports talent). As for the research objectives, they include (building and applying measures of e-governance, administrative decision-making, and organizational loyalty among employees in the national departments for nurturing sports talent at the Ministry of Youth and Sports, and identifying the relationship between e-governance, administrative decision-making, and organizational loyalty among employees in the national departments for nurturing sports talent). The researcher used the descriptive method with the survey approach due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem. The research population and its samples were identified from its boundaries, represented by employees in the national departments for nurturing sports talent in the Middle Euphrates region, distributed as follows: 142 individuals, with the exploratory experiment including 23 individuals, the construction sample 56 individuals, and the application sample 63 individuals. The researcher followed the steps for constructing and applying the three measures and processed the data using the statistical methods employed in the research. As for Chapter Four, it included the presentation, analysis, and discussion of the results of the three measures and the extent of the relationship between them. The researcher concluded(Improving administrative decision-making can be achieved through various means and methods, including environmental analysis, as analyzing the impact of the external and internal environment provides a clear picture of the nature of opportunities and threats, as well as strengths and weaknesses). The researcher recommended (supporting and encouraging creativity, innovation, and research related to e-government in the studied institution, as this contributes to its success, development, spread to other government institutions, and the expansion of its scope).

This study aims to identify the relationship between certain motor abilities and the smash skill in volleyball. This skill is of great importance, as it represents one of the most prominent offensive skills used to score points in matches. A set of motor abilities related to skill performance was identified, such as explosive power of the lower extremities, muscle strength of the arms, balance, agility, and motor response speed.
The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using a correlational approach to suit the nature of the study. The research sample was deliberately selected from volleyball players. Specific tests were conducted to measure motor abilities, in addition to evaluating the smash skill through approved skill performance tests.
The results showed a significant correlation between certain motor abilities—particularly explosive power and balance—and the level of smash performance. This indicates that developing these abilities contributes to improving players' skill performance.
The researcher recommends focusing on developing the motor abilities that influence smash performance within training sessions, given their effective role in improving offensive performance in volleyballFor students of Sumer University

Total Body Resistance (TRX) training, in its various forms including rigid and elastic ropes, resistance bands, and ballistic methods, is an important factor in developing specialized training programs for people with disabilities, including wheelchair users (category 56, women). This approach provides greater specificity in training this group. The research focused on using resistance training (TRX) and the ballistic method in developing the variables of the study to help the trainer identify strengths and weaknesses so that they can be addressed. Therefore, the researcher decided to design total body resistance training using (TRX) for the study group in order to know its effect on developing physical capabilities. And the achievement is, I used the experimental approach in the style of (two equal groups) on the female athletes of the Paralympic Subcommittee in Diwaniyah, who numbered (6) female athletes in the category (F56), and in a random way they were divided into two groups, experimental and control, with (3) female athletes for each group, then the pre- and post-tests were conducted. With the variables of the study after the training, and through the results, the researcher concluded that there were significant differences between the two groups in the post-test and in favor of the experimental group

This research includes an introduction and the significance of the study, focusing on sports injuries, their types, causes, and locations among talented basketball players at the Nation al Center for Sports Talent Development. This includes the research objectives and hypotheses, sample selection, and field research procedures. The study also covers the types of injuries, their causes, and locations of occurrence among the sample, particularly those affecting the upper and lower extremities. The sample consisted of basketball players aged 14-15 years, with eight injured players representing 32% of the total research population (25 players). A field survey was conducted to identify the types of injuries affecting the upper and lower extremities, their causes, locations, and times of occurrence. The researcher then performed statistical analysis using the statistical package (SPSS) was used to analyze the data collected for the study, then to obtain the results, conclusions, and recommendations that the researcher arrived at from this study of the types of injuries among this sample of injured individuals at the National Center for Sports Talent Development – Ministry of Youth and Sports.

This research aims to investigate the physiological and functional effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) as a modern therapeutic approach in sports medicine, and its role in enhancing muscular recovery and tissue regeneration following intense physical exertion or sports injuries. Rapid and well-controlled recovery is a fundamental factor in maintaining high-level athletic performance and reducing downtime caused by fatigue or injuries, making the exploration of advanced therapeutic methods a scientific and practical necessity in sports training and rehabilitation fields.
The study employed an experimental comparison between HBOT and several traditional recovery methods, including cryotherapy, therapeutic massage, and contrast baths, to determine their efficiency in accelerating muscle tissue repair, reducing inflammatory responses, and improving the functional capacity of muscles after physical strain. The sample consisted of trained athletes who underwent regular HBOT sessions inside a pressurized chamber where oxygen concentration exceeded 75% at a therapeutic pressure of 2 ATA. Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were monitored, along with indicators of physical performance and muscular endurance before and after the treatment period.
The results revealed significant differences in favor of the HBOT group, represented by a faster rate of muscular recovery, a noticeable reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress, and an improvement in functional efficiency and overall athletic performance compared to the traditional recovery group. These findings indicate that HBOT provides a valuable addition to modern sports medicine by enhancing oxygen delivery to damaged tissues, stimulating cellular regeneration, and accelerating the return of athletes to their optimal physical performance levels in a shorter time.
The research concludes that integrating HBOT within rehabilitation and recovery programs is an effective and safe therapeutic option that contributes to the development of preventive and restorative strategies in sports medicine. It recommends conducting long-term studies to determine the optimal oxygen dosage, session frequency, and duration according to sport type and injury nature, as well as exploring the possibility of combining HBOT with other therapeutic modalities to achieve synergistic results that enhance athletic performance and quality of life for both professional and amateur athletes.

Abstract
Handball is a widely popular sport due to its diverse skills, encompassing both defensive and offensive techniques. These skills require a range of physical and motor abilities for players to perform their required tasks. The research problem identified was a weakness in handball handball's eye-arm coordination and jump shooting skills. The study aimed to develop specific exercises to improve handball students' eye-arm coordination and jump shooting skills, and to determine their effectiveness. The research was conducted with a group of (12) students from Al-Diwaniyah Preparatory School. The researcher concluded that the specific exercises played a significant role in developing eye-arm coordination and jump shooting skills in handball.
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Modern scientific advancements in sports, particularly in team sports like volleyball, have garnered significant attention from fans and specialists recently. Volleyball, the third most popular sport after football and basketball, has prompted researchers to focus on developing its stages, learning methods, and overall performance. This is because volleyball relies on fundamental physical abilities such as agility and flexibility, which are crucial for skill execution, especially the serve and the spike – the two core skills in this game. The study focuses on a sample of 15-17 year olds from sports talent centers within the Ministry of Youth and Sports in Baghdad Governorate, highlighting the importance of physical abilities, flexibility, and agility in the accuracy of these two skills. The researcher employed the
three-cycle learning strategy, which makes learning more organized, accessible, and easier. This strategy relies on creating an educational environment that helps learners discover, design, and apply educational and learning situations, enabling them to learn and master skills. Therefore, the researcher utilized this approach to learn and develop the physical abilities under study, specifically the accuracy of the serving and smashing skills, according to the three-cycle learning strategy and its impact on developing motor skills to address the research problem. The research aimed to develop an educational program based on improving agility and flexibility in the accuracy of the serving and smashing skills. The study revealed differences between the pre- and post-tests in developing physical abilities, agility, and flexibility in the accuracy of the serving and smashing skills for the research participants. The researcher concluded that the educational program, using this learning strategy, effectively developed agility, flexibility, and the accuracy of the serving and smashing skills for the participants in the post-test. The researcher also recommended using educational programs based on the three-cycle learning strategy to develop other abilities in different sports activities.

Abstract
The research aims to identify the effect of using skill exercises using the reciprocal method in learning some basic skills in futsal. The research problem was represented by the poor level of students in some basic skills in futsal due to the lack of use of modern teaching methods based on interaction and participation. The research hypotheses were represented by the presence of statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group that used skill exercises using the reciprocal method, in favor of the post-test. The researcher used the experimental method with a two-group equivalent design. The research sample consisted of (38) students from Al-Safi Al-Najfi Secondary School, randomly selected. The research results showed that the use of exercises using the reciprocal method contributed effectively to improving the level of learning among students in basic skills in futsal compared to the traditional method. Based on the results, the researcher recommends the necessity of adopting the reciprocal method in teaching physical education in secondary schools, as it allows for effective student participation and enhances their ability to learn independently and collaboratively

The study aimed to identified to the leadership of skills of the heads of the volleyball federations from the coaches' point of view, as for the methodology , the researchers used the descriptive approach with survey and the, correlational and the predictive studies in solving the research problem, as for the original research society which has identified representing the heads of the volleyball federations in Iraq, who are ( 15) individuals representing the target sample, The research society also included coaches in volleyball federations in Iraq in Iraq they are representing the research sample and the mean to get to the special data concerning with the original research who aren (214) distributed to 15 governorate , as for as the producers of the study the two researchers had distributed the measures of the leadership of skills to the research sample who are (80 ) coaches by 37 precent distributed to volleyball federations in Iraq, from original research society, after collecting the data and did the statistical processing for study, the researchers, concluded that the heads of the volleyball federations in Iraq have(The leadership skills) The study recommended benefiting from the measures of leadership that used by the researchers in measuring the level of the leadership skills for the heads of the volleyball federations.

The study aimed to:
- Identify the two dominant learning styles (right and left) among female students in the Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, University of Sulaymaniyah.
- Identify the impact of the (visual) instructional method, based on the dominance of the right (consensus) and left (inconsensus) brain, on learning some floor movements in artistic gymnastics for the research sample.
- Identify the impact of the (auditory) instructional method, based on the dominance of the left (consensus) and right (inconsensus) brain, on learning some floor movements in artistic gymnastics for the research sample.
The researchers used the experimental approach by designing four experimental groups with post-tests. The research population was defined as female students in the Department of Physical Education at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Sulaimani, numbering (74) students. The research sample consisted of (36) students divided into four experimental groups after determining their hemispheric dominance. The researchers utilized a number of devices, tools, and methods to collect information, and used a Torrance scale to determine hemispheric dominance and measure skill performance. In the research procedures, a number of exploratory experiments were conducted, two educational curricula (visual and auditory) were developed, and pre- and post-tests were conducted. The two curricula were implemented for a period of one and a half months, covering the movements (diving, human wheel, and Arabian jump). Using the electronic statistical package (SPSS) to process the data, the researchers reached the following conclusions:
• The educational curriculum (auditory and visual), with hemispheric dominance of the right and left brains, has a positive impact on learning the studied movements. • The use of the auditory approach with left hemisphere dominance (consensus) is more effective than the use of right hemisphere dominance (non-consensus) in the technical performance of the basic movements studied.
• The use of the visual approach with left hemisphere dominance (non-consensus) and right hemisphere dominance (consensus) is positive for the technical performance of the three movements studied.

Administrative behavior is one of the basic pillars of contemporary administrative studies, as it is a vital element through which the mechanism of work within institutions can be understood. Educational supervision is considered one of these institutions, due to its pivotal role in directing and developing the professional performance of physical education teachers. The research was based on the importance of knowing the administrative behavior of physical education supervisors, especially those at the beginning of their professional career, especially in the field of physical education, which requires a balance between technical and administrative aspects. The research aims to identify the nature of administrative behavior practiced by physical education supervisors in Diyala Governorate, and how this behavior is affected by the degrees of field experience possessed by the supervisors. As for the research problem, through the researcher’s field observation, he noticed a clear disparity in the level of administrative performance. This disparity is due to the different degrees of field experience in administrative behavior among physical education supervisors. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach with a survey method to suit the nature of the problem, as the administrative behavior scale was used. The research fields are the human field, represented by physical education teachers in Diyala Governorate, and the time period is from 12/3/2024 until 2025/3/18, the spatial scope is secondary schools in Diyala Governorate, and the results also showed the need for inexperienced supervisors to have training programs that focus on developing administrative skills and enhancing field effectiveness.

This study aimed to construct two tests for coordination abilities and to determine their predictive power regarding the effectiveness of the tactical blocking skill for center players in volleyball. The researchers adopted a descriptive correlational approach, deemed suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of club players participating in the 2024 Iraqi Women's Volleyball Premier League, with a sample size of 146 players. Two tests were developed: a speed and motor response test and a dynamic balance test, both of which demonstrated acceptable scientific coefficients. The research results showed the feasibility of generating standardized scores and levels for the two constructed tests. The researchers developed an equation for predicting the tactical blocking skill level for center players using the Click & Scout analytical program, based on the factors used to construct the two tests. The results of the linear regression method showed that the color-matching test within the circle had the greatest impact on predicting the effectiveness of the blocking skill for center players (position 3). While the 10.5-meter hop test, using the right leg to go and the left leg to return while holding a volleyball, had a greater impact on predicting the effectiveness of the blocking wall for players in position (2). The researchers recommended focusing on constructing coordination ability tests according to the different age groups of players.