Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences

Recent studies have verified the importance of adopting CSA practices to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs), combat climate change, and boost food security and farmers welfare. However, there have been few studies that have examined the causal impact of CSA practices on household income. This paper assesses the impact of adoption of CSA practices on farming households’ income in Northern Nigeria. Our sample consists of cross-sectional data of 480 (160 adopters and 320 non-adopters of CSA) rural farming households selected using randomize control trial (RCT) from three Northern States in Nigeria. This study employed propensity score matching (PSM) to establish the causal effect of adoption of CSA on households’ income while inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) was used to controlled for selection bias that may arise from both observed and unobserved factors. We found that, age, education, farm size, access to extension, membership of association, and access to climatic information are positive and statistically significant influencing adoption of CSA practices among farming households. The empirical findings revealed that adoption significantly impacts the farming households’ income across the two estimators used. This highlights the importance of promoting adoption of CSA practices among rural farming households. Our findings emphasize that enlightenment campaign on CSA practices, access to extension and climate information, education of farming households, the size of farmland cultivated and group formation should be promoted in order to scale up its adoption and increase households’ income.

The experiment was conducted on fig trees, Diyala black variety, at the age of (13) years, in one of the orchards affiliated to the General Directorate of Vocational Education / Vocational Section in Diwaniyah Mixed Agricultural Preparatory School / Qadisiyah Governorate for the season 2022, 81 black Diyala fig trees, homogeneous in size, height, and growth strength as much as possible, were selected, planted at dimensions (4 x 4) meters, and irrigated by a plate method, in order to study the response of fig trees to pruning (0, 25, and 50%) and spraying with gibberellin (0, 30, and 60 mg.L-1) and chelated iron (0, 1, and 2 g.l-1) in the nutrients content of fig leaves of Black Diyala variety, the experiment was designed as a factorial according to the randomized block design (RCBD), the experiment included 27 treatments with three replications and were distributed randomly in three sectors, tree branches were pruned last season on 1/1/2022 and trees were sprayed with gibberellin and chelated iron in the early morning, starting on 3/15/2022, the spraying was repeated every 15 days three times. Chelated iron three days after spraying gibberellin. The results showed that the levels of pruning and the concentrations of spraying gibberellin and chelated iron on the trees were positive in increasing the content of the branches of the nutrients under study compared to the comparison treatments, whether single or combined. % for nitrogen, 0.198, 0.166, and 0.152% for phosphorus, 0.887, 0.782, and 0.755% for potassium, 0.541, 0.506, and 0.493% for calcium, and 0.541, 0.506, and 0.493 mg kg-1 dry matter, respectively, while recorded The overlap coefficients P2G2, P2F2, and G2F2 recorded 1.49, 1.43, 1.30% nitrogen, 0.237, 0.212, 0.179% phosphorus, 0.935, 0.905, 0.794% potassium, 0.569, 0.549, 0.513% calcium, and 57.89%. And 54.78 and 47.47 mg kg-1 dry material for the element iron, respectively. As for the triple interaction between the factors, the treatment P2G2F2 recorded the best results in these characteristics, amounting to 1.55% nitrogen, 0.267% phosphorus, 0.944% potassium, 0.577%, and 59.19 mg kg-1 dry matter for the iron element.

One potential management approach that can minimize water use with just a slight reduction in crop output is deficit irrigation. In addition, there is a dearth of research on how the semiarid environment of Kirkuk affects the Mineral Composition of green crops like red cabbage due to a combination of water shortage and water quality. Therefore, this study was initiated to unveil the combined effect of varying deficit irrigation levels (0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.2 of full irrigation) and two types of water quality (fresh and saline water) on Total sugar, chlorophyll, and proline of red cabbage under drip irrigation with evaluating two types of(Gr, Turbo) emitters. The results indicated that there is a steady increase in Total sugar with an increase in the level of irrigation with saline water over the entire range of applied water. The highest proline content was achieved under the combined effect of saline water and GR emitter when the level of applied water at full irrigation was reduced by a factor of 0.5 (163.03 μmol/g). Furthermore, the highest value for chlorophyll content for Gr emitter under 1.2%IF with fresh water was (142 mg/100g). The drip irrigation system was evaluated at the beginning and middle of the experiment. The result was shown to outperform the GR emitter on the Turbo emitter in four qualities Standard Deviation of Discharges (Lh-1), Statistical Uniformity Coefficient Us(%), Coefficient of manufactured variation (CV%), and Design Emission Uniformity (EU%) which was (0.0605 Lh-1),(98.07 %),(0.01%) and (99.45%) respectively.

At the study location of Bako National Maize Research Center, the experiment was carried out on BKL004 maize inbred line in 2019 to 2021 cropping season. The goal of this experiment was to determine an optimum plant population density and N rate on the BKL004 maize parental line. The experiment had two factors: five levels of plant population densities (44,444, 53,333, 66,666, 88,888 and 133,333 plants ha 1) and four levels of nitrogen (111, 157, 203, and 249 kg ha 1). The experiment included a total of twenty treatments (4*5) that were distributed in a factorial arrangement using an RCBD design. Each treatment was repeated three times. Different BKL004 maize parental line growth, phonological, and yield characteristics were gathered. Also, partial budget analysis were done to identify the most profitability treatment. Plant population density exerted a significant (p<0.05) effect on plant height, ear height, girth, days to 50% female flowering and seed yield. The tallest plant and ear height were recorded at plant population density of 133,333 plants ha 1 with average plant and ear height of 146.50 cm and 61.32 cm respectively. The maximum girth (17.47) was obtained at 53, 333 plant population ha 1. The highest plant population density extends the appearance of 50% days to silking by 91.72 days. The highest seed yield (3307 kg ha 1) was recoded at plant population of 133,333 plants ha 1, followed by seed yield recorded at plant population of 88,888 plants ha-1. N at the rate of 249 kg ha-1 with 133,333 plants ha 1 was the most economically profitable than all the other treatments, followed by economic return obtained at 88,888 plants ha 1 with 157 kg ha 1 of N rate. However, as plant population affect the size of seed it may affect the seed germination and seedling vigor. Thus, 88.888 plants ha 1 with 157 kg ha 1 N rate was recommended for seed producer.

Crop yields and soil fertility are affected by plant-microorganism interactions. For this purpose, green house experiment was conducted in the University of Sa1ahaddin- Erbi1 from 2021 to 2022, to study the foliage application effect of three species of rhizobial bacteria on durum wheat Triticum durum L. cultivar (Akassad) quality and availability of soil nutrient contents. For this experiment, completley randomized design, (CRD) with three replicates was utilized. Rhizobial inoculation in durum wheat significantly affected leaf nitrogen (N), phosphoruse (P), Potassium (K), and iron (Fe) contents, leaf protein and carbohydrate contents, yield components and soi1 nutrient contents. While the application of Rhizibium sp. (Mung bean) significantly increased leaf N and protein contents, grain number.plant-1 and total nitrogen (Total N%) contents of soil over control. Whereas application of Rhizobium sp. (Phaseo1us), increased leaf K and Fe contents, weight of 1000 grains, available phosphorusus (Avail P) and available potassium (Avail K) soil contents, compared to control. However, application of Rhizobium sp. (Faba bean) significantly increased total N, avail P and avail K contents of soil. Over all, these rhizobia can be used for preparation of effective biofertilizer to enhance crop growth.

Field experiment conducted at winter season 2022-2023 on clay sandy soil in Al-Diwanyia. The experiment was design as CRBD with three replications arranged for split-pilot design, in lest significant differences ( LSD0.05 )the main treatment contend two groups inoculation and non inoculation within there four levels of Nano Zn( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3) g.L-1. I took sample of soil before planting to analysis it and to learn physical and chemical traits. Mung bean were sowing at rate20 kg.ha-1(3cm depth) at 1/9 , after 5 months I took a sample to measure . The results showed all factors and interactions were significant effect and increased all growth traits (plant content of protein , carbohydrates total Chlorophyll and fats,) lead to increased grain yield max values (8.2 Ton.ha-1) at interaction of Glomus mosseae e inoculation and 3 g.L-1 Nano Zn level, while min value(5.81 Ton.ha-1) at interaction no inoculation and 0 g.L-1 Nano Zn level.

Tigris River is an important water body in Iraq for drinking, agricultural, industrial, and livestock uses. The river flows from Turkey to the Iraqi land at Fiesh-khabour district in the northern part of Iraq and flows into Mosul city. Therefore, this study aims to simulate the flow in the Tigris River using the latest version of the HEC-RAS model (v5.0.7). The calibration and verification of the model showed that the final Manning’s roughness coefficients (n) of the main channels for the Tigris River were 0.036 and 0.026 for Mosul and Tikrit sites respectively. The Results illustrated a very good agreement between the simulated and measured stages. The Root Mean Square Error RMSE, MAE, and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Criteria NSE, tests were used for calibrating the unsteady state flow model where it served as a comparison of calculated water levels by the model for each of the Manning index values ‘n’ with the observed water levels as a function. The final Manning’s roughness coefficients (n) of the main channels for the Mosul and Tikrit sites were 0.036 and 0.026 respectively. It's suggested to construct of hydraulic structures such as a dam with a reservoir beside this area to operate water stations and electric turbinate’s and other projects built next to the river, such as irrigation projects. Recommended using the simulation of the present study in the future to study the effect of constructing a dam in the Tikrit region. In addition, the current simulation can be used in the future to study the TDS, transportation of sediment loads, or pollution along the river.

Grey leaf spot (Cercosporazeae-maydis) is major disease affecting maize in western Ethiopia. At Bako National Maize Research Center, a field condition study was conducted to examine the interaction between maize varieties and fungicide spray frequencies on maize GLS and yield, to assess maize yield loss due to GLS, and to conduct cost-benefit analyses of using various fungicide frequencies on maize GLS. The experiment was set up as a factorial combination of 3 maize varieties with 3 tilt 250 EC spray frequencies in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The difference between the mean yield of protected plots and unprotected plots of each variety was used to calculate grain yield losses. Finally, correlation and economic analysis were done. Unsprayed variety BH543 had the highest AUDPC value (1676.27%-day), terminal PSI (68.33%), and disease progress rate (0.044500 units-day-1) scored. GLS caused grain yield losses of up to 52.82 % on untreated variety BH543. PSI, AUDPC, incidence and disease progress rate were negatively correlated with yield. The highest marginal benefit (ETB 60486 ha-1), and marginal rate of return (ETB 18.05) were obtained from variety SPRH with once application of propiconazole. Based on current results, one-time tilt 250 EC application was found effective to manage GLS on SPRH1 variety. However, additional experiments should be carried out to verify the current results.

A factorial experiment was carried out in the experimental field of the Ankawa Research Center in Erbil Governorate, during the spring season of 2023 to know the effect of plant density on the morphological characteristics of different varieties of wheat. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with three replicates, where three varieties of wheat were planted: Adana99, Hawler2, Hawler4, and three levels of plant or seed densities (450, 400, 350) m2. The results showed significant differences between the average interference of plant density with wheat varieties for the studied characteristics, as the average overlap between the density exceeded (400) plants. m2 and the Hawler2 variety in terms of significance and in terms of being the highest values of the averages in all the characteristics studied over the rest of the average overlap between densities and varieties. Returning to the average interaction between the density (400) plants. m2 and class Hawler2 The average overlap values were (11.36) for chlorophyll content (A), (3.23) for chlorophyll content (B), (5.22) for carotene content, (206.05) for protein content in dry leaves and stems, (205.08) for proline content in leaves, (4.24) for ascorbic acid content, (42.77) for soluble sugars content, (80.73) for carbohydrate content, (4.99) for phosphorus percentage, and (36.15) for nitrogen percentage. And (15.61) for the percentage of potassium, (10.16) for the percentage of calcium, and (3.26) for the percentage of magnesium.

Nickel is an important and fundamental element for the growth and development of the plant. This study conducted to investigate the effect of different sized Ni nanoparticles (Ni NPs) with different concentrations on the physiological and anatomical characters of Brophyllum pinnatum seedlings. Four treatments used; 20 and 40 nm each with two concentrations; 0.20 and 0.40 ppm in four replications. Two doses of foliar application applied each after 30 days. The results showed that 40 nm/ 0.2 ppm spray had a promoter effect on plant height, shoot dry weight and chlorophyll content. While 20 nm/ 0.2 ppm act an inhibitor for all but stimulator for leaf area. Thus, adding an appropriate level of Ni NPs could improve general health, physiological growth and anatomical characters of Brophyllum pinnatum.

Globally, there is a severe problem with antibiotic resistance in animals and humans. It may result in diseases that are extremely challenging to treat. In certain situations, conventional antibiotics used to treat an illness may no longer be effective in poultry and an alternative treatment is used. Therefore, using probiotics instead of antibiotic therapy to treat specific health issues in both humans and animals can achieve the desired result, such as preventing infectious zoonotic diseases and enhancing general health. Probiotics are friendly live microorganisms like normal flora, when consumed in a sufficient dose which produces positive effects on the host. This review aimed to prove that using probiotics in poultry instead of antibiotics can fight the spread of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter to humans by ingestion of undercooked poultry meat infected with these bacteria and also increase antibiotic resistance to humans. Finally, concluded that probiotics play a potential role in the spread of antibiotic-resistance genes in our natural environments, we believe it is crucial to implement proper regulation on their use in both livestock and human applications globally.

To study the state of potassium in the soil using the intensity and capacitance relationships, and to find out the effect of adding mineral fertilizers NPK and biochar on the dry weight of the vegetative part and seeds, as well as on the potassium content in the vegetative part and seeds of corn crops, we chose the field of the College of Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Mosul. The field was divided into nine blocks with three replications according to a randomized complete block design. Urea was used as a source of nitrogen at three levels (0, 160, 320) kg h-1, while potassium sulfate was added as a source of potassium at three levels (0, 40, 80) kg K2O h-1, and also tri-superphosphate fertilizer was used as a source of phosphorus at three levels (0, 100, 200) kg ha-1, noting that nitrogen was added in two batches, the first before planting and the second batch a month after germination. Biochar was added at three levels: %0, %1, and %2. The results indicated that the values of the ionic activity ratio ranged between (0.056 -0.141) mol. L-0.5, while the values of labile potassium ranged between (2.980-7.852) Cmolc.kg-1, and the free energy values ranged between (-1705.371) cal. mole kelvin-1 and (-1160.957) cal. mole kelvin-1, whereas the values of the Potential Buffering Capacity ranged between (45.346 -55.737) Cmolc.kg-1/mol-1.L0.5. The results also showed that the addition of mineral fertilizer and activated charcoal led to an increase in the dry weight of the vegetative part from (15816.29) kg h-1 in the comparison treatment (F0B0) to (31848.67) kg h-1 in the treatment (F2B2) and an increase in the dry weight of the seed from (3455.83) kg h-1 in the comparison treatment (F0B0) to (8092.50) kg h-1 in the treatment (F2B2). Also, the addition of mineral fertilizer and activated charcoal increased the potassium content in the plant from (171.35) kg h-1 in the control treatment (F0B0) to (551.13) kg h-1 in the treatment (F2B2) and increased the potassium content in the seeds from (37.45) kg h-1 in the control treatment (F0B0) to (140.03) kg h-1 in the treatment (F2B2).

The purpose of this research is to learn which plant species can best survive in polluted urban environments. Increasing the number of parks and other green areas has been found to greatly enhance air quality. Depending on a number of criteria, including the climatic conditions of the region and the amount and density of vegetation, green spaces have the potential to minimize industrially produced pollutants, and the use of vegetation cover can increase environmental quality. Growing more parks and other green areas in cities can help cut down on pollution caused by cars and factories. Important implications for selecting plant species for vegetative cover may be found in this study. The creation of green spaces and the use of afforestation in public locations within cities are two examples of the nature-based measures that many countries are embracing to reduce air pollution. The purpose of this essay was to investigate how tolerant various plant species are to air pollution in suburban and urban environments. Different plant species play a substantial role in lowering environmental pollutants such as NO2 and O3. Plants have been shown to minimize air pollution, although this benefit may come at the expense of the plants themselves. Planners are paying more attention to greenery planting as a technique of mitigating air pollution due to the proliferation of pollution sources. Trees and shrubs in these landscapes are chosen for their ability to thrive in the region's unique climatic, soil, and water conditions, as well as their other desirable qualities, such as their height, crown shape, root type, leaf structure, heat and cold resistance, and adaptability to a range of conditions. The hazards associated with pollution emissions are reduced, and air quality is enhanced, thanks to this.

We investigated the effect of sodicity on the reversibility of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) under high electrolyte concentration (HEC) EC ≥16 dS/m. This laboratory investigation consisted of measurment of Ks using the permeameter of McNeal and Reeve (1964) by varying sodicity. We increased sodicity, expressed by Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), in steps from a min of 0 to a max of 30, and then we followed the same procedure, but then backwards. Measurement of soil dispersion was carried out for all the SAR values used in the measurement of Ks using the method of Velasco-Molina et al. (1971). Under HEC Ks decreased as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) increased. SAR increment of +/- 15 causes the most important decrease. However, when decreasing the SAR again, Ks does not show an increase, it is irreversible for these conditions of experimentation.In contrast; soil dispersion (SD) shows an increase with increasing SAR, but then also decreases again when SAR is lowered. This decrease is not sufficient to compensate the irreversibility of Ks.

Cooperatives have the potential to be an important instrument for women to carry out social transformation, especially in rural areas. The study, however, investigates the role of cooperative societies in women empowerment in Kwara State, Nigeria. A Multistage random sampling technique was used to select 219 respondents for the study. A Well-structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents and the data obtained were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the findings showed that respondents were in their productive age with a mean age of 42 years. The majority (90.0%) of the respondents were married with a household size of 8 dependants. Higher percentage (93.0%) of the respondents were educated with primary education (57.5%) as the highest educational level attained by the respondents. Respondents were majorly practising farmers with 14 years of farming experience and earning an average of ₦243,741.1 per annum. The cooperative societies empowered women farmers mostly by provision of advisory and advocacy services (92.2%), collective processing of farm produce (90.9%) and skill acquisition programmes (90.4%). Women farmers participated more in the collective processing of farm produce (M.S= 4.16). The level of participation of women in empowerment programmes was moderate (94.5%, M= 2.76) with a higher level of empowerment in psychological aspects (96.0%; M= 3.96) than economic (97.7%, M= 2.38) and socio-cultural (90.9%, M= 2.89) dimensions. Women farmers were constrained mainly with limited access to credit (M= 2.79) and limited funds (M= 2.53) to deliver empowerment programmes. There is a positive and significant relationship (p<0.05) between age, farming experience, household size, years of membership in cooperatives and the level of participation. The PPMC results also show a significant correlation (r = 0.67, p< 0.05) between levels of participation and empowerment. The study therefore recommended that the government should make adequate credit facilities and funds available to cooperative societies to roll out more empowerment programmes to women farmers for sustainable livelihoods and food security.

In order to determine which sesame seed variety exhibited the optimal combination of geometrical features, this study compared three distinct varieties: one from sharzoor in Sulaymaniyah (S), another from Akre in Duhok (A), and a third from Mala Omar in Hawler (MO). The first portion of each sample was preserved in its original mixed form, while the subsequent portion was strained through a sieve using three distinct mesh sizes: 1.50, 1.35, and 1 mm. Less than an inch in diameter, medium in size, and tiny in diameter are the three resulting sesame seed sizes. The sesame seeds were measured in all three dimensions using a digital dial caliper. The volume (V, mm3), sphericity (S%), arithmetic diameter (Da, mm), geometric diameter (Dg, mm), apparent density (????d, kg/m3), transverse surface area (At, mm2), and flat surface area (Af, mm2) were all measured for sesame seeds according to their geometrical features. The approximate weight of 100 seeds was also provided in grams. The results demonstrated that the sieved fraction was better than the mixed portion for each size category (mixed, big, medium, tiny). The geometrical parameters of Akre's sesame seeds were 3.33, 1.74, 0.89 mm, 3.31, 1.74, 0.91 mm, 3.08, 1.43, 0.88 mm, and 2.94, 1.24, 0.73 mm.

Currently, Ethiopia has the second-highest national average yield reported in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), only below South Africa. But maize production in Ethiopia is constantly threatened by the potential outbreak of major foliar diseases such as turcicum leaf blight (TLB) and gray leaf spot (GLS). These diseases are characterized by relatively rapid leaf necrosis and premature death of foliage which eventually reduces grain yield. The diseases become a major problem in all major maize growing areas. Development of host resistance to these diseases can provide an important component of integrated disease management; which is the most effective and practical method of managing maize diseases. The study was conducted to evaluate the reaction of quality Protein maize inbred lines to TLB and GLS in the main cropping season during 2018. The inbred lines were obtained from Bako National Maize Research Center, breeding program, and it was arranged using alpha-lattice design with two replications and the inbred lines were inoculated with TLB and GLS disease inoculum under field condition and the experiments were set in separate field trial in respective disease. Disease severity (1-5 scale) was used to assess at ten days intervals from disease onset until the maize attained senescence. All the inbred lines showed symptoms of both diseases during the season, but the intensity of the diseases differed significantly (P<0.05) among the inbred lines. Accordingly, out of 42 genotypes screened for both TLB and GLS, lines MBRC5BcF108-2-3-1-B-5-2-B-B-#,Obatanpa-5-4-1-1-1-#-#-#,([[[CML159/[CML159/[MSRXPOOL9]C1F2-205-1,(OSU23i)-5-3-X-X-1-BB]F2-3sx]-8-1-B-B/CML509]F2 1/[GQL5/[GQL5/[MSRXPOOL9]C1F2-205-1(OSU23i)-5-3-X-X-1-BB]F2-4sx]-1-1-3-1-1B*4]-12/CML373IR)-B-8-B-7-2-1-B-#-#-#,(CML176xKULENI(F2)-4-3-1-1-1-#-#,(CUBA/GUADC1F27-4-3-3-B-1-BX[KIiIMAiTA94A]-30MSV-03-2-10-B-2-B-B)-306-1-B-2-B-B-B-#, based on a 1–5 rating scale system for disease severity, they were selected as resistant.

Date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are of ecological, socio-economic, and nutritional importance for the Saharan population. This study aims to scan the production of dates, particularly in Bechar (Southwest of Algeria) by determining the main varieties of dates, and the areas of agricultural exploitation intended for their production in Bechar. Several palm oases were visited to survey the different varieties of dates produced in Bechar, while the statistical data relating to the dates production and the date-producing agricultural areas were obtained through bibliographic, documentary research, as well as data from the agricultural services department of Bechar (DSA). The obtained results showed that Algeria is among the leading producers of dates, ranking fourth worldwide through 16 date-producing provinces, where the province of Bechar occupies the 6th position with production going from 2,446 t (2015) to 59,781.3 t (2021). A rate of 85% of this production is attributed to the soft date variety 'Ghers' and its analogs, while 15% is for the dry dates 'Degla Beida' and similar ones. The survey carried out in Bechar showed richness and diversity in terms of the variety of dates. Among the 10 component municipalities of Bechar province, Taghit is the most dates-producing municipality, constituting a rate of 12,72% of the total production. The agricultural area intended for the production of dates has also undergone an evolution where it reached a total of 13,918.5 ha (Agricultural area occupied by date palms) of which 10,027 ha is the date-producing agricultural area. The challenges facing this crop mainly lie in phytopathogenic diseases affecting the date palms and in climatic factors, namely drought and water stress. The local and national authorities should intervene to maintain and even promote the place of date-producing provinces in Algeria, which constitutes one of the drivers of economic development outside the oil sector.