Aljanoob Heritage

Many scientific figures who made clear contributions to enriching the resources of science and knowledge and bringing about a comprehensive scientific renaissance in all fields were born in the city of Nasiriyah. Their scientific and jurisprudential contributions have an impact on the prosperity of the scientific movement in Iraq. Among these scholars and jurists, Sheikh Hassan bin Matar Al-Khuwaibarwi, born in 1910 in the city of Nasiriyah, came from a family known for generosity, knowledge, and a noble descent. Sheikh Hassan Al-Khuwaibarwi had political stances on the internal and external events that he witnessed. We intend to study this character and what he scientifically presented, to learn about the roles in his life and stay informed about the problems that he faces.

This research deals with the policy of the governor of Basrah, Suleiman Nadheef Beyq, towards the tribes of the Al-Muntafiq and Al-Amara (1909-1910). After the year 1908, the Ottoman state gave great importance to the tribal conflicts that constituted a major challenge to the policy of the federalists, and it tried to impose central control over its states, especially Basrah Province. This research consists of an introduction and two main sections. In the first section, we discussed the governor’s policy towards the tribes of the Al-Muntafiq during the period (1909-1910), while in the second section, we presented the policy of the governor of Basrah towards the tribes of the Al-Amara in the same period, in addition to the conclusion and some important appendices. One of the most prominent results we reached is that the reason for the exacerbation of these problems is due to the weakness of the Ottoman Empire on the one hand and, on the other hand, its interest in its economic and financial interests without searching for ways to develop the agricultural sector and creating the necessary laws for that. The research relied on a large number of sources, including Ottoman archive documents (unpublished), which contributed to providing important details about the policy of Governor Suleiman Nadheef Beyq in the Al-Muntafiq and Al-Amara Provinces. It also relied on several Arab and foreign university theses and dissertations, Arabic and translated into Arabic sources, and Arabic and foreign research that provided the research with valuable information.

If it is not the only house remaining in this city, it is noteworthy to say that Haj Abdu-Lateef Ali Mohammad’s house is one of the important and unique heritage houses that still exist. It includes many of the graphic and architectural elements that appeared in Iraqi heritage houses dating back to the same period. It was notable for its luxurious entrance, decorated with various types of flowery decorations accomplished using the mold-casting method. It was also distinguished by its refracted entrance. Most of its internal facilities were distributed around the central courtyard, which can be considered the only space for the residents of the house. In this house, the inventiveness of Muslim architecture emerged in dealing with the problem of space by following the phenomenon of complete separation, separating the guests from the residents of the house. He used the southern part of the upper floor as a place to receive guests because the space of the house did not allow for building a special section for the guests and another for the family. To benefit from it as much as possible, he also solved the problem of space by building hanging rooms and vaults. The Muslim architecture used much wood to solve the problem of the weight placed on the downstairs, in addition to its role in insulating summer temperatures.

British documents, which were written by political rulers or their assistants in all regions of Iraq, are considered the original and important sources for the study of history. Therefore, the British annual report for 1917 AD is an important guide for writing about an important and sensitive phase of contemporary Iraqi history, as it touched on important details not touched upon by researchers about the British occupation areas at that time.
The report, written by the political ruler (Captain Balfour) of Shamiyah District (Liwa’a Al-Shamiyah), highlighted the administrative stages that Shamiyah passed through after the withdrawal of the Ottoman administration. These stages are shown by the stage of autonomy, the stage of government agents, and then the last stage, which is the stage of political rulers, which signifies the final stage of direct British rule for the Shamiyah. The report examined the most important problems that faced the occupation authorities in Najaf, portrayed by the Anza incident and its repercussions, which were represented by the spread of these disturbances to both Kufa and Abu Skhair.
The report clarified the economic conditions of the Al-Shamiyah District, especially the economic aspects demonstrated by agriculture, irrigation, and land incomes. The most important measures taken by the occupation authorities were to increase the agricultural production of the district, and secure food supplies for its forces at a stage characterized by the occurrence of a serious food crisis that almost led to famine in the country. Also, it discussed the security aspect of the region, represented by the police service, which the report described as incompetent, and how many cases in the region were decided by Sharia law in Najaf.

Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim Al-Kurbasi, one of the most influential figures of Al-Kurbasi’s family, is known for its knowledge and Ijtihaad in Najaf Al-Ashraf, as it has a great religious and scientific legacy in many fields. The personality of Sheikh Al-Kurbasi is considered a prominent model of his distinguished efforts and effective role in various writing and seminar circles. He is considered an important scientific bond through his mission: he was assigned as an agent for the Supreme Religious Shi’a Authority of Abu Al-Hasan Al-Isfahani (in 1940) in Shatrah City, which did not delay him from all his duties in the seminary study in Najaf Al-Ashraf and scientific writing. Studying the biography of Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim al-Kurbasi, with his Islamic vision and scientific and social stance, is considered a cultural mission to preserve the heritage of our scholars. It highlights the seriousness and awareness of the Supreme Religious Shi’a Authority of Najaf al-Ashraf in selecting scholars to be its agents in faraway areas. It also shows the great importance of these cities in supporting scholars and thinkers who have become an important part of its religious and social heritage.
His birth and upbringing were in the holy city of Najaf, the city of knowledge and scholars. He studied there with its virtuous scholars and learned from them various sciences and expertise until he excelled in them and attained the highest scientific ranks. He was influenced by many scholars who transmitted his scientific imprint to multiple generations and places. He left valuable traces in jurisprudence, theologies, and beliefs. Hadith and Hadith narrator: most of his works were published, but some of them were not brought to light. One of the important milestones of his life was that he settled in the city of Shatrah in Thi-Qar Governorate for approximately 38 years, during which he played various roles in religious and social life, disseminating the provisions of Islamic Sharia, questioning them on issues of what is permissible and forbidden, being a social reformer, criticizing and refuting heresies and opinions contrary to religious belief, and in doing so he was setting his Islamic vision according to the standards of Islamic Sharia.

This research is focused on studying the history of the city of Al-Hamzah Al-Sharqi (Lamloom), dealing with it from multiple aspects: political, social, and economic. Through the opinions and ideas presented within this paper, the research revealed the great role that this city plays. It clarified that the city has a head start in cultural and architectural development. Also, we shed light on the reasons for the emergence of the city, its name, and what is the great role of the shrine of Sayyid Al-Hamza Al-Sharqi (Sayyid Ahmed Al-Ghuraifi), which brought the city back to life again, through the descriptions of travelers and orientalists that left their mark on the city.

Imam Ali location in Nasiriyah is one of the well-known ones in Thi-Qar، located south-west of city (downtown)، on the right bank of Euphrates. The location welcomes plenty of visitors daily، especially on religious celebrations where people come from different regions to visit the location.
The current study is divided into three sections to investigate the impact of the location on tourism in the city. The first section is concerned with the historical background of the holy location، while the second section focuses on possible potentials and constituents of the city and the location. The third section reports on the visitors of the location، drawing on questionnaires they fill in. The results have revealed fundamental decline in infrastructure and facilities of the city and holy location. This calls for serious measures to save tourism in the city، since infrastructures and facilities are the basis of tourism development and services، and central for tourist attraction. There is also the need to found hotel and restaurants capable of improving tourism services، and offering leisure and pleasure to attract tourist from different cities. For this، those in-charge، whether institutional or non-governmental، should be ready to develop/found relevant infrastructure and facilities to welcome more visitors to the holy location.

This paper studied the reconfiguration of Al-Diwaniyah Liwa’a (Government) in 1894 AD when a decision was taken by the Ottoman Government to transfer the Al-Hilla Liwa’a center from Al-Hilla Qadha’a (District) to Al-Diwaniyah Qadha’a, and then, the Liwa’a became known as the Al-Diwaniyah Liwa’a, which included four Aqdhiya (districts): Diwaniyah, Hilla, Samawah, and Shamiya.
Before that, the city of Al-Diwaniyah had been taken as administrative center for the Al-Diwaniyah Liwa’a since its establishment in 1851 AD until 1869 AD. Medhat Pasha, the Wali (Governor) of Baghdad, transferred the center of Al-Liwa’a from Al-Diwaniyah to Al-Hilla due to the failure of the Al-Diwaniyah Liwa’a administration to collect taxes and fees from Al-Liwa’a tribes, besides the state of widespread corruption in the Al-Liwa’a Director Board.
However, owing to the deteriorating condition of Al-Hilla city, its poor construction, as well as its distance from the rest of the Al-Liwa’a cities, the Ottoman authorities decided to reconfigure the Al-Diwaniyah Liwaa’a on 6th October 1893 AD, transferring Al-Liwa’a center from Al-Hilla District to Al-Diwaniyah District. As a result, Al-Hilla District became one of the Al-Diwaniyah Liwa’a Districts. This transfer was as a result of security-military, economic-financial, geographical, and construction reasons.

In the first part, we have completed researching the definition of one of the prominent scholars of southern Iraq, namely Sheikh Muhammad ibn Al-Sheikh Taher Al-Samawi Al-Najafi (D. 1370 AH), his scientific biography, his library that he established in the Holy City of Najaf, and the categorizations contained therein, which were mentioned by the scholar Sheikh Agha Buzurg Al-Tahrani (D. 1389 AH) in his famous encyclopedia, “Al-Thare’ah in Tasaneef Al-Shi’a’”, with its twenty-nine volumes. In part two, we will seek to complete researching his scientific heritage through five sections, which include his works, his copies, his ‘Takhmeesat’ (type of poetry) and ‘Tashteerat’ (technique in poetry), and other heritage areas that he worked on through completing books, correcting them, translating them for their owners, taking care of them, and so on. With the completion of part two of the extensive research, it became easy for heritage researchers and investigators to refer to the efforts of Sheikh Al-Samawi’s Encyclopedia, “The Pretext”, with regard to the library of Sheikh Al-Samawi and his scientific efforts in preserving heritage.

This paper relates to the authentication of four chapters from Sheikh Ja’afar Al-Naqdi’s “Nuzhat Al-Muhibeen fi Fadha’ail Ameer Al-Mu’amineen”. The first is a chapter on the knowledge of the Commander of believers (peace be upon him) and a number of his verdicts; the second is a chapter on his self-discipline, piety, worship, and faithfulness; the third is a chapter on his humility, morals, resilience, and compassion; the fourth is a chapter on his quality of being munificent and generous. The author has documented his paper from the most important sources of Islamic heritage related to the subject, especially the books of the noble tradition (Hadith) and the blessed biography. The research included two parts: the first was an introduction to the authentication, which included the author's biography, his scientific traces and poetry, in addition to the content of his book “Nuzhat Al-Muhibeen”, while the second part dealt with the authenticated text.