Kufa Journal of Arts

This research aims to clarify the effect of climatic characteristics on the cultivation of wheat and barley crops in Babylon Governorate by finding the relationship between the climatic requirements necessary for the studied agricultural crops and the available potential in the study area..

The study clarified the climatic requirements for each of the studied agricultural crops in the study area from high, low and optimal temperatures and light requirements and requirements of humidity, rain and wind. The climatic characteristics in the study area were analyzed such as solar radiation, temperatures, accumulated heat, wind, wind, atmospheric humidity, rain and evaporation.

The results of the statistical analysis of wheat and barley crops in the study area showed great suitability for agriculture due to the great compatibility between the climatic requirements of agricultural crops and the available potential. The results of the statistical analysis of the simple Pearson correlation analysis for wheat and barley crops showed climatic suitability in terms of temperature, relative humidity and wind, and unsuitability of solar radiation and rain, the deficiency of which is compensated by irrigation.

Wheat (Wlheat) is a herbaceous plant belonging to the Gramineae family, the Oryza genus, and the Sative species. It is considered one of the most important food crops, as it constitutes the main food for two-thirds of the world's population. Its cultivation is widespread in large areas of the world, including Iraq, including the study area. It is a winter crop of strategic importance, as it plays a major role in international politics, and its shortage poses a threat to the sovereignty and food security of any country. Najaf Governorate contributes to wheat production in Iraq due to the suitability of natural conditions for its cultivation. However, its production is often subject to fluctuations in quantity and quality, as a result of the negative impact of agricultural pests, including the Sunn insect, which began to appear and spread in the region in recent years, after it was widespread in the northern parts of the country. This necessitates research into the relationship between the climatic conditions suitable for the spread of the Sunn insect in the study area.

Abbad bin Al-Hussain excelled as a knight fighter, a commander of the cavalry of the Basra army, and a participant in the eastern conquests. However, he was not an important subject for historians. Historical accounts of him were very brief. For example, the sources did not mention the names of his wives alongside his name, but rather his name was mentioned as one of several husbands for two of his female companions. Like any figure from the field leadership of one of the army divisions, and they were so numerous that most of their features were lost, and the name remained abstract at times, this was a strong motive to study this figure, in an attempt to highlight his participation and military tasks, and his position towards the Umayyad authority.

Al-Tabrizi’s efforts in linguistic studies and Quranic readings are considered a brilliant model of theorizing in linguistic thought. The study of readings and their direction, his presentation of the readings he fell into, his presentation of the variation in the way they were pronounced and the process of performing their letters, and his own efforts, which he sometimes declared or referred to some of them with necessary indications, were part of the process of extrapolating this scientific theorizing.

The migration of Mustafa Muhammad bin Abdullah (peace be upon him and his family) to the city of Yathrib represented an important variable in terms of spreading the Islamic call after it had been confined to narrow areas within the borders of Mecca. This variable gave the Prophet (peace be upon him) a great opportunity to move more freely and implement his project of establishing an Islamic society and state. Therefore, the Medina Document was present to clarify the nature of the relationship between the various parties that contributed to and influenced the nature of life in Medina and the subsequent developments it witnessed.
Due to the importance of this document, Orientalists have addressed it in many studies, focusing on the date of its writing and the articles specific to the Jews of Medina.
The visions and theses of Orientalists prompted us to start analyzing the document and studying its articles historically in the hope of addressing some of the problems associated with it, or reaching logical and convincing answers to many of the mysterious questions about it. Before we analyze the articles of the document, we worked on verifying its text, to clarify and explain its content, as many of its terms need clarification. In addition to that, we traced its mention in early Islamic sources, and we noticed that it was mentioned in various sources, which we detailed in the text of the research. Our efforts focused on addressing important questions related to the time of writing the document on the one hand, and the relationship of the document to the Jews of Medina, reviewing the opinions of the most prominent orientalists. The research resulted in the following vision: After studying the articles of the document analytically, we can say that the Jews were mentioned in the document in two forms: a general form and a specific one. The time of writing these articles related to the Jews can be determined after the Prophet’s (PBUH) migration to Medina and before the Battle of Badr, because its content indicates the state of organizing the relationship between Muslims and Jews. It also expressed the Prophet’s (PBUH) respect for the Jews and their religion (“The Jews have their religion”), but stipulated that they should not practice treachery, betrayal, conspiracy, or support the enemies of Muslims, because that would expose them to destruction. Rather, some articles elevated the Jews and gave them important privileges, as in articles (16, 24). As for the time of writing, and whether it was written in batches or all at once, we say that there is no doubt that it was not written all at once, based on a number of reasons that we mentioned during the research, such as the document’s treatment of the relationship between several parties, or the lack of unity in the style of writing the document, and the clear defect in the wording of some of its clauses in contrast to other clauses, in addition to other reasons that we explained in detail. Here we can say that the contents of the clauses and the nature of the events of the biography make us believe that the document was written and completed before the Battle of Badr, but it was written in successive batches with all its clauses completed before the Battle of Badr, so it became in this form consisting of (47) clauses, and it was called the Medina Document.

The origin of the state, its organization, its dealings with its individuals, and the prevailing system of government in it can be considered what we need in our time; therefore, my desire to write this research was to show the origin of the state and its emergence among the owners of the social contract theory, namely: "Hobbes", "Locke", and "Jean-Jacques Rousseau". Political and human thought in general was a product of those accumulations and experiences that different nations went through, as civilizations participated in making man through the creativity of thinkers in different civilizations, and political thought is still growing and developing until now based on the successive cognitive legacies that different peoples create and thinkers invent. What is striking is that the development of societies is inseparable from the development of the state, as society is the basic pillar on which the foundations of the state are built, and the two most important sources for this development in the state are: the book "The Republic" by Plato, and the book "Politics" by Aristotle, which clarify the dimensions of that development that included society and the state in particular. The difference between the primitive state and the state based on law lies in the form of society, its classes, and the form of government systems. In this era, names for states and government systems appeared, such as democracy, agrarianism, and despotism. Many laws and systems appeared, and since our research deals with social contracts, it will therefore focus on clarifying the concept of the contract, which means the transition of individuals from the life of nature to the life of the organized group through it. The contract theory has varied, although it agreed on its basis, and the reason for this is due to the different concepts that writers and philosophers have conceived of this contract, whether in terms of describing the natural state of man prior to the contract, or in determining the parties to the contract, or in determining its content and results. The concept of the contract is an obligation between two parties or parties that produces a certain result after concluding the contract, meaning that by this contract they give up their natural freedom in exchange for organizing their lives and managing their resources, and this is civil freedom.

Digging into something is an attempt to purify it (1), and the excavation method, as much as it carries historical connotations that may diminish its importance at the level of methods, is what most allows for the genealogical tracking of the concept and phenomenon. According to the linguistic connotation, we can understand excavation as a method as attempts to purify the research topic from the accumulated understanding and authoritarian sediments that have befallen it - cognitively or politically. Archaeological (excavation) studies thus constitute an indispensable importance for the researcher to follow in order to uncover the impact of the path and system of the concept and the subject in general, as it also allows a space for understanding the transformations within that system, and reveals the turns that occur in that path. In a subject of great controversy at the conceptual level such as modernity and post-modernity or modernity and post-modernity, controversy arises as a feature that governs the definitions of each of them and brings with it doubt to the point of confusing the meaning or its absence. Therefore, we work according to the method of relative tracking of the concept and the agreed upon terms regarding it in dictionaries and institutional agreements to understand it. The requirement of the relevance of thought allows us to engage in the problem of the concept of postmodernism as a characteristic that may historically be related to what we live or intellectually to what we adopt. In order to understand the discourse of “postmodernisms” (*), including postmodernism, we must understand what the postmodern discourse wants to transcend, and here we must understand the meaning of modernity or modernism, in order to find the meaning of the opposite or the transcended, which is postmodernism.

Advertising is a promotional method that often resorts to creating a state of suspense, which is achieved by a number of elements. Television advertising is one of these promotional methods, as the makers of the advertising work work on employing a number of structural elements of the image in order to convey an idea or a goal on which the advertisement is based. Television advertising differs from other methods of advertising in that it is determined by a period of time, and the makers of the advertising work have become responsible for conveying these ideas during that period of time, and this in itself is a problem, that is, to film an advertisement with many events and details within a specific period of time and to have an impact on the recipient.

Researchers almost agree that the method is the path that the researcher takes to reach the truth and present it to the recipient, whether he is a specialist or not ( ); and man, as a living being, has been given reason and intelligence by God; there is no doubt that this creature has known the method, but it is an unorganized method, lacking in deduction and analysis, and tending toward individual naivety. It is natural that primitive nations are far from the method, but when experiences accumulated and civilization advanced and life developed, these nations knew the path of the method; especially the Greeks, for whom this word meant (research, consideration, or knowledge) ( ). Hence, its importance came because it teaches a person sound thinking, elevates his mind, and makes the researcher’s view comprehensive and not partial. For this reason, scientific research methods have multiplied and are not limited to a fixed method; because no matter how advanced one is in the fields of research, it remains deficient; because life always tends to search for the unknown, which requires novelty, perseverance, and innovation in developing new methods that are consistent with the development of scientific research. Over time, methods began to appear in literary studies, especially the historical method. If some researchers had preceded me in studying this method in Taha Hussein ( ), then I had taken a different approach, so I stopped at some historical texts that he employed in his historical studies, so I contemplated and studied them analytically to show their methodological characteristics, moving away from historical narration, because studying the historical aspect and mixing it with the artistic aspect did not receive sufficient attention that the objective historical aspect received, which is what prompted me to choose the research topic and reveal the features of the historical method in some of Taha Hussein’s works.

The name of the martyr Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr is associated with the history of Islamic work in Iraq during the second half of the twentieth century. He is an exceptional missionary figure and a struggling thinker who was able to break the barriers of intellectual isolation that had been practiced in Iraq for a long time. He occupied a distinguished position in the conscience of the nation, as the most wonderful missionary pioneer can be in terms of status, pride, and penetration into hearts, until he became a title for the path of Islamic and political reference work in Iraq.

The caliphate of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) has great importance in the history of Islam, as it witnessed crises and problems, which the Imam addressed in the way he saw fit for that stage. Therefore, the research topic "The Political Role of Imam Hassan bin Ali (peace be upon them)" prompted me to add even a little about what those who preceded me in writing about the caliphate of the Imam (peace be upon him). Therefore, we divided the research into several topics in which we discussed the name and nickname and the psychological and moral impact that the Messenger (peace be upon him and his family) left in him, then the role of the Imam (peace be upon him) in the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, especially as we research, we find that the role was clearly manifested in the period of the third Caliph, Uthman. Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) had a clear political role in the caliphate of his father (peace be upon him) and then his caliphate in which the Umayyad opposition appeared, and Muawiyah strove hard to remove the Imam from power, and this was achieved by the peace of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) with him. We have highlighted the terms of this peace treaty and how Muawiyah did not observe any of these terms, so this had a great impact on the revolution of Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) in Karbala.

As for the conclusion, it included the most important results reached by this research.
So I relied in this research on several diverse sources, the sources of history at the forefront, then the books of literature and finally geography.

Conversation is a way of talking about two or more people in two turns, the first and the second. The basis of the conversation is usually interactive, although it sometimes has a transactional element. Turn-taking is the process of alternating between speakers or participants in a conversation. Turn-taking occurs either through nomination or by self-selection by the new speaker. Adjacency pairs are functional units in the organization of conversation, and these pairs are most common in plays that are a means of interaction between characters.

Apologies have been the focus of many studies in the West and the East. Some of these studies have focused on the Arabic language, but none of them have addressed the use of apologies in non-classical Iraqi language. Moreover, none of them have focused on the social value or gender differences in the use of such speech in Arabic. This study is an attempt to identify the most common differences between Iraqi males and females in the use of apology strategies. The corpus consists of responses to a speech completion test, which includes three different situations. The informants were 30 subjects: 15 males and 15 females. The sample was randomly selected from different places in Najaf to be more representative. The survey was written in Arabic to obtain approximate responses to verbal apologies for each different situation.