Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

In this research the impact of utilizing coagulants from natural sources, Aloe Vera, Arabic Gum, Calcium gene and orange peel and compared with alum Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O conventional coagulant was studied. The research was conducted through a series of jar experiments with initial turbidity of 150 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). This value was chosen to simulate the Tigris River maximum turbidity in Baghdad. 10 mg /L of natural coagulants and alum were utilized. The results show that the utilization of Aloe Vera as coagulant aid with alum were better compared with the utilization of alum alone and that utilizing of 80% alum + 20% Aloe Vera gave greatest removal efficiency of 99% for initial turbidity of 150 NTU and that utilizing of 50% Alum + 50% Aloe Vera gave removal efficiency of 98%. This decreased the alum dosage from 10 to 5 mg/L and thus decreased the cost and negative health and environmental effects of utilizing alum.

Liquid two-phase flow has been studied widely by many authors. Two phase flow exist in petroleum industries, nuclear power generation and chemical plants. In the present study a review on two phase flow such as oil/water was discussed, also the patterns of the flow and types of measurement are presented. Also a review on the new trends using the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) to predict the liquid-liquid two phase are viewed.

Seepage is a flow that happens through / under hydraulic structures or through the porous media such as in the case of earth dams from upstream to downstream due to difference in the hydraulic head. Study of seepage flow is important for hydraulic engineering. Before the structures being built, the behaviors of the seepage flows must be predicted because the seepage flow causes harmful to hydraulic structures. In this paper, a homogenous earth dam with sand material is proposed and constructed with horizontal bed filter at the Toe of the dam is taken as a case study. Through this Comsol is used to interpret the seepage of flow and contaminants transportation through the dam. The general objective of this paper is thus to present a prediction model aimed at quantifying a selected concentration of contaminants in the reservoir, and then predicted in the body of the dam, and at the exit from the dam. Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Module (Comsol version 4.2) with its sub-programs named (Free and Porous Media Flow and Species Transport through Porous Media) was used in the analysis and study the seepage flow and of the contaminants transportation. This software is based on the finite element techniques that were used for solving the governing equations of flow and transportation of contaminant through porous media. Also, it was used to determine the phreatic line, amount of seepage within the dam, the pressure head, the total head, and the amount of contaminates transported through the dam body. From the comsol software, it is deduced that when the water level is at the maximum height (20m), it needs 12 days and (18) hr, at normal height (15m) it needs 29 days, while at a minimum height (8 m) it needs 81 days to reach the drain zone.

This review presents the composition, structure, mechanical characteristics, and applications of alumina (aluminum oxide) in biomedical. Alumina used for implant manufacturing is either single-crystal sapphires or high density and quality polycrystalline. The major sources of highly-purity alumina are organic corundum and bauxite. Like any other brittle component, polycrystalline alumina's mechanical characteristics are largely dependent on grain size and porosity distribution. It was shown that, due to slowed subcritical crack production, the fatigue intensity of alumina could be increased above the crucial pressure due to the presence of liquid. Due to its high inertness, that results in outstanding biocompatibility and tissue nonsensitization, alumina has significant benefits over other products in biomedical uses. Just like in artificially joints and teeth, the higher compressive strength than tensile strength allows it more efficient for compressive loadings. There were some attempts for coating alumina on steel substrates in order to benefit of its outstanding biocompatibility and to resist metal oxidation.

This review presents the composition, structure, mechanical characteristics, and applications of alumina (aluminum oxide) in biomedical. Alumina used for implant manufacturing is either single-crystal sapphires or high density and quality polycrystalline. The major sources of highly-purity alumina are organic corundum and bauxite. Like any other brittle component, polycrystalline alumina's mechanical characteristics are largely dependent on grain size and porosity distribution. It was shown that, due to slowed subcritical crack production, the fatigue intensity of alumina could be increased above the crucial pressure due to the presence of liquid. Due to its high inertness, that results in outstanding biocompatibility and tissue nonsensitization, alumina has significant benefits over other products in biomedical uses. Just like in artificially joints and teeth, the higher compressive strength than tensile strength allows it more efficient for compressive loadings. There were some attempts for coating alumina on steel substrates in order to benefit of its outstanding biocompatibility and to resist metal oxidation.

Colour images are rich in visual information. The process of searching for the most similar images in large-scale database based on visual features of query image is still a challenge in Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) due to a semantic gap issue. In this paper, we proposed a fusing retrieval method to diminish the gap between high-level and low-level meanings by involving two aspects. The first aspect is increasing the effectiveness of image representation. Hence, data-level fusion features were suggested, a local feature from Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Local Binary Patterns (LBP) in frequency and spatial domains respectively that was applied by a spectral clustering algorithm (graph-based) in addition to a global weighted LBP feature. The second aspect is fusing multiple retrieved similarity measures (scores/evidences) obtained from above global (LBP) and local features (DCTLBP) in terms of score-level fusion. The method is evaluated in WANG standard publically dataset.

he dairy industry is one of the basic industries that are important for the sustainability of life and because this industry uses and consumes a lot of water to produce milk, it discharges a lot of waste water. Because of the acute shortage of water needed to meet domestic, industrial and agricultural needs and increase pollution on the other, and of high fresh water demand in recent years, therefore; treatment of wastewater present very important. The most important pollutants of dairy wastewater discharged are phosphate. The present paper offers an ability of membrane distillation process (MD) for the treatment of dairy wastewater and removal of phosphate in Iraq. Artificial samples of wastewater prepared to implement the proposal. Opinions will be considered to make these wastewater samples within the standard properties of world dairy wastewater classifications. To alleviate membrane disturbances by organic and inorganic substances applied to physical deposition. The results showed the ability of the MD to remove a high concentration of phosphate from wastewater from dairy wastewater, with a clearance rate of 95 per cent. This value affected by temperature and temperature affects the effectiveness of The MD and is directly proportional to the flow.

The aim of this paper to study the effect of power on the drilling of soda lima glass (SLG) using under water laser drilling technique. A 1.15 mm thickness SLG sheets were immersed 1mm below the water surface, then irradiated with CW CO2 laser. The laser parameters used were (24, 25 and 26) W power, (5, 7.5 and 10) sec and exposure time and (1, 2and 3) pulses. Were determined using images for samples and study quality of holes using images. These ones of the dimensional of hole and crack length measured by image j program of the samples, it was watched that hole diameter and the length of cracks could be regulated by the power, time and no. of pulses. When power or pulses were increased, the hole diameter increased. The length of cracks decreased with increased no. of pulses and increased when the power increased. The small hole was 0.469mm found at working power (24) W, five seconds and one pulse for hole diameter. While, the minimum crack length was 0.4mm found at three pulse, five sec. and 24 W power. In addition, the parameters were analyzed statistically using design of expert software, Box Behnken design from surface response methodology and the results were significant.

Reinforced concrete deep beams are structural members having depth much greater than normal in relation to their span, while the thickness in the perpendicular direction is much smaller than either span or depth. The strength of deep beams is usually controlled by shear, rather than flexure. In this study, the previous researches related to reinforced concrete deep beams will be reviewed. These researches approximately started in the second half of the past century. Large numbers of researchers studied the behavior of concrete deep beams and the determination of their capacity. Some of these researches are experimental investigations carried out by testing a number of deep beams with variation in some parameters, while the others are theoretical to estimate deep beam capacity by developing some theories and suggestion of equations for calculating its capacity and comparisons were made with those adopted by some codes. Because of the large number of these researches, their review requires large part of this study, and because the prior studies elaborately reviewed the pioneer researches, only the researches made since year 2000 will be reviewed in this study.

Agricultural soils in the world, including Iraq, have of a wide range of fungi, some of which are useful and some are pathogenic to plants. Fungi are important organisms in their effect and their impact on the environment. Some of them are more common and widespread depending on the physiological, genetic and cellular characteristics of these fungi and soil physical, chemical and biological conditions, also environmental conditions. The useful fungus plays a positive role in the soil by analyzing organic compounds, plant and animal wastes, production of carbohydrate compounds, and recycling of elements such as sulfur, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil and conversion of protein compounds to ammonia and simple nitrogen compounds. In contrast, pathogenic fungi infect plants and cause large economic losses. Number of common fungi spread in the Iraqi soil such as genus Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Phtophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia. The aim of the study was to show the importance of pathogenic soil- born fungi and the most important diseases they cause.

Sustainability in airports in general, and the terminals of its travelers in particular, has become one of the most important priorities that contribute to reducing environmental impacts and achieving social progress while maintaining high and stable levels of economic growth, and this has been proposed by previous studies despite the fact that offering them in most cases is general and implicit as well As for being selective in adopting some aspects but not others, and knowing how to apply them in local experiences so far, the research problem has been determined according to that not to include the knowledge offering of the sustainability of passenger terminals in airport buildings at the environmental, social and economic levels and not Linked to a set of various design treatments, including what can be adopted in the local reality, the aim of the research is to offer more comprehensive knowledge and to provide the possibility of achieving sustainability in the passenger terminals of the buildings of local airports. Achieving this goal necessitated the adoption of a descriptive analytical approach to applied studies (global and Arab) in a manner that is appropriate to the orientations of each country, to build a comprehensive theoretical framework that defines those stations, with their basic general considerations and the dimensions of environmental, social and economic sustainability, so that the theoretical framework vocabulary is applied to local, local, representative models....