Journal of University of Babylon

Theater is one of the most important cultural spaces that has contributed to shaping human consciousness throughout history. From its very beginnings, it has represented a starting point for enlightenment and development, and an effective tool in building societies and reshaping their worldview. Iraqi theater was one of the most prominent arenas of cultural resistance, contributing to the embodiment of postcolonial consciousness through texts and performances that revived indigenous culture and reread colonial history with a critical awareness that revealed its structural and semantic effects. Iraqi theatrical texts exhibit multiple representations of colonial discourse, whether through exposing the mechanisms of control and domination, highlighting the conflict between self and other, or reclaiming local symbols and heritage as a means of reaffirming identity. The current research consists of four chapters. The first chapter deals with the methodological framework of the research, including the research problem, which is summarized in the following question: What are the structural and semantic representations that the colonial discourse takes in selected texts from the Iraqi theater? The study also included the importance and necessity of the research, its objective of revealing the representations of colonial discourse in Iraqi theatrical texts through a reading of structure and meaning, its limitations, and the definition of terms. The second chapter addressed the theoretical framework, comprising two sections: the first section dealt with colonialism and its intellectual and cultural references, while the second section addressed postcolonialism in theatrical performance. The third chapter covered the research procedures, including the community and sample, the descriptive-analytical methodology, and the sample analysis. The fourth chapter contained the results and conclusions, the most important of which was that Iraqi theater is no longer a neutral expressive structure but has become a critical intellectual practice that deconstructs dominant cultural systems and re-examines the conditions of their production. It also included several recommendations, the most prominent of which was the promotion of local theatrical production that reflects the Iraqi social and political reality in a way that preserves cultural identity and reveals internal conflicts without distorting them. Finally, it included the sources and references.

There is no problem with the Quran's pronunciation or meaning, but there is another aspect that should not be overlooked: the melodic aspect. This study will examine the fluency of the Quran in Surat Ad-Duha, focusing on the concept of segmentation and its types, as well as studying the melodic aspect of these pauses and their rhyme schemes to determine their impact on the melodic values. This will be achieved through studying the acoustic nature of the surah to arrive at the physical implications of the study, using Adobe Audition and the Brat audio analysis software. It has been found that there is a significant vibrational correspondence between the pauses of the surah, on the one hand, and between the pauses and their rhyming sounds, on the other. This correspondence is evident in several aspects, such as their temporal duration, frequency values, and energy.

The Moroccans developed their own unique methods after the science of Hadith was transmitted to them from the East, particularly when a large number of Maghrebi students traveled to the East to further their studies in Hadith. Upon their return, they brought with them this knowledge and refined their methods of transmission and study, becoming highly skilled and authoring countless books on the subject. Their writings were characterized by features and styles distinct from those of their Eastern counterparts. This is what we have focused on clarifying in this research, whose importance lies in identifying these methods and the development they brought to the study of the noble Prophetic Hadith, which entered the Maghreb gradually after the Islamic conquest. Initially, it entered as oral narrations passed down among Hadith scholars and the general public. Its transmission became more organized after the scholarly journeys undertaken by Maghrebi scholars, especially after their studies with Imam Malik ibn Anas and the transmission of his book to their lands. Thus, Hadith became an independent science in their lands, and they competed in its study and the development of its methodologies. This led to the emergence of eminent scholars who rivaled the scholars of the East in their jurisprudence and other sciences, while also developing their own unique methods of Hadith that distinguished them from others. However, information concerning the methods of recording hadith employed by the Moroccans was not compiled or presented in a single book. Rather, it is discussed within biographies of modern Moroccan scholars or in a general context; that is, the information is scattered throughout historical sources. This was the problem the researcher faced when writing the study, which included several sections based on the availability of information. These sections included the characteristics and features of recording hadith among the Moroccans, their unique methods of hadith transmission (permission to transmit hadith), perhaps the most prominent of which was the practice of women receiving hadith licenses (ijazah). Following this, the study discussed their views on the collection and recording of hadith.

This research examines the growing use of the X platform in Iraq and its impact on satellite TV viewership rates. The study, conducted among faculty members at the College of Arts, Al-Mustansiriya University, explores a topic that has not been extensively researched, particularly concerning its two independent variables: the X platform and satellite channels. The research addresses several questions regarding the motivations of the Iraqi public for using the X platform compared to watching satellite TV, and the amount of time Iraqi users spend on the X platform daily versus watching satellite TV. The research also includes several hypotheses, such as the increasing reliance on the X platform for informational purposes as conflict intensifies and its influence on public opinion grows. The research aims to achieve several objectives, including identifying the motivations of the Iraqi public for preferring the X platform over satellite channels and determining the amount of time the public spends using the X platform versus satellite TV. This research is descriptive in nature, and the researcher used a survey methodology to collect, organize, and analyze data. The findings revealed a widespread reliance among faculty members on the X platform as their primary source for following Iraqi political affairs, with a usage rate of 93.75%. These data collectively indicate a growing consumption pattern of digital content via the X platform, which has inevitably led to a shift in satellite television viewing habits.

The present study aimed to identify the behavioral problems of children deprived of family care from the perspective of the specialists supervising them, as well as to examine differences in these behavioral problems according to the variables of cause of deprivation, academic achievement, and age. The descriptive-analytical approach was adopted. The study sample consisted of (66) children from Ibn Rushd Temporary Care Center in Qudsaya. The research instrument was the Burks Behavior Rating Scales (BBRS), which includes (110) items distributed across (19) subscales.
The results indicated that academic weakness was the most prevalent behavioral problem among the sample, whereas stubbornness and resistance were the least prevalent. Statistically significant differences were found in the mean scores of behavioral problems according to the cause of deprivation, in favor of children deprived of parental care due to divorce. Significant differences were also found according to academic achievement, in favor of children with primary-level achievement, except for the subscale of excessive self-blame, where the differences favored non-enrolled children. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were observed according to age, in favor of children under the age of (10) years.

This research analyzes the spatial variability of rainfall anomalies in Al-Anbar Governorate during 1985–2020 and highlights their practical implications. Data from six meteorological stations were examined using the coefficient of variation (CV), standard deviation, moving averages, and the Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI).
Results show clear spatial variability, with Al-Qaim station recording the highest annual average (151.3 mm) and Al-Nukhayb station the lowest (100 mm). All stations exceeded the CV threshold (>30%), confirming rainfall instability; Haditha station had the highest CV (47.4%), while Anah station recorded the lowest (34.7). Standard deviation ranged from 55.1 mm in Haditha station to 38.6 mm in Al-Nukhayb. The RAI identified very wet years (1988, 1997, 2018) and extremely dry years (1999, 2007, 2009, 2017), reflecting cycles every 7–10 years.
These findings indicate irregular rainfall patterns that challenge agriculture, water management, and sustainability, requiring adaptive strategies such as water harvesting, modern irrigation, and drought-resistant crops.

This research is concerned with studying the linguistic levels in Abu Al-Amithal’s Diwan. The importance of the research comes from the attempt to monitor the structures of the linguistic levels that were prevalent in that era, which is the third century AH, to shed light on. Light on the morphological, syntactic and semantic issues in his poetry, so the title came “Linguistic Structures in the Diwan of Ibn Al-Umaythal (d. 240 AH) As for the research method, I followed the analytical descriptive method, as one completes the other, so through the analytical method we divide the research phenomena into parts, and with what the descriptive method does of collecting For information to draw conclusions, the research question is: What is the linguistic structure derived from Ibn Al-Amaithal’s poetry? Perhaps the answer lies in the results reached by the research, which included various levels of language that influenced the research to indicate a linguistic personality that employed poetry to serve the language. The research required dividing it into three sections, the section The first: The morphological structures in the collection, and it was divided into two sections: the first: The structures of derivatives, the second section: The meanings of the structures of augmented verbs, and the second section was entitled: The grammatical sentence in the collection, and it had two sections: the first section: The imperative sentence, the second section: The conditional sentence, while the third section: The semantic fields, in three Topics: The first topic: Women's vocabulary (their jewelry and what they adorn themselves with), the second topic: Nature vocabulary, the third topic: Animal vocabulary, wine vocabulary, and related topics. Finally, the conclusion, which includes the research findings.

The water crisis in Iraq is one of the most influential and overlapping crises at the internal and regional levels, as it is no longer a technical or service problem, but has turned into an issue with political, economic and strategic dimensions, affecting national security and determining the future of sustainable development in the country, this research deals with an in-depth analysis of the water management crisis in Iraq by studying the interactions of two main factors, namely:
1. Local Negligence: represented by poor water governance, the absence of strategic planning, the deterioration of infrastructure, the absence of investment in modern irrigation technologies, and the dispersion of relevant state institutions.
2. Regional Tensions: the tensions between Iraq and the upstream countries, especially (Turkey and Iran), which have taken water as a tool of political and economic pressure through the construction of giant dams and diverting the course of rivers without reaching binding agreements that take into account Iraq's historical rights to water.
The causes of the crisis are within a political and economic framework, by tracing the roots of internal administrative dysfunction and the impact of wrong policies on the management of Water Resources, and local neglect weakened the ability of the state to deal with regional pressures, and the hostile water policies of upstream countries contributed to exacerbating the problem, causing Iraq a water crisis facing food, environmental and social security risks.

The present research aims to identify the nature of the relationship between self-vitality and academic buoyancy among a sample of eleventh-grade secondary school students in some public schools in the city of Deir ez-Zor, and to reveal the level of both self-vitality and academic buoyancy among the research sample members, relying on the correlational descriptive method. The research sample consisted of (135) male and female students from the eleventh grade of general secondary education in some public schools in Deir ez-Zor. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers used two main scales: the Self-Vitality Scale, which was adopted from (Arafa, 2021), and the Academic Buoyancy Scale, inspired by (Abu Warda, 2025) and (Kattana, 2023). The results indicated a positive, direct correlational relationship between self-vitality and academic buoyancy for learning among the sample members. Furthermore, the level of self-vitality among the research sample members was found to be moderate, and the level of academic buoyancy among the research sample members was also found to be moderate.

This research aimed to identify the factors influencing the formation of the professional identity of primary school teachers in Damascus from their perspectives, and to examine the significance of differences in the average ratings of the study sample regarding the degree of influence of these factors, according to the variables of gender, years of service, and academic qualification. The descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and the researcher developed a questionnaire to measure the factors influencing the formation of teachers' professional identity. This questionnaire was administered to a sample of 365 primary school teachers in Damascus, selected through simple random sampling. The results revealed that factors related to the work environment and institutional support, self-perception and personal characteristics, as well as social and cultural circumstances, had a high level of influence on the formation of professional identity among primary school teachers in Damascus. The mean scores for these factors were 4.08, 3.80, and 3.48, respectively. In contrast, the influence of factors related to academic preparation and professional development was found to be moderate, with a mean score of 2.83. Statistically significant differences were found between the mean scores of the sample on the overall questionnaire regarding factors influencing the formation of professional identity, based on the gender variable (favoring males) and the years of service variable (favoring teachers with ten or more years of experience). Conversely, the results did not show statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the sample on the overall questionnaire or its sub-domains based on the academic qualification variable.

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This research examines the technical representations of the imaginary in contemporary Iraqi theatrical performance, using the play "The Home" as a case study. The research problem is defined as the role of the technical variable in representing the imaginary in contemporary Iraqi theatrical performance. The importance of this research lies in its highlighting of the technical mechanisms that can be used in theatrical performances to represent the mental imaginary and transform it from conceptual ideas into tangible, material realities. The need for this research stems from its benefit to researchers and those interested in the field of theatrical studies, particularly in theatrical techniques, as well as students researching in this field. The research is limited in time to the year 2021, geographically to Baghdad/Al-Najaf Theater, and thematically to studying the technical representations of the imaginary in contemporary Iraqi theatrical performance, using the play "The Home" as a case study.
The research defines the imaginary conceptually and addresses the technique of the imaginary in the arts in general, and in theatrical performance in particular, both globally and in the Arab world. The research population and sample consist of the play "The Home," which was chosen purposively to serve the research objective of analyzing the play using a descriptive methodology. One of the research findings is that the imaginary is technically represented through the paradox arising from the interaction between director Ghanem Hamid and the theme of the theatrical work. This forms the essential threshold for the presence of the imaginary's potential, both mentally and theoretically, and subsequently for determining the technical means of expression through the elements of the theatrical work.

This research aims to identify (the effect of the TASK model on achievement and holistic thinking among fifth-grade literary students in the subject of geography). The researcher selected a sample of fifth-grade literary students at (Al-Zarqa Girls' Secondary School) affiliated with the Babil Education Directorate. To implement the experiment, the sample numbered (73) students, representing two classes: the first experimental group had (35) students, and the control group had (38) students. The researcher rewarded the two research groups in a number of variables (chronological age, parents' academic achievement, intelligence test, and holistic thinking scale). The researcher controlled the extraneous variables that might affect this type of experimental design. The researcher identified the scientific material, which included the first three chapters of the geography book scheduled to be taught to fifth-grade literary students for the academic year (2025-2026). The researcher also formulated the behavioral objectives for the topics, the final number of which reached (100) objectives. Behavioral: The researcher prepared model teaching plans for each of the topics selected for the experiment. To measure achievement and holistic thinking among the students in both research groups, the researcher prepared an achievement test and a holistic thinking scale, verifying their validity and reliability. After applying the two research tools, the results showed that the students in the experimental group outperformed the students in the control group on the achievement test and the holistic thinking scale.