Kufa Journal of Arts

The media related to covering economic investment activities are the main pillar or effective tool for conveying all ideas, benefits and advantages of these activities to the targeted investors at the appropriate times and circumstances to achieve their goals easily and smoothly and help them make sound and rational decisions. As a result, the civil administration in Najaf Governorate was interested in planning to identify the most effective media outlets in attracting local and foreign investors, and then planning to support these outlets technically and financially to achieve the required economic prosperity.

Despite the interest of specialized researchers (academics and non-academics) in the history of the Arab press, it remains in dire need of more research and investigation in many of its aspects, as the efforts of these researchers have focused on studying the history of Arab newspapers dating back to the thirties and forties and later periods of the last century. Thus, they have largely neglected studying the history of many Arab newspapers in the pioneering and founding stage, which made the beginnings of their founding ambiguity and lack of clarity surround the factors driving their emergence and their positions on the political events taking place at that time, and even the position of local, Arab or international public opinion towards them through their publication of its trends. Some studies also came in the form of scattered and dispersed articles, perhaps even for the history of a single newspaper, and thus these attempts cannot constitute a comprehensive history of the Arab press in all its spectrums, whether political, literary or religious, which prompted the researcher to do his utmost to reach his goal of studying an integrated aspect of the history of a single newspaper, namely (political issues in the Lebanese Jabal Amel newspaper). 1911-1912) which are absent from Iraqi public libraries, but the generosity of a benefactor from the owners of private libraries, and from those who love the history of their Arab homeland, has helped the researcher with the complete issues of this rare newspaper, short-lived, rich in essence and content. The interest in studying it comes because it witnessed political events (local, Arab, regional, international), and recorded their events with objectivity that we hardly exaggerate if we say we rarely find a counterpart to it in other Arab newspapers, due to its adoption of the principle of truthfulness and journalistic integrity in what it publishes of editorial and non-editorial articles, news reports, mature political analyses, and others. After examining its issues throughout its publication period, which amounted to forty-three issues, it became clear to the researcher that (Jabal Amel) had several political positions, which were monitored and each position will be addressed in the folds of this research.

Marx starts from a vision based on suspicion of the institution and the philosophical method, and works to combine the two in his concepts of the theory of knowledge, i.e. the relationship of the knowing self to the subject of knowledge, so he shifts from Hegel\'s idealism to historical materialism, and in this critical position of knowledge he gives it a realistic dimension, by emphasizing the alienation based on private property, and its relationship to the ideological foundations of the economic system. Therefore, we should consider his philosophy as a critical project for all factors of domination and hegemony that depend on force and ideological deception that is radically reflected through the \"institution\" whether economic, political, religious or social; however, it remains based on authority and submission, as is the case with the church - for example - as it combines symbolic authority and submission that is spread by the doctrinal interpretation of \"the faith of several centuries\"; By saying this, Marx aims to establish a discourse that spreads new critical values ​​and \"wants to change by transforming the world, i.e. the \"Creator of the World\", and to possess it or change it from negative to positive by his power alone. With this saying, he has surpassed the demands of the philosophers of the Enlightenment who relied on knowledge as the only means of change from ignorance to knowledge. However, Marx found that the role of the intellectual is not limited to enlightenment, but rather to working to change reality. As for the relationship with nature and the saying of subjecting it to the will of man, this vision in its details was not strange to modernity and its relationship with nature. Perhaps this appears clearly through the relationship between the scientific concept and what science has provided in terms of the ability to change reality and dominate the capabilities of nature and make them serve man; hence, the spirit of human difference appears in changing the world, and thus the role of man in change and resistance appears. We find that Marx had restricted this action through the following:
Concepts based on criticism of the ideal self, and emphasis on the material dimension. As (the being of individuals becomes linked to the material conditions of production) this concept did not come Surprisingly, it is the product of an intellectual process that has its conventions that we can return to the interpretations that occurred before in Western thought: \"French, and the previous German\"; with both the socialist utopians and before them the French historians and French materialism, except that those interpretations were revolving in a vicious circle (the environment creates man, or man creates the environment, in other words it appeared that the development of social needs is explained by the development of human nature) ( ). This skeptical project of the established authorities was part of a broad ground for the conflict between the sensualists and the rationalists in the field of knowledge and the idealist materialists in the field of existence, which formed the problem of the relationship between thought and existence, which comes first: thought or existence, those who say that thought has priority are the \"idealists\" and those who say that existence has priority over thought are the \"materialists\". This shift from the ideal knowing self to action, as consciousness is a collective product (unlike the Cartesian subjective consciousness), expresses the movement of “historical praxis,” despite this claim that transcends knowledge and attaches it to external existence, represented here by the economy.

It is worth mentioning that the dispute and conflict between the royal institution and the ecclesiastical institution is very old, extending back to the era of their emergence as two institutions together, and perhaps what led to the incitement of the dispute between the two parties, especially after the discovery of the forgery and falsification of (the Donation of Constantine). In the late Middle Ages, the papal institution began to go through dark stages, reaching a dangerous stage of deterioration and decline. a
Historians consider the English conversion to Christianity as one of the important events in English and European history alike. Christianity did not enter the English Isles through Gaul (France) as expected, but entered them directly from Italy during the reign of Pope Gregory the Great at the beginning of the seventh century AD, when he sent a mission led by Saint Augustine that succeeded in crossing to the English Isles and reached the south where the Kingdom of Kent was located, and resulted in the conversion of King Athelbert and his wife Queen Bertha to Christianity. (1) The mission established the first Christian cathedral in England on the ruins of St. Martin\'s Church, which dates back to the Roman era, and Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury (597-605 AD). Then Kent was the first of the kingdoms to embrace Christianity, followed by all the southern provinces such as Northumbria, East Anglia, Mercia and Wessex, and London and all the other provinces remained on their previous religion for a period of years until it entered them from the northern provinces. This led to some friction and collision between the northern and southern provinces. Until it was decided that Rome should be the sovereign in Christian affairs in England (2). From that date on, the country began to manage its religious affairs in the footsteps of Rome. This was confirmed shortly after when a dispute arose regarding the division of the bishopric of the large province of Northumbria between Vitalian Tudor, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Wilgered, Bishop of Northumbria, which prompted the latter to go to Rome and complain to the Pope about Tudor. The incident was recorded as the first bishop in the history of the English Church to seek the help of the papacy against the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Church of Rome was looking forward to assuming the leading role in the Christian world, due to its own sanctity, and it adhered to the idea that the Bishop of Rome was the successor of Peter, and it considered itself the heir to Rome’s historical position (3).

This is a study of the contextual significance in Surat Al-Isra’, as the issue of context has aroused the interest of scholars, both ancient and modern, due to its importance in determining the appropriate significance of the words and phrases presented in the text. Due to the accuracy of this topic and its effect in diagnosing the intended significance accordingly, I resolved and put my trust in God Almighty to study it, explaining the most important significances revealed by the context in Surat Al-Isra’. As I present this study, I do not claim perfection in it, but I hope that the study will be helpful in understanding the contextual significance in the surah in question, which is the field of research. As for the study methodology in this research, it was as follows:

At the beginning of the research, I presented to the honorable reader a brief introduction to the concept of context in language and terminology, and I explained the opinions of ancient and modern scholars on it. After this part of the topic, I relied on three basic topics:

First: The context of the verses in Surat Al-Isra, Second: The significance of the context at some levels of the language, and Third: The non-linguistic (external) context, which includes three elements: the reasons for revelation, bodily movement, and customs and traditions. At the end of the research, I explained the most important results I reached. Finally, I say: If we succeed in what we have done, then this is the ultimate success and prosperity, and if it is otherwise, then the honor of the attempt and the nobility of the goal are enough for us.

The famous philosophers of Greece, especially Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, have been thoroughly researched and studied. As for Stoic philosophy, especially their ethical doctrine, it has not received sufficient study. Therefore, I wanted to write a research on this topic, because Stoicism is not only a philosophical doctrine, but it is also ethics and religion, and at its core it is an ethical philosophy. The Stoics believed in the lofty status of philosophy, the majesty of its message and its ability to be a guide and guidance for people. The Stoic definition of philosophy shows us that ethics have the first place in it. For example, they said, philosophy is the practice of virtue, and virtue is one indivisible craft, and it is the most honorable craft in status, and it is especially suitable for human nature. Seneca said: ((Philosophy is a straight method in life and a science that prepares us to live on virtue, and a craft by which we follow the most upright paths)). Stoicism was not the product of the mind of a single philosopher, but rather a kind of collective work in which many participated. Three eras have been distinguished in the history of the Stoic school: ancient Stoicism, whose activity was limited to Athens, and among its philosophers were Zeno (*1), Cleanantus (*2), and Chrysippus (*3); middle Stoicism, and among the notables of this era were Phineas (*4), Panetaeus (*5), and Eusidonius (*6); and modern Stoicism in the first and second centuries AD. This Stoicism is Roman, neglected logic and physics and focused on ethics, and the leaders of this Stoicism are Seneca (*7), Epictetus (*8), and Marcus Aurelius (*9). In this research, we have dealt with ancient Stoicism and modern or Roman Stoicism. Therefore, the research is divided into an introduction to Stoic philosophy, then after that the theory of knowledge and logic among them, where they focused on the sensory aspect of knowledge. They do not accept knowledge of meanings as direct, intuitive knowledge, but rather every meaning among them has its origin in sensory perception. The mission of this theory is to make certainty and knowledge enter the world of the senses after Plato excluded them.

The current research aims to:
• Identify the effective teaching skills of primary school teachers.
• Identify the level of proficiency of effective teaching skills.
• Know the level of proficiency of these skills according to gender and experience variables.
The current research was limited to:
1. Primary school teachers in primary schools in Najaf Governorate for the academic year 2009-2010.
2. Fifth grade primary school teachers for the subjects (Arabic, mathematics, science, social studies, and Islamic education).
The total number of primary school teachers in Najaf Governorate Center was (12201) male and female teachers for the academic year 2009-2010. The research sample was chosen by the researcher intentionally and its number was (70) male and female teachers.
To identify the effective teaching skills of primary school teachers, the researcher prepared a questionnaire that included (3) areas: (planning, implementation, evaluation), which was presented to a group of arbitrators, and its stability was determined by variance analysis. The researcher applied it to the individuals of the research sample using direct observation.
The researcher used the appropriate statistical methods for the nature of his research, namely the Chi-square test (for independence) to determine the significance of the differences between teachers who are proficient and non-proficient in effective teaching skills according to gender and experience, Pearson's correlation coefficient to determine the stability of the observation form, and analysis of variance to extract stability using the Hoyt method, the relationship between variables, and the research results showed the following: There are statistically significant differences between males and females in the field of planning in favor of males. The results of the study showed that there are no statistically significant differences between males and females in the fields of implementation and evaluation according to the gender variable.

1- The level of quality of banking service provided by banks was moderate. 2- There is a positive, statistically significant relationship between internal marketing and the level of quality of banking service. The study concluded with recommendations, the most important of which is that management must strive to achieve high levels of job satisfaction for them, and adopt the concept of marketing. Internal management by designing strategies guided by the needs and desires of its internal customers